Who took the poison? The five most dangerous poisons for humans

Trying to figure out which poison is the most powerful in nature is doomed to failure - too many variables affect the results. However, if we take only one parameter - the average lethal dose, only one type of living beings - laboratory mice, only one route of administration - intramuscular, and evaluate not whole poisons, but their individual components, then some idea of ​​​​the “ideal killers” can be obtained .

1. Botulinum toxin

Many poisons can be lethal in small doses, so it is quite difficult to single out the most dangerous one. However, many experts agree that botulinum toxin, which is used in Botox injections to smooth out wrinkles, is the strongest.

Botulism is serious illness, leading to paralysis, is caused by botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This poison causes damage nervous system, respiratory arrest and death in terrible agony.

Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, double vision, facial weakness, speech impediments, difficulty swallowing, and others. The bacterium can enter the body through food (usually poorly canned foods) and through open wounds.

2. Poison ricin

Ricin is natural poison, which is obtained from the castor beans of the castor bean plant. A few grains are enough to kill an adult. Ricin kills cells in the human body, preventing it from producing the proteins it needs, resulting in organ failure. A person can become poisoned by ricin through inhalation or ingestion.

If inhaled, symptoms of poisoning usually appear within 8 hours of exposure and include difficulty breathing, fever, cough, nausea, sweating and chest tightness.

If ingested, symptoms appear in less than 6 hours and include nausea and diarrhea (possibly bloody), low blood pressure, hallucinations and seizures. Death can occur within 36-72 hours.

3. Sarin gas

Sarin is one of the most dangerous and deadly nerve gases, hundreds of times more toxic than cyanide. Sarin was originally produced as a pesticide, but the clear, odorless gas soon became a powerful chemical weapon.

A person can be poisoned by sarin gas by inhaling or exposing the gas to the eyes and skin. Initial symptoms may include a runny nose and chest tightness, difficulty breathing and nausea.

Then the person loses control over all functions of his body and falls into a coma, convulsions and spasms occur until suffocation occurs.

4. Tetrodotoxin

This deadly poison is contained in the organs of fish of the genus pufferfish, from which the famous Japanese delicacy “fugu” is prepared. Tetrodotoxin persists in the skin, liver, intestines and other organs, even after the fish has been cooked.

This toxin causes paralysis, seizures, mental breakdown and other symptoms. Death occurs within 6 hours after ingestion of the poison.

Every year, several people are known to die painful deaths from tetrodotoxin poisoning after eating fugu.

5. Potassium cyanide

Potassium cyanide is one of the fastest killing poisons known to mankind. It may be in the form of crystals and a colorless gas with a "bitter almond" odor. Cyanide can be found in some foods and plants. It is found in cigarettes and is used to make plastic, photographs, extract gold from ore, and kill unwanted insects.

Cyanide has been used since ancient times, and in modern world he was a method death penalty. Poisoning can occur through inhalation, ingestion and even touching, causing symptoms such as seizures, respiratory failure and, in severe cases, death, which can occur within minutes. It kills by binding to iron in blood cells, making them unable to carry oxygen.

6. Mercury and mercury poisoning

There are three forms of mercury that can be potentially hazardous: elemental, inorganic and organic. Elemental mercury, which is found in mercury thermometers, old fillings and fluorescent light bulbs, is non-toxic if exposed, but can be fatal if inhaled.

Inhaling mercury vapor (the metal quickly turns into a gas at room temperature) affects the lungs and brain, shutting down the central nervous system.

Inorganic mercury, which is used to make batteries, can be fatal if ingested and cause kidney damage and other symptoms. Organic mercury found in fish and seafood is usually hazardous over long-term exposure. Symptoms of poisoning may include memory loss, blindness, seizures and others.

7. Strychnine and strychnine poisoning

Strychnine is an odorless, white, bitter crystalline powder that can be acquired by ingestion, inhalation, solution, and intravenous injection.

It is obtained from the seeds of the chilibuha tree (Strychnos nux-vomica), which grows in India and South-East Asia. Although it is often used as a pesticide, it can also be found in drugs such as heroin and cocaine.

The degree of strychnine poisoning depends on the amount and route of entry into the body, but a small amount of this poison is enough to cause a serious condition. Symptoms of poisoning include muscle spasms, respiratory failure and even cause brain death within 30 minutes of exposure.

8. Arsenic and arsenic poisoning

Arsenic, which is the 33rd element in the periodic table, has been synonymous with poison since ancient times. It was often used as a poison of choice in political assassinations, as arsenic poisoning resembled the symptoms of cholera.

Arsenic is considered a heavy metal with properties similar to those of lead and mercury. In high concentrations, it can lead to symptoms of poisoning such as abdominal pain, seizures, coma and death. In small amounts, it can contribute to a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease and diabetes.

9. Poison curare

Curare is a mixture of various South American plants that were used for poison arrows. Curare has been used for medicinal purposes in a highly diluted form. The main poison is an alkaloid, which causes paralysis and death, as well as strychnine and hemlock. However, after paralysis occurs respiratory system, the heart can continue to beat.

Death from curare is slow and painful as the victim remains conscious but unable to move or speak. However, if artificial respiration is applied before the poison settles, the person can be saved. Amazon tribes used curare to hunt animals, but the poisoned animal meat was not dangerous to those who consumed it.

10. Batrachotoxin

Fortunately, the chances of encountering this poison are very small. Batrachotoxin, found in the skin of tiny dart frogs, is one of the most potent neutrotoxins in the world.

Frogs themselves do not produce poison; it is accumulated from the foods they consume, mainly small bugs. The most dangerous levels of poison were found in a species of dire frog that lives in Colombia.

One specimen contains enough batrachotoxin to kill two dozen people or several elephants. The poison attacks the nerves, especially around the heart, making breathing difficult and quickly leading to death.

Household poisons, as the name suggests, can often be found in everyday life even where in theory they cannot exist. But forewarned is forearmed, so let’s slowly study the material on household poisons.

ADRENALIN

Adrenaline (epinephrine, suprarenin). Neurotropic and psychotropic effects. Lethal dose 10 mg. Quickly inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract. When administered parenterally, it is detoxified in the liver and excreted in the form of metabolites in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication appear within the first 10 minutes after administration of the drug. Nausea, vomiting, pale skin, cyanosis, chills, dilated pupils, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, difficulty breathing, coma. Tachycardia and initially a significant increase in blood pressure. Then a sharp decrease in it and ventricular fibrillation are possible. Sometimes psychosis develops with hallucinations and a feeling of fear.

C. Emergency care:

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. When taken orally, gastric lavage. Forced diuresis.

2. Phentolamine 5-10 mg intravenously (1-2 ml 0.5%

solution), aminazine 50-100 mg intramuscularly or intravenously.

3. for tachycadria, obzidan, inderal 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously repeatedly until a clinical effect is obtained.

ACACIA WHITE.

Yalovite roots and bark containing toxalbumin. Gastroenterotoxic effect. .

B. Symptoms of poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal pain, diarrhea. In severe cases, bloody stools, hematuria, acute cardiovascular failure.

C. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

D. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, activated carbon orally

2. Intravenous administration of 5-10% glucose solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, electrolyte solution used for forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs, calcium chloride, vikasol.

ACONITE.

Aconite (borech, blue buttercup, Issykul root). The active principle is the alkaloid aconitine. Neurotoxic (curare-like, ganglion-blocking), cardiotactic effect. Lethal dose - about 1 g of plant, 5 ml of tincture, 2 mg of aconite alkaloid.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, numbness of the tongue, lips, cheeks, tips of the fingers and toes, a feeling of crawling, sensations of heat and cold in the extremities, transient visual disturbances (seeing objects in green light), dry mouth, thirst, headache, anxiety, convulsive twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, loss of consciousness. Breathing is rapid, shallow, difficulty inhaling and exhaling, there may be a sudden stop in breathing. Decrease in blood pressure (especially diastolic). In the initial stage, bradyarrhythmia, extrasystole, then paroxysmal tachycardia, turning into ventricular fibrillation

C. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods 2. Antidote treatment

D. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorbium

2. Intravenous 20-50 ml of 1% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose. Intramuscularly 10 ml of 25% magnesium sulfate solution. For convulsions, diazepam (Seduxen) 5-10 mg internally. For heart rhythm disorders - intravenously 10 mg of 10% solution of novocainamide (with normal blood pressure!) or 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution of obsidan, 20 ml of 40% glucose solution with 1 ml of 0.06% solution of corglycone. For bradycardia -0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously. Intramuscular cocarboxylase - 100 mg, 1% ATP solution - 2 ml, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 5 ml, 5% solutions of vitamins B1 - 4 ml, B6 - 4 ml.

ALCOHOL

A. Title chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Alcohol

B. Symptoms of poisoning - see Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol substitutes

ALDEHYDES

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, metaldehyde. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic (convulsive), local irritant, hepatoxic effect. Absorbed through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. excreted in the lungs and in the urine in the form of non-toxic metabolites.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

See Formalin. When taken orally - salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chills, drowsiness, tremor, tonic convulsions, coma, respiratory depression. Jaundice, enlargement and tenderness of the liver on palpation. When inhaling vapors - severe irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, sharp cough, suffocation, impaired consciousness, and in severe cases, coma.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage with the addition of sodium bicarbonate

2. Forced diuresis

3. See Formalin. For seizures - diazepam 10 mg intravenously

Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

AMIDOPYRINE

Amidopyrine (pyramidon). Neurotoxic (convulsive), psychotropic effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g. Rapidly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract, 15% is bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism in the liver, excretion mainly in the urine.

Symptoms of poisoning.

In case of mild poisoning, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, decreased temperature, shortness of breath, palpitations. In severe poisoning - convulsions, drowsiness, delirium, loss of consciousness and coma with dilated pupils, cyanosis, hypothermia, decreased blood pressure. The development of peripheral edema, acute agranulocytosis, gastric bleeding, and hemorrhagic rash is possible.

Urgent Care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Flushing the ventricle through a probe. Saline laxative orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood (sodium bicarbonate 10 -15 g orally). Detoxification hemosrbia.

2. Vitamin B1 solution 6% - 2 ml intramuscularly. Cardiovascular drugs. For seizures, diazepam 10 mg intravenously.

AMINAZINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Aminazine (plegomazine, largactil, chlorpromazine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effects (gangliolytic, adrenolytic). Toxic dose is more than 500 ml. Lethal dose 5-10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1-2 mg/l, lethal 3-12 mg/l. Detoxification in the liver, excretion through the intestines and urine - no more than 8% of the dose taken for 3 days.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Severe weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea. Convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur. The comatose state is shallow, tendon reflexes are increased, the pupils are constricted. Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure without cyanosis. Skin allergic reactions. Upon recovery from a coma, symptoms of parkinsonism are possible. When chewing chlorpromazine tablets, hyperemia and swelling of the oral mucosa occurs; in children, this has an expressive effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis of plasma alkalization bases.

3. For hypotania: 10% caffeine solution - 1-3 ml or 5% ephedrine solution - 2 ml subcutaneously, 6% vitamin B1 solution - 4 ml intramuscularly. For parkinsonism syndrome: cyclodol 10-20 mg/day orally. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure.

AMITRYPTYLINE.

Amitriptyline (tryptisol), imizin (melipramine, imipramine, tofranil) and other tricyclic natidepressants. Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic, antihistamine), cardiotoxic effects. Toxic dose 500 mg, lethal 1200 mg. Rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract Binds to plasma proteins, partial metabolism in the liver, excretion in urine within 24 hours - 4 days

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

In mild cases, dry mouth, blurred vision, psychomotor agitation, weakened intestinal motility, urinary retention. Muscle twitching and hyperkinesis. In severe poisoning - confusion up to deep coma, attacks of colonic-tonic convulsions of the epileptiform type. Cardiac disorders: brady and tachyarrhythmias, intracardiac blockade, ventricular fibrillation. Acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). The development of toxic hepatopathy, hyperglycemia, and intestinal paresis is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Repeated gastric lavage, forced diuresis.

2. 3. For tachyarrhythmia - 0.05% proserin - 1 ml intramuscularly or 0.1% solution of physiostigmine - 1 ml subcutaneously again an hour later until the pulse rate is 60 - 70 per minute, lidocaine - 100 mg, 0.1% solution inderal 1-5 ml intravenously. For bradyathermia - 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously or intravenously again after an hour. For convulsions and agitation - 5 - 10 mg of diazepam intravenously or intramuscularly. Sodium bicarbonate solution 4% - 400 ml intravenously.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

AMMONIA.

B. Symptoms of poisoning: see. Alkalis are caustic.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

ANALGIN.

B. Symptoms of poisoning: see Amidopyrine

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

ANESTHESIN.

Anestezin (benzocaine, ethylaminobenzoate). Hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming) effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g.

Rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted by the kidneys.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When a toxic dose is ingested, there is severe cyanosis of the lips, ears, face, and limbs due to acute methemoglobinemia. Psychomotor agitation. When methglobinemia exceeds 50% of the total hemoglobin content, the development of a coma, hemolysis, and exotoxic shock is possible. High risk of anaphylactic reactions, especially in children

B. Emergency care:

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally)

2. Methylene blue 1% solution, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 250-300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml intravenously.

3. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.

ANDAXIN.

A. Names of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Andaxin (meprotan, meprobamate). Psychotropic neurotoxic (central muscle relaxation), antipyretic effect. The lethal dose is about 15 g. The toxic concentration in the blood is 100 mg/l, lethal 200 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine within 2-3 days

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Drowsiness, muscle weakness, decreased body temperature. In severe cases - coma, dilated pupils, decreased blood pressure, respiratory failure. See also barbiturates.

B. Emergency care:

1. Methods of active detoxification.

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis without plasma alkalization. With the development of a coma - peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption. In case of severe breathing disorders - artificial ventilation.

ANILINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Aniline (amidobenzene, phenylamine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming, secondary hemolysis), hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 1 g. When the methemoglobin content of total hemoglobin is 20-30%, symptoms of intoxication appear, 60-80% is a lethal concentration. Entry through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, skin. Most of it is metabolized to form intermediate products that cause methemoglobin formation. Deposited in adipose tissue, relapses of intoxication are possible. Excreted through the lungs and kidneys (para-aminophenol).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes of the lips, ears, and nails due to acute methemoglobinemia. Severe weakness, dizziness, headache, euphoria with motor excitement, vomiting, shortness of breath. The pulse is frequent, the liver is enlarged and painful. In severe poisoning, impaired consciousness and coma quickly occur, the pupils are constricted, without reaction to light, salivation and bronchorrhea, hemic hypoxia. Danger of developing paralysis of the respiratory center and exotoxic shock. On the 2-3rd day of the disease, relapses of methemoglobinemia, clonic-tonic convulsions, toxic anemia, parenchymal jaundice, and acute hepatic-renal failure are possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. In case of contact with skin, wash with a solution of 1:1000 potassium permanganate. When taken orally - abundant gastric lavage, administration of 150 ml of petroleum jelly through a tube. Forced diuresis, hemosorption, hemodialysis.

2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia: 1% solution of methylene blue, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 5% glucose solution 200-300 ml intravenously. Ascorbic acid solution 5% to 60 ml per day intravenously. Vitamin B12 600 mcg intramuscularly. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - 100 ml intravenously.

3. Treatment of exotoxic shock, acute hepatic-renal failure. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.

ANTABUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antabuse (teturam, disulfiram). Psychotropic, hepatotoxic effect. Lethal dose: without alcohol in the blood about 30g with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 1% - 1g. Slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, excreted slowly in the urine (in unchanged form). Leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body, the main metabolite of ethyl alcohol.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

After a course of treatment with Antabuse, drinking alcohol causes a sharp vegetative-vascular reaction - hyperemia of the skin, a feeling of heat in the face, difficulty breathing, palpitations, a feeling of fear of death, chills. Gradually the reaction ends and after 1-2 hours sleep sets in. After taking large doses of alcohol, a severe reaction may develop - severe pallor of the skin, cyanosis, repeated vomiting, increased heart rate, drop in blood pressure, signs of myocardial ischemia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taking a toxic dose - gastric lavage, forced diuresis.

3. Place the patient in a horizontal position. Intravenous influence of a 40% glucose solution - 40 ml with a 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml. Sodium bicarbonate 4% solution 200 ml - intravenous drip. Vitamin B1 5% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly. Lasix - 40 mg intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs

ANTIBIOTICS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin). Neurotoxic otoxic effect

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

At the same time, ingestion of an excessively high dose of antibiotics (over 10 g) can cause deafness due to damage to the auditory nerve (streptomycin) or oliguria due to renal failure (kanamycin, monomycin). These complications develop 6 as a rule, with a noticeable decrease in diuresis against the background of various infections with a lower daily dose of the drug, but longer use. With increased sensitivity to antibiotics when using normal therapeutic doses, anaphylactic shock may develop.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. For hearing loss: 1-3 days after poisoning, hemodialysis or forced diuresis is indicated.

3. For oliguria: forced diuresis for the first day. Treatment of acute renal failure.

ANTICOAGULANTS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Direct anticoagulants - heparin.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

When administered into a vein, the effect is immediate, into a muscle or under the skin - after 45-60 minutes.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. In severe cases - blood replacement surgery, forced diuresis

2. Vikasol - 5 ml of 1% solution intravenously under the control of prothrombin content. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. In case of heparin overdose - 5 ml of 1% protamine sulfate solution intravenously, repeated if necessary (1 ml for every 100 units of heparin administered)

3. Aminocaproic acid 5% solution - 250 ml intravenously. Antihemophilic plasma - 500 ml intravenously. Repeated blood transfusion of 250 ml. Cardiovascular drugs as indicated.

Indirect anticoagulants - dicoumarin (dicumarol), neodicoumarin (pelentan), syncumar, phenylin, etc. Hemotoxic effect (blood hypocoagulation).

B. Symptoms of poisoning

It is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the effect appears after 12-72 hours. It is excreted in the urine. Bleedings from the nose, uterus, stomach, intestines. Hematuria. Hemorrhage into the skin, muscles, sclera, hemorrhagic anemia. A sharp increase in blood clotting time (heparin) or a decrease in the prothombin index (other drugs)

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antifreeze

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See ethylene glycol.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See ethylene glycol.

ARSENITES.

Arsenites: sodium arsenite, calcium arsenite, double salt of acetic and metaarsenic copper (Schweinfurt or Paris green). See Arsenic.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Arsenic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Arsenic.

ASPIRIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Aspirin (acetylsolicylic acid). Also included in the preparations: askofen, asphen, citramon, sodium salicylate. Psychotropic, hemotoxic (anticoagulant) effect. The lethal dose is about 30 - 40g, for children 10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 150 - 300 mg/l, lethal 500 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Deacetylated in blood plasma, 80% is excreted in urine within 24 - 28 hours. B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Excitement, euphoria. Dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, visual impairment. Breathing is noisy and rapid. Delirium, suparosis, coma. Sometimes subcutaneous hemorrhages, nasal, nasal, gastrointestinal, uterine bleeding. The development of methemoglobinemia and toxic nephropathy is possible. Metabolic acidosis, peripheral edema

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, Vaseline oil 50 ml orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood. Early hemodialysis, hemosorption.

3. For bleeding - 1 ml of 1% solution of Vikasol, 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium chloride intravenously. When excited - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution of aminazine subcutaneously or intramuscularly. For methemoglobinemia - see Aniline.

ATROPINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Atropine (also found in bellaldonna, henbane, datura). Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic) effect. The lethal dose for adults is 100 mg, for children (under 10 years old) - about 10 ml. Rapidly absorbed through mucous membranes and skin, hydrolyzed in the liver. About 13% is excreted unchanged in urine within 14 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dry mouth and throat, speech and swallowing disorders, impaired near vision, diplopia, photophobia, palpitations, shortness of breath, headache. The skin is red, dry, the pulse is rapid, the pupils are dilated and do not respond to light. Mental and motor agitation, visual hallucinations, delirium, epileptiform convulsions followed by loss of consciousness, development of a coma, especially in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube generously lubricated with petroleum jelly, forced diuresis.

2. In a comatose state in the absence of sudden excitement - 1 ml of a 1% solution of pilocarpine repeatedly, 1 ml of a 0.05% solution of proserine or 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of eserine subcutaneously again.

3. When excited, 2.5% solution of aminazine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of diphenhydramine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of promedol 2 ml subcutaneously, 5 - 10 mg diazepam intravenously. For severe hyperthermia - 4% amidopyrine solution - 10 - 20 ml intramuscularly, ice packs on the head and groin areas, wrapping in a damp sheet and blowing with a fan.

ACETONE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Acetone (dimethylketone, propanol). Psychotropic (narcotic) nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. Lethal dose is more than 100 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood is 200 - 300 mg/l, lethal - 550 mg/l. It is quickly adsorbed by mucous membranes and excreted through the lungs in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If ingested and inhaled, intoxication, dizziness, weakness, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, collapse, coma. There may be a decrease in diuresis, the appearance of protein and red blood cells in the urine. When recovering from a comatose state, pneumonia often develops.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. For oral administration, gastric lavage; for inhalation poisoning, rinse eyes with water and inhale oxygen. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally).

3. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure (toxic shock), pneumonia. For abdominal pain, subcutaneously 2% solution of papaverine - 2 ml, 0.2% solution of platiflline - 1 ml, 0.1 solution of atropine -1 ml.

BABITURATES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Long-acting barbiturates (8 - 12 hours) - phenobarbital (luminal), medium-acting (6 - 8 hours) - barbital (veronal), sodium barbital (medinal), sodium amytal (barbamyl), short-acting (4 - 6 hours) - sodium etaminal ( nembutal).

Preparations containing barbiturates: tardil, bellaspon, Sereysky powders, verodone, bromital, andipal, dipasalin, camphotal, tepaphilin, etc. Psychotropic (narcotic, hypnotic) effect. The lethal dose is about 10 therapeutic doses with large individual differences. Absorption in the stomach and small intestine; sometimes in unconscious patients, drugs are found unchanged in the stomach 2-3 days after administration. Short-acting barbiturates are almost completely (90%) metabolized in the liver, 50-60% are protein bound. Long-acting barbiturates are protein bound (8-10%), 90-95% are not metabolized and are excreted in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

There are 4 clinical stages of intoxication. Stage 1 - falling asleep: drowsiness, apathy, contact with the patient is possible, moderate miosis with a lively reaction to light, bradycardia during shallow sleep, hypersalivation. Stage 2 - superficial coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): complete loss of consciousness, preserved reaction to painful stimulation, weakened pupillary and corneal reflexes. Variable neurological symptoms: decreased or increased reflexes, muscle hypotonia or hypertension, pathological reflexes of Babinsky, Rossolimo, which are transient in nature. Breathing disorders due to hypersalivation, bronchorrhea, tongue retraction, aspiration of vomit. There are no significant hemodynamic disturbances. Stage 3 - deep coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): a sharp absence or decrease in eye and tendon reflexes, lack of response to painful stimulation. The pupils are narrow. Breathing is rare, superficial, pulse is weak, cyanosis. Diuresis is reduced. In the case of a prolonged coma (12 hours), the development of bronchopneumonia, collapse, deep bedsores and septic complications is possible. Impaired liver and kidney function. Stage 4 - postcomatose period: unstable neurological symptoms (prose, unsteady gait, etc.), emotional lability, depression, thromboembolic complications.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage (in comatose patients - after preliminary intubation) again after 3 - 4 days until consciousness is restored, water-alkaline load, forced diuresis in combination with blood alkalization. In stages IIb, III - early use of hemodialysis in case of poisoning with long-acting barbiturates, detoxification hemosorption, in case of poisoning with short-acting barbiturates or mixed poisoning. In stage IV - water-electrolyte load, diuretics

2. In the stage of complicated coma, the use of bemegride is contraindicated. A 20% solution of camphor, a 10% solution of caffeine, a 5% solution of ephedrine, and 2-3 ml of cardamine are administered subcutaneously after 3-4 hours.

3. Intensive infusion therapy. Plasma substitutes (polyglucin, hemodez). Antibiotics. Intramuscularly: vitamins B1 and B6 5% solutions - 6-8 ml, B12 - 500 mcg (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time), ascorbic acid 5% solution - 5-10 ml, ATP 1% solution - 6 ml per day. For low blood pressure - 0.2% norepinephrine in combination with a 0.5% dopamine solution, 1 ml intravenously in 400 ml of polyglucin. Cardiac glycosites.

BARIUM.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Barium. Neurotoxic (paraletic), cardiotoxic effect. All soluble barium salts are toxic; insoluble barium sulfate, used in radiology, is practically nontoxic. Lethal dose is about 1g. Soluble barium salts are quickly absorbed in the small intestine and excreted primarily through the kidneys.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Burning in the mouth and esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dizziness, profuse sweating. The skin is pale. The pulse is slow and weak. Extrasystole, bigheminia, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension with a subsequent drop in blood pressure. Shortness of breath, cyanosis. 2-3 hours after poisoning - increasing muscle weakness, especially the muscles of the upper limbs and neck. Hemolysis, weakened vision and hearing, and clonic-tonic convulsions are possible with preserved consciousness.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1, 2. Gastric lavage through a tube with a 1% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate to form insoluble barium sulfate, magnesium or barium sulfate 30 g orally (100 ml of a 30% solution). Forced diuresis, hemodialysis. Intravenous 10-20 ml of 10% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate. Tetacin - calcium - 20 ml of 10% solution with 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously.

3. Promedol - 1 ml of 2% solution. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution. For rhythm disturbances - potassium chloride 2.5 g in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, repeated if necessary. Cardiovascular drugs. Vitamins B1 and B6 intramuscularly (not simultaneously). Oxygen therapy. Treatment of toxic shock. Cardiac glycosides are contraindicated.

HENBANE.

See Atropine.

BELLADONNA.

See Atropine.

BELLOOID, BELLASPON.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Psychotropic (narcotic) and neurotoxic (cholinergic) effects. The drugs contain barbiturates, ergotamine, atropine. Lethal dose - more than 50 tablets.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

The earliest symptoms of atropine poisoning (see Atropine) appear, followed by the development of a severe coma, similar to a barbiturate coma (see barbiturates), with severe dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and skin hyperemia, hyperthermia. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage. Forced diuresis, in case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.

3. When excited - see Atropine. If coma develops, see Barbiturates.

PETROL.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Petrol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, pneumotoxic effects. Leaded gasoline containing tetraethyl lead is especially dangerous. Rapidly absorbed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. It is excreted primarily through the lungs.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling vapors - dizziness, headache, feeling of intoxication, agitation, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases - breathing problems, loss of consciousness, convulsions, smell of gasoline from the mouth. If swallowed - abdominal pain, vomiting, enlarged and painful liver, jaundice, toxic hepatopathy, nephropathy. With aspiration - chest pain, bloody sputum, cyanosis, shortness of breath, fever, severe weakness (gasoline toxic pneumonia). Poisoning is especially severe in children. Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Removing the victim from the premises, steamy gasoline. If gasoline gets inside, lavage the stomach through a 200 ml tube. Vaseline oil or activated carbon.

3. In case of inhalation of vapors or aspiration - oxygen inhalation, antibiotics (10,000,000 units of penicillin and 1 g of streptomycin intramuscularly), cups, mustard plasters. Subcutaneously camphor - 2 ml of a 20 (percent) solution, cordiamine - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of a 10 (percent) solution. Intravenous 30-50 ml of 40 (percent) glucose solution with corglycon (0.06 (percent) solution - 1 ml) or strophanthin (0.05 (percent) solution - 0.5 ml). For pain - 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of promedol, 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of atropine subcutaneously. In a comatose state with respiratory failure - intubation and artificial respiration, oxygen.

BENZODIAZEPINES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Benzodiazepines - elenium (chlordiazepoxide, Napotom, Librium), diazepam (Seduxen, Valium), oxazepam (Tazepam), nitrazepam (Eunoctin, Radedorm). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effect. Lethal dose - 1-2g (large individual differences. Absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, binds to plasma proteins, detoxification in the liver, excretion in urine and feces.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Barbiturates.

BENZENE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Bezol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hemotoxic, hepatotoxic effects. Lethal dose 10-20 ml. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.9 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. 15-30% is oxidized and excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites, the remaining portion is excreted unchanged through the lungs and in the urine. Depanation is possible in red blood cells, glandular organs, muscles, and fatty tissue.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling benzene vapors - excitement similar to alcohol, clinical-tonic convulsions, pallor of the face, red mucous membranes, dilated pupils. Shortness of breath with irregular breathing rhythm. Increased pulse rate, often arrhythmic, decreased blood pressure. Bleeding from the nose and gums, hemorrhage into the skin, and uterine bleeding are possible. When taking benzene orally - burning in the mouth, behind the sternum, in the epigastric region, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, agitation followed by depression, coma, enlarged liver, jaundice (toxic hepatopathy). Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Removing the victim from the danger zone. If poison is ingested, gastric lavage through a tube, Vezelin oil orally - 200 ml. Forced diuresis, blood replacement surgery.

2. 30% sodium thiosulfate solution - 200 ml intravenously.

3. Intramuscular vitamins B1 and B6 - up to 1000 mcg/day (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time). Cardiovascular drugs. Ascorbic acid - 10-20 ml of 5% solution with 5% glucose solution intravenously. Oxygen inhalation. For bleeding - 1% solution of Vikasol intramuscularly up to 5 ml.

BORIC ACID.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Boric acid (borax), borax, sodium borate. Local irritant, weak cytotoxic, convulsive effect. The lethal dose for adults is 10-20g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 40 mg/l, lethal 50 mg/l. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and damaged skin. They are excreted unchanged by the kidneys and through the intestines within a week. Deposited in bone tissue and liver.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication develop 1 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, general weakness, headache. Dehydration of the body, loss of consciousness, generalized twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, convulsions. Cardiovascular failure. Possible damage to the liver and kidneys. Poisoning is especially severe in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diurcz. Hemodialysis for severe poisoning.

3. Riboflavin mononucleotide 10 g per day into the muscle. Correction of wine-electrolyte balance and acidosis: infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution, plasma-substituting solutions, glucose, sodium chloride. For abdominal pain - 0.1% atropine solution - 1 ml, 0.2% platifilin solution - 1 ml, 1% promedol solution - 1 ml subcutaneously. Novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml with glucose - 5% solution - 500 ml intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs.

VEGH IS POISONOUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Veh poisonous (hemlock, water hemlock, water omega). The most poisonous rhizomes of the plant, especially in late autumn and in early spring. Contains cycototoxin. Neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is about 50 mg of plant per 1 kg of body weight.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Initial symptoms of poisoning appear after 1.5 - 2 hours, sometimes after 20 - 30 minutes. Salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, tachycardia, clonic-tonic convulsions, respiratory depression. Loss of consciousness, collapse. Most often, poisoning develops in children, who usually eat rhizomes, mistaking them for carrots.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, hemosorption.

3. Intramuscular injection of 25% magnesium sulfate solution - 10 ml. For seizures - diazepam 5 - 10 mg intravenously. Artificial respiration. For cardiac arrhythmias - 10 ml of 10% solution of novocainamide intravenously.

HYDROGEN IS ARSENIC.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Arsenic hydrogen (arsine) is a colorless gas with a garlic odor. Neurotoxic, hemotoxic (hemolytic), hepatotoxic effects. The lethal concentration in the air is 0.05 mg/l with an exposure of 1 hour; at a concentration of 5 mg/l, several breaths lead to death.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

In case of poisoning with low doses, the development of poisoning is preceded by a latent period of about 6 hours; in case of severe intoxication, the latent period is less than 3 hours. General weakness, nausea, vomiting, chills, anxiety, headache, parasthesia in the limbs, suffocation. After 8 - 12 hours - hemoglobinuria (red or brown urine), cyanosis, possible convulsions, impaired consciousness. On the 2-3rd day - toxic hepatotopathy, nephropathy, hemolytic anemia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Early hemodialysis. Blood replacement surgery.

2. Mecaptide 40% solution - 1-2 ml every 4 hours with 0.25% navocaine solution intramuscularly for the first 2 days, then 2 times a day until 5 - 6 days, after which - unithiol 5% solution 5 ml 3 - 4 times per day.

For hemoglobinuria - intravenous glucozone-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% solution - 500 ml, novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml), hypertonic 20-30% glucose solutions - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, sodium bicarbonate 4 % solution - 100 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs.

VITAMIN D2.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol, calciferol). Disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body, cytotoxic (membrane), nephrotoxic effect. The toxic dose for a single dose of 1,000,000 IU is 25 mg (20 ml of oil solution, 5 ml of alcohol solution). Vitamin D is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to form active metabolites that cause the toxicity of the drug. Cumulates in the body.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Intoxication can develop as a result of a single dose of the drug or repeated consumption of the drug (sometimes instead of sunflower oil). In children - as a result of exceeding the course of preventive and therapeutic doses. Nausea, repeated vomiting, dehydration, malnutrition, lethargy, increased body temperature, general adynamia, muscle hypotension, drowsiness, followed by severe anxiety, clonicotonic convulsions. Increased blood pressure, muffled heart sounds, sometimes rhythm and conduction disturbances. Hematuria, leukocyturia, proteinuria, azotemia, acute heart failure. Hypercalcemia (calcium content in blood serum up to 20 mg% or more), hypercholesterolemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperproteinemia. Fluoroscopy of cadaveric bones reveals osteoporosis of the diaphyseal part. Metastatic calcification of the kidneys, myocardium, heart valves, and vascular wall is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. At a high dose - hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption.

3. Hydrocotisone - 250 mg/day or prednisolone - 60 mg/day intramuscularly. Thyrocalcitonia - 5D 2-3 times a day, vitamins A (oil solution) 3000-50000 IU 2 times a day intramuscularly. Tocopherol (vitamin E) 30% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly 2 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs. For increased blood pressure - 1% dibazole solution, 2-4 ml intramuscularly. Calcium-disodium salt ELTA 2-4 g per 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Glucose with insulin - 8D, isotonic sodium chloride solution 40% - 20 ml, plasma and plasma-substituting solutions.

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Cardiac glycosides: preparations of various types of foxglove (the active principle is glycosides ditoxin, digoxin), adonis, lily of the valley, jaundice, strophanthus, hellebore, sea onion, etc. Cardiotoxic effect. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; when administered intravenously, it is excreted slowly in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting). Bradycardia, ventricular and atrial extrasystoles, conduction disturbances, various types of tachycardia, fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. Fall in blood pressure, cyanosis, convulsions, blurred vision, mental disorders, loss of consciousness.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. Atropine 0.1% solution - 1 ml subcutaneously for bradycardia. Intravenous drip administration of potassium chloride (only for hypokalemia!) - 0.5% solution 500 ml. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly 4 times a day.

For arrhythmias: 0.1% atropine solution - 1-2 ml intravenously, lidocaine - 100 ml every 3 - 5 minutes intravenously (until the arrhythmia is eliminated), diphenin - 10 - 12 mg/kg for 12-24 hours intravenously .

GRANOSAN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Granosan (2% ethyl mercuric chloride). Enterotoxic, hepatotoxic effects.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Poisoning develops when consuming granosan-treated sunflower seeds, peas, flour from treated seeds, and fruits from untimely treated trees. Symptoms of poisoning develop gradually - 1-3 weeks after eating contaminated foods. Loss of appetite, unpleasant taste and dry mouth, thirst, lethargy, insomnia, headache. Then nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, lethargy, adynamia, hallucinations, and sometimes paresis of the limbs appear. Possible visual impairment, anisocaria, strabismus, ptosis (damage to the cranial nerves), tremor, epileptic syndrome, vomiting, diarrhea with blood. Symptoms of toxic nephropathy and toxic hepatopathy appear (enlarged and painful liver, jaundice).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1, 2. See Sulema.

H. Vitamins B1 and B12. Prozerin - 0.05% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously.

MUSHROOMS ARE POISONOUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mushrooms are poisonous. 1. Toadstool - contains toxic alkaloids phalloin, phalloidin, amanitin. Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, enterotoxic effects. 100 g of fresh mushrooms (5 g of dry) contains 10 mg of phalloidin, 13.5 mg of amanitin. The lethal dose of amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg. Toxins are not destroyed by heat treatment or drying; they are quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and deposited in the liver.

2. Fly agaric - active ingredient - muscarine, muscaridine. Neurotoxic (cholinergic effect). Toxins are partially destroyed during heat treatment.

3. Strings, morels - contain gelvelic acid. Hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The toxin is destroyed by heat treatment.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

The latent period before the development of pronounced symptoms of intoxication is 6 - 24 hours. Uncontrollable vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (red urine). Damage to the liver, kidneys. Hemolytic jaundice.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution into a vein. Forced diuresis.

DIKUMARIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dicumarin.

B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Anticoagulants

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Anticoagulants.

DIMEDROL.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine) and other antihistamines.

Neurotoxic (parasympatholytic, central anticholinergic), psychotropic (narcotic) effect. The lethal dose is 40 mg/kg. Toxic concentration in the blood is 10 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed, reaches maximum concentration in tissues within the first 6 hours, detoxification in the liver, excreted in the urine mainly in the form of metabolites within 24 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dry mouth and throat, drowsiness and dizziness, nausea, nausea, muscle twitching, tachycardia, blurred vision. The pupils are dilated, there may be horizontal nystagmus, the skin is dry and pale. Motor and psychological agitation, convulsions followed by loss of consciousness. Comatose state, drop in blood pressure, respiratory depression. Oral numbness may occur when taking premedimedrol by mouth.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally, lavage the stomach through a tube lubricated with petroleum jelly. Forced diuresis.

2. Physostigmine - 0.1% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously, again, in the absence of sudden excitement - pilocarpine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously.

3. For agitation - aminazine or tizercin - 2.5% solutions, 2 ml intramuscularly, for convulsions - diazepam - 5 - 10 mg intravenously.

DIMETHYL PHTHALATE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dimethyl phthalate. Local irritant, psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, nephrotoxic effect. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. In the body it is quickly metabolized to form methyl alcohol.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Methyl alcohol.

Inhalation of vapors causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Methyl alcohol.

DICHLOROETHANE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) exists in the form of 2 isomers: 1 - 1-dichloroethane and the most toxic 1 - 2-dichloroethane. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 15 - 20 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood - traces of dichloroethane, lethal 5 mg/l. Quickly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin. After oral administration, the maximum concentration in the blood is reached in the first 6 hours; the rate of absorption increases when taken together with alcohol and fats. It is metabolized in the liver with the formation of toxic metabolites chloroethylene and monochloroacetic acid. Deposited in adipose tissue. Excreted in exhaled air, urine, and feces.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication appear in the first 1 - 3 hours. Upon admission - nausea, vomiting (persistent) with an admixture of bile, blood, pain in the epigastric region, salivation, loose, flaky stool with the smell of dichloroethane, scleral hyperemia, severe weakness, headache, psychomotor agitation, coma, exotoxic shock (1 - 2 days), on days 2 - 3 - toxic hepatopathy (pain in the right hypochondrium, liver enlargement, jaundice, nephropathy, hepatic-renal failure, hemorrhagic diathesis (stomach, nosebleeds) With inhalation poisoning - headache, dizziness, drowsiness, dyspeptic disorders, increased salivation, hepatopathy, nephropathy. In severe cases - coma, exotoxic shock. In case of contact with the skin - dermatitis, bullous rashes.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Abundant repeated gastric lavage through a tube, followed by the introduction of vaseline oil (150 - 200 ml) into the stomach. Detoxification hemosorbium, forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Vitamin E 1 - 2 ml 30% intramuscularly 4 times in the first 3 days.

3. In the presence of deep coma - intubation, artificial respiration. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of toxic shock. On the first day - hormone therapy (prednisolone up to 120 mg intravenously repeatedly. Vitamin therapy: B12 - up to 1500 mcg; B1 - 4 ml of a 5% solution intramuscularly; B15 up to - 5 g orally. Ascorbic acid - 5-10 ml of a 5% solution intravenously. Tetacin calcium - 40 ml of 10% solution with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly again. Lipoic acid - 20 - 30 mg/kg intravenously per day. Antibiotics (levomycytin, penicillin).

In case of sudden excitement, 2 ml of 2.5% solution of pipolfen intravenously. Treatment of toxic nephropathy and hepatopathy is carried out in a hospital.

Datura.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Datura. See atropine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Atropine.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Atropine

LUCK.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Zamanikha (araliaceae seeds). Rhizomes and roots contain saponins, traces of alkaloids and glycosides, essential oil. Available as a 5% alcohol tincture. Cardiotoxic local irritant, psychotropic (stimulating) effect.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If you take a toxic dose, you may experience nausea, repeated vomiting, loose stools, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and a possible decrease in blood pressure. Bradyarrhythmia, ventricular extrasystole.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

3. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously or intravenously again until bradycardia is relieved.

ISOMIAZIDE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Isoniazid (GINK, isonicotinic acid hydrazide); derivatives: tubazide, ftivazide, saluzide, larusan, etc. Neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. Lethal dose - 10 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, maximum concentration in the blood 1-3 hours after administration. 50 - 75% of the drug in acetylated form is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, 5 - 10% through the intestines.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, headache, paresthesia, dry mouth, tremor, ataxia, shortness of breath, bradycardia, then tachycardia. In severe poisoning - epileptiform-type convulsions with loss of consciousness and respiratory distress. The development of toxic nephropathy and hepotopathy is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. B6 - 5% solution, 10 ml intravenously repeatedly.

3. Essential oxygen anesthesia with muscle relaxants, mechanical breathing. Correction of acidosis - 4% sodium bicarbonate solution 1000 ml into a vein.

INDIAN HEMP.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Indian hemp (hashish, plan, marijuana, anasha).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Initially, psychomotor agitation, dilated pupils, tinnitus, vivid visual hallucinations, then general lethargy, weakness, tearfulness and long, deep sleep with a slow pulse and a drop in body temperature.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

Gastric lavage if poison is taken orally, forced diuresis. In case of sudden excitement - 4 - 5% ml of 2.5% chlorpromazine solution intramuscularly.

INSULIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Insulin. Hypoglycemic effect.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Active only when administered parenterally. In case of an overdose, symptoms of hypoglycemia occur - weakness, increased sweating, hand tremors, feeling of hunger. In case of severe poisoning (blood sugar level below 50 mg%) - psychomotor agitation, clinical-tonic convulsions, coma. When emerging from a comatose state, prolonged encephalopathy (schizophrenia-like syndrome) is observed.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Phosphorus diuresis with blood alkalization.

2. Immediate intravenous administration of a 20% glucose solution in the amount necessary to restore normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon - 0.5 - 1 mg intramuscularly.

3. For coma, adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. Cardiovascular drugs.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Iodine. Local cauterizing effect. The lethal dose is about - - 3g.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling iodine vapor, the upper respiratory tract is affected.

(see Chlorine). When concentrated solutions get inside, severe burns of the digestive tract occur; the mucous membrane has a characteristic color. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

Gastric lavage through a tube, preferably 0.5% sodium thiosulfate solution.

2. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - up to 300 ml per day intravenously, 10% sodium chloride solution 30 ml intravenously.

3. Treatment of burns of the digestive tract (see Strong acids)

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Potassium permanganate. Local cauterizing, resorptive, hemotoxic (methemoglobinemia) effects. The lethal dose for children is about 3 g, for adults - 0.3 - 0.5 g / kg.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If ingested, sharp pain occurs in the oral cavity, along the esophagus, in the abdomen, vomiting, and diarrhea. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx is swollen, dark brown, purple. Possible swelling of the larynx and mechanical asphyxia, burn shock, motor agitation, and convulsions. Severe pneumonia, hemorrhagic colitis, nephropathy, hepatopathy, and parkinsonism often occur. With reduced acidity of gastric juice, methemoglobinemia with severe cyanosis and shortness of breath is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. See Strong acids.

2. For severe cyanosis (methemoglobinemia) - methyl blue 50 ml of 1% solution, ascorbic acid - 30 ml of 5% solution intravenously.

3. Vitamin therapy: B12 up to 1000 mcg, B6 - 3 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly. Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy in the hospital.

ACIDS ARE STRONG.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Strong acids: inorganic (nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.), organic (acetic, oxalic, etc.). Oxalic acid is part of a number of household chemicals used to remove rust: liquid "Vaniol" (10%), "Antirzhavin", paste "Prima" (19.7%), powder "Sanitary" (15%), "Tartarene" "(23%). Local cauterizing effect (coagulative necrosis), hemotoxic (hemolytic) and nephrohepatotoxic - for organic acids. Lethal dose - 30 -50 ml.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingested, a chemical burn develops in the oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, stomach, esophagus, and sometimes intestines - sharp pain in the oral cavity along the esophagus, in the abdomen. Significant salivation, repeated vomiting with blood, esophageal bleeding. Mechanical asphyxia due to burns and swelling of the larynx. Phenomena of toxic burn shock (compensated or decompensated). In severe cases, especially in case of poisoning with vinegar essence, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria are observed (urine becomes red-brown, dark brown), and by the end of the first day, yellowness of the skin and sclera appears. Against the background of hemolysis, toxic coagulopathy develops (short-term phase of hypercoagulation and secondary fibrinolysis). On days 2 - 3, the phenomena of exogenous toxemia (fever, agitation), the phenomena of active peritonitis, pancreatitis, then the phenomenon of nephropathy against the background of acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis (in case of acetic acid poisoning), hepatopathy, infectious complications (purulent tracheobronchitis, pneumonia) predominate. - 3 weeks, a complication of a burn disease may be late esophageal-gastric bleeding. By the end of the 3rd week, with severe burns (ulcerative-necrotic inflammation), signs of cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus or, more often, of the outlet of the stomach (in case of poisoning with inorganic acids) appear. Burn asthenia is noted, loss of body weight, disturbance of protein and water-electrolyte balance.Ulcerative-necrotizing gastritis and esophagitis often become chronic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Rinse the stomach with cold water through a tube lubricated with vegetable oil. Before gastric lavage - subcutaneous morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution and atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. Forced diuresis with alkalization of the blood. Swallow pieces of ice.

2. Injection of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution up to 1500 ml into a vein when dark urine appears and metabolic acidosis develops.

3. Treatment of burn shock. Polyglucin - 800 ml intravenously. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose - 300 ml of 5% solution, novocaine - 30 ml of 2% solution) intravenous drip. Papaverine - 2 ml of 2% solution, platifilin - 1 ml of 0.2% solution, atropine - 0.5 - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously up to 6 - 8 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs (cordiamin - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution subcutaneously). If bleeding develops, apply ice inside. In cases of significant blood loss, repeat blood transfusion. Antibiotic therapy (penicillin - up to 8,000,000 units per day). Hormone therapy: hydrocartisone - 125 mg, ACTH - 40 units intramuscularly per day. For local treatment of the burned surface, 20 ml of the mixture of the following composition is given orally after 3 hours: 10% sunflower oil emulsion - 200 ml, anesthesin - 2 ml, chloramphenicol - 2 g. Vitamin therapy: B12 - 400 mcg, B1 - 2 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly (do not enter at the same time). Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy - in a hospital. For the treatment of toxic coagulopathy after stopping bleeding - heparin up to 30,000 - 60,000 units per day intravenously intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days (under the control of a coagulogram). For swelling of the larynx - inhalation of aerosols: novokina - 3 ml of 0.5% solution with ephedrine - 1 ml of 5% solution or adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. If this measure fails, tracheostomy is performed.

CAFFEINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Caffeine and other xanthines - theophylline, theobromine, aminophylline, aminophylline. . Psychotropic, neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is 20 g with large individual differences, the lethal concentration in the blood is more than 100 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, demethylated in the body, and excreted in the urine in the form of metabolites, 10% unchanged.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Tinnitus, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature, palpitations. Severe psychomotor agitation and clonicotonic convulsions are possible. In the future, depression of the nervous system may develop up to a soporous state, severe tachycardia (sometimes paroxysmal, accompanied by hypotension), and cardiac arrhythmias. In case of an overdose of drugs, especially when administered intravenously, an attack of clonic-tonic convulsions and a drop in blood pressure are possible. Orthostatic collapse.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis. In severe cases - detoxification hemosorption.

3. Aminazine - 2 ml of 2.5% solution intramuscularly. In severe cases - intramuscular injection of a lytic mixture: aminazine - 1 ml of a 2.5% solution, promedol - 1 ml of a 1% solution, diprazine (pipolfen) - 2.5% solution. For convulsions - barbamyl - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. To relieve paroxysmal tachycardia - novocainamide 10% solution 5 ml intravenously slowly.

LITHIUM.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Lithium - lithium carbonate. Psychotropic, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic effects. Lethal dose - 20 g. Toxic concentration in the blood - 13.9 mg/l, lethal dose -34.7 mg/l. Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed evenly in the body in intracellular and extracellular fluid, 40% is excreted in the urine, a small part through the intestines.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle weakness, tremor of the limbs, adynamia, ataxia, drowsiness, stuporous state, coma. Heart rhythm disturbances, bradyarrhythmia, decreased blood pressure, acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). On days 3 - 4 - manifestations of toxic nephropathy. The wavy course of intoxication is characteristic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. In severe cases, early hemodialysis.

2. Into a vein - sodium bicarbonate - 1500 - 2000 ml of 4% solution, sodium chloride - 20 - 30 ml of 10% solution after 6 - 8 hours for 1 - 2 days.

3. When blood pressure decreases - 0.2% norepinephrine solution intravenously until a clinical effect is obtained. B vitamins, ATP - 2 ml of 1% solution intramuscularly 2 - 3 times a day. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.

MERCURY OINTMENT.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mercury ointment: gray (contains 30% metallic mercury, white (10% mercury amide chloride), yellow (2% yellow mercuric oxide).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Poisoning develops when the ointment is rubbed into the skin, especially into the hairy parts of the body and when there are excoriations, abrasions on the skin or during prolonged exposure (more than 2 hours). On days 1–2, signs of dermatitis appear and body temperature rises, which may be a manifestation of hypersensitivity to mercury preparations. On days 3–5, symptoms of toxic nephropathy and acute renal failure develop. At the same time, manifestations of stomatitis, gingivitis, enlargement of regional nodes occur, and on the 5th - 6th day - enterocolitis.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis in the presence of toxic concentrations of mercury in the blood and severe intoxication.

2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 10 ml intramuscularly repeatedly.

3. Treatment of toxic nephropathy in a hospital setting. Apply ointment dressings with hydrocortisone and anesthesin to the affected areas of the skin. Treatment of stomatitis.

COPPER.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Copper and its compounds (copper sulfate). Copper-containing toxic chemicals: Bordeaux liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and lime), Burgud liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and sodium carbonate), cupronafte (a combination of copper sulfate with a solution of methylonaphtha), etc. Local cauterizing, hemotoxic (hemolytic), nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose of copper sulfate is 30 - 50 ml. The toxic concentration of copper in the blood is 5.4 mg/l. About 1/4 of the dose administered orally is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and binds to plasma proteins. Most of it is deposited in the liver. Excretion with bile, feces, urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When copper sulfate is ingested, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, frequent bowel movements, headache, weakness, tachycardia, and toxic shock develop. With severe hemolysis (hemoglobin), acute renal failure (anuria, nuremia). Texas hepotopathy. Hemolytic jaundice, anemia. When non-ferrous metals (highly dispersed copper dust (zinc and chromium)) enter the upper respiratory tract during welding, acute “foundry fever” develops: chills, dry cough, headache, weakness, shortness of breath, persistent fever. Possible allergic reaction(red rash on the skin, itching).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis.

2. Unithiol - 10 ml of a 5% solution, then 5 ml every 3 hours intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days. Sodium thiosulfate - 100 ml of 30% solution intravenously.

3. Morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution, atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. For frequent vomiting - aminazine - 1 ml of 2.5 solution intramuscularly. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml intravenously). Antibiotics. Vitamin therapy. For hemoglobinuria - sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution intravenously. Treatment of acute renal failure and toxic hepatopathy - in a hospital setting. For foundry fever - acetylsolicylic acid - 1 g, codeine - 0.015 g orally. For allergic rash - diphenhydramine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously, calcium gluconate 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously.

MORPHINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mlorphine and other narcotic analgesics of the opium group: opium, pantopon, heroin, dionine, codeine, tecodin, fenadone. Preparations containing substances of the opium group - gastric drops and tablets, codeterpine, cotermops. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic effect. The lethal dose when morphine is taken orally is 0.5 - 1 g, when administered intravenously - 0.2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.1 - 4 mg/l. All drugs are especially toxic for young children. The lethal dose for children under 3 years of age is 400 ml, phenadone - 40 mg, heroin - 20 mg. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and when administered parenterally, detoxification in the liver by conjugation with glucoronic acid (90%), 75% is excreted in the urine on the first day in the form of conjugants.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingesting or parenterally administering toxic doses of drugs, a coma develops, which is characterized by significant constriction of the pupils with a weakened reaction to light, skin hyperemia, muscle hypertonicity, and sometimes clonic-tonic convulsions. In severe cases, breathing disturbances and the development of asphyxia are often observed - severe cyanosis of the mucous membranes, dilated pupils, bradycardia, collapse, hypothermia. In case of severe cadeine poisoning, breathing problems are possible while the patient remains conscious, as well as a significant decrease in blood pressure.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Repeated gastric lavage (even with pantheral administration of morphine), activated charcoal orally, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. Administration of nalorphine (anthorphine) - 3 - 5 ml of 0.5% solution intravenously.

3. Subcutaneously atropine - 1 - 2 ml of 0.1% solution, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution, cordiamine - 2 ml. Vitamin B1 - 3 ml of 5% solution intravenously again. Oxygen inhalation, artificial respiration. Warming the body.

ARSENIC.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Arsenic and its compounds. Nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, neurotoxic effects. The most toxic compounds are trivalent arsenic. The lethal dose of arsenic when taken orally is 0.1 - 0.2 g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1 mg/l, lethal - 15 mg/l. Slowly absorbed from the intestine and after parenteral administration. Deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleens, thin intestinal walls, and lungs. When inorganic compounds are consumed, arsenic appears in the urine within 2–8 hours and is excreted in the urine within 10 days. Organic compounds are excreted in urine and feces within 24 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingested, a gastrointestinal form of poisoning is more often observed. Metallic taste in mouth, vomiting, strong pain in a stomach. Vomit is greenish in color. Loose stool, reminiscent of rice water. Severe dehydration of the body, accompanied by chlorpenic convulsions. Hemoglobinuria as a result of hemolysis, jaundice, hemolytic numbness, acute hepatic-renal failure. In the terminal phase - collapse, coma. A paralytic form is possible: stunning, stuporous state, convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory paralysis, collapse. In case of inhalation poisoning with arsenous hydrogen, severe hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, cyanosis quickly develop, and on the 2nd - 3rd day - hepatic-renal failure.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, repeated siphon enemas. Early hemodialysis with simultaneous intravenous administration of 150 - 200 ml of 5% unithiol solution.

2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 5 ml 8 times a day intramuscularly; 10% solution of thetacine-calcium - 30 ml in 500 ml of 5% glucose intravenously.

3. Vitamin therapy: ascorbic acid, vitamins B1, B6, B15. 10% sodium chloride solution intravenously, repeated 10 ml (under ionogram control). For severe pain in the intestines - platifilin -1 ml of 0.2% rasta, atropine 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously, perirenal block with novocaine. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of exotoxic shock. For hemoglobinuria - glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml) intravenously, hypertonic solution (20 - 30%) glucose - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, bicarbonate sodium 4% - 1000 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis.

NAPHTHALENE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Naphthalene has a local irritant, hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is about 10 g, for children - 2 g. Poisoning is possible through inhalation of vapors and dust, through penetration through the skin, or into the stomach. Excretion in urine in the form of metabolites.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaled - headache, nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, cough, superficial clouding of the cornea. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible. Upon contact with skin - erythema, dermatitis phenomena. If ingested - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Anxiety, in severe cases - coma, convulsions. Tachycardia, shortness of breath, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, toxic nephropathy. The development of toxic hepatopathy is possible. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization.

2. Sodium bicarbonate 5 g orally in water every 4 hours or intravenously 4% solution 1 - 1.5 liters per day.

3. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously, orally - rutin - 0.01 g, riboflavin 0.01 g repeated. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.

AMMONIA.

Ammonia - see Caustic alkalis.

NICOTINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Nicotine. Psychotropic (stimulating), neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. Toxic concentration in the blood is 5 ml/l, lethal dose is 10 - 22 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed by the mucous membranes and quickly metabolized in the body. Detoxification in the liver. 25% are excreted unchanged in the urine and through the lungs with sweat.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, cold sweat. The pulse is slow at first, then rapid and irregular. Constriction of the pupils, visual and hearing disturbances, muscle fibrillations, clonic-tonic convulsions. Coma, collapse. Non-smokers are more sensitive to nicotine than long-term smokers.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage with a solution of potassium permanganate 1:1000, followed by the administration of a saline laxative. Activated carbon inside. Forced diuresis. In case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.

3. Intravenous 50 ml of 2% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose solution. Intramuscularly - magnesium sulfate 25% - 10 ml. For convulsions with difficulty breathing - 10 ml of 10% barbamyl solution intravenously or 2 ml of 2% ditilin and artificial respiration. For severe bradycardia - 1 ml of 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously.

NITRITES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Nitrites: sodium nitrite (saltpeter), potassium, ammonium, amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin. Hemotoxic (direct hemoglobin formation), vascular effect (relaxation of the smooth muscles of the vascular wall). The lethal dose of sodium nitrite is 2 g. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted mainly unchanged through the kidneys and intestines. They are not deposited in the body.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

First, redness of the skin, then cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin. The clinical picture is mainly due to the development of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline). A decrease in blood pressure is possible up to the development of acute cardiovascular failure (collapse).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis.

2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline).

3. When blood pressure decreases, administer 1 - 2 ml of cordiamine, 1 - 2 ml of a 10% caffeine solution subcutaneously, 1 - 2 ml of a 0.2% solution of norepinephrine in 500 ml of a 5% glucose solution - intravenously.

CARBON MONOXIDE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide). Hypotoxic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic effects (carboxyhemoglobinemia). The lethal concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is 50% of the total hemoglobin content. Poisoning by exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (cars), “burnout” due to furnace malfunctions heating system, poisoning at the source of the fire.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Mild degree - headache of a girdling nature (symptom of a hoop), pounding in the temples, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. A transient increase in blood pressure and the phenomenon of trachyobronchitis (poisoning in a fire) are possible. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene of the incident is 20 - 30%. Moderate severity - short-term loss of consciousness at the scene, followed by agitation with visual and auditory hallucinations or retardation, adynamia. Hypertension syndrome, tachycardia, toxic damage to the heart muscle. The phenomenon of tracheobronchitis with impaired external respiration function (poisoning in a fire). The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in blood taken at the scene of the incident is 30 - 40%.

Severe poisoning - prolonged coma, convulsions, cerebral edema, disturbances in external respiration with symptoms of respiratory failure (aspiration-obstruction syndrome, burn of the upper respiratory tract - fire poisoning), hypertensive syndrome, toxic damage to the heart muscle, possible development of myocardial infarction. Sometimes trophic skin disorders, development of myorenal syndrome, acute renal failure. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene was 50%.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Carry the victim to Fresh air. Continuous inhalation for 2 - 3 hours.

2. For moderate and severe poisoning - hyperboric oxygenation at a pressure in the chamber of 2 - 3 atm for 50 - 60 minutes.

3. For cerebral edema - lumbar punctures with removal of 10 - 15% of the cerebrospinal fluid at elevated pressure, craniocerebral hypothermia (ice application or cold apparatus) for 6 - 8 hours, osmotic diuretics (mannitol, urea). For agitation, 1 ml of a 1% solution subcutaneously, aminazine - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, for convulsions - 2 ml of a 0.5% solution of diazepam or 5 ml of a 10% solution of barbamyl intravenously. In case of damage to the upper respiratory tract - therapeutic and diagnostic tracheobronchoscopy, sanitation. Prevention of pulmonary complications: antibiotics, heparin (up to 25,000 units per day intramuscularly). In case of severe respiratory failure - artificial respiration, aminophylline - 10 ml of 2.4% solution intravenously, ascorbic acid - 10 - 20 ml of 5% glucose solution - 500 ml. Vitamin therapy.

PAHICARPIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Pahikarpin. Neurotoxic (ganglionic blocking) effect. The lethal dose is about 2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is more than 15 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed when taken orally and parenterally. Excreted in urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Stage I - nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, weakness, dry mucous membranes; stage II - impaired neuromuscular conduction: dilated pupils, impaired vision, hearing, severe weakness, ataxia, psychomotor agitation, clonic-toxic convulsions, muscle fibrillations, tachycardia, pallor, acrocyanosis, hypotension; stage III - coma, respiratory failure, collapse, cardiac arrest with sudden brachycardia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorption.

2. In stage I, specific therapy is not performed. In stage II: 0.05% proserin solution subcutaneously 10 - 15 ml (days 1 - 2), 2 - 3 ml (days 3 and 4), ATP - 12 - 15

From arrows poisoned by the juice of poisonous plants to secret substances used military intelligence- so, step by step, step by step, the “career” of toxic substances developed in the human world. Poisons have been described by many writers. Since childhood we have known about the injection of a poisoned spindle and the dream of oblivion from a poisoned apple, and in adolescence read with enthusiasm the novels of Agatha Christie and Arthur Conan Doyle, in which poisons play a significant role.

Modern poisons surround us everywhere: in household chemicals, in a letter envelope, in the subway. It turns out that our world is very toxic. The same substances, depending on the dose, can be medicines, fertilizers, raw materials for industry, or become deadly poisons. Humanity knows a huge number of poisons, but among them...

The fastest poison

Potassium cyanide, a poison that smells like almonds, has been used since ancient times. This “spy” poison can be poisoned by touching, inhaling and, of course, by ingestion. This poison has a deadly effect due to the fact that it binds iron in red blood cells, preventing them from supplying oxygen to the internal organs and the brain.

They poisoned Rasputin with potassium cyanide, but they could not kill him. In those distant centuries, poisoners did not know that glucose is an antidote for cyanide, and the poison was added to the sweet pie.

Potassium cyanide is used in the United States to carry out capital punishment.

The most powerful poison

Tetanus is a wound infection. Tetanus bacillus penetrates through damaged skin or mucous membranes and multiplies in the tissues of wounds, forming the most powerful of poisons - tetanus toxin. Once in the blood, the poison spreads throughout the body and affects the nervous system, causing the muscles to contract continuously. Due to painful muscle spasms, the body takes bizarre positions, breathing is impaired and the patient dies from suffocation.

Tetanus bacillus lives in the soil. Infection can occur even after minor damage to the skin or a prick with a sharp object while working in the garden. It’s not for nothing that tetanus is called the “bare foot” disease.

Vaccination will help protect a person from tetanus.

The deadliest poison

Botulism toxin is rightfully considered the deadliest poison on the planet. The botulism bacillus “hides” its toxin in “bombed” cans, dried and salted fish, meat and sausages that have not undergone proper heat treatment.

Infection occurs after consuming products contaminated with clostridium botulism. In the stomach, the toxin is not destroyed, but is absorbed into the blood and affects the nervous system. The main signs of such poisoning are: visual disturbances (double vision), swallowing, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea.

Death from poisoning with botulism toxin occurs in 50 cases out of 100. A person can be saved from a terrible disease by administering anti-botulism serum.

The most common poison

Remember the gloomy Professor Moriarty, created by the brilliant Arthur Conan Doyle? This villain had a sharp mind and knew many sophisticated ways to take the lives of his victims using arsenic.

Arsenic is rightfully considered the most common poison. He caused the death of many emperors and pharaohs in the struggle for the throne. Arsenic is Caligula's favorite poison and European nobility in the Middle Ages. “Water of Tofana”, a popular poison for eliminating heirs and unloved husbands, was nothing more than a solution of arsenic with the addition of herbs.

Ivan the Terrible, Napoleon Bonaparte, Alexander the Great and Yasser Arafat were poisoned with arsenic. The list of arsenic victims is quite extensive and clearly not complete.

Arsenic poisoning begins as an intestinal disorder and ends with seizures and death. In case of chronic arsenic infection, when small doses of arsenic regularly enter the body (contaminated water, for example), the risk of developing cancer increases, diabetes mellitus and heart disease.

The easiest poison

Carbon monoxide is odorless and colorless. This substance is formed during the combustion of fuel and is found, for example, in car exhaust gases. Carbon monoxide poisoning most often occurs at home due to problems with stove heating or poor ventilation. Suicides and murders often occur, the weapon of which is a poison that is lighter than air - carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide, entering the lungs with air, is absorbed into the blood and captured by red blood cells. In these blood cells, carbon monoxide reacts with hemoglobin, forming a new strong compound - carboxyhemoglobin. This substance “does not know how” to carry oxygen, so oxygen starvation of tissues develops. If carbon monoxide “takes out” more than 60% of hemoglobin, this inevitably leads to death.

The most destructive poison

It’s not for nothing that strychnine is called “rat poison” - this substance is used as a poison for rodents. Strychnine is obtained from plant materials or created artificially in laboratories.

You can get poisoned by strychnine in different ways. For example, poison can enter the body through food or air. Just a few minutes after poisoning, a person is overcome by vomiting and muscle cramps. The poisoned person convulses until suffocation occurs. Only thirty minutes pass from the arrival of the poison to painful death. During World War II, the Nazis tortured prisoners by injecting them with strychnine.

The most “delicious” poison

Tetrodotoxin is found in puffer fish meat. Fans of this delicacy must pay an insurance premium before eating fugu, because the meal can result in death. This is Japanese roulette.

Tetradoxin always leads to the death of its victim: first, numbness appears in the oral cavity, then swallowing becomes difficult, speech and coordination of movements are impaired, and convulsions occur. Death occurs 6 hours after poisoning.

The most severe poison

Mercury belongs to the group of heavy metals. This is very toxic substance. Inhalation or ingestion of mercury vapor can cause kidney failure, brain damage, and death. Mercury is found in thermometers, batteries, tuna meat and some other marine fish.

Several centuries ago, they tried to treat many diseases with mercury tablets, including syphilis. For example, the famous composer Mozart died from such treatment. By the way, today scientists have proven that mercury actually kills the causative agent of syphilis - Treponema pallidum, but medieval methods - swallowing mercury, injections with it or inhaling mercury vapor led to poisoning and death, and not to a cure for the “French disease”.

It turns out that the attacks of rage that the US President Abraham Lincoln suffered from were associated with taking medication for depression containing high doses of mercury. British scientists have confirmed the connection between Lincoln’s aggressive behavior and his “antidepressant.”

The most “postal” poison

Ricin is a powdered poison that is lethal if inhaled. This “melee weapon” is obtained from castor bean seeds. Due to its properties, it was adopted by the military for conducting chemical warfare, and terrorists began sending ricin to their victims in envelopes. Just a few grains of poison can kill an adult.

In one of the cities of Great Britain in 1978, the Bulgarian dissident Markov was stabbed in the leg by an umbrella and died a few days later. The medical report on death indicates the cause of “heart failure.” But in fact, death was due to ricin poisoning. Through the injection, the poison got inside and did its dirty deed.

The most "garbage" poison

Dioxin is a toxic substance that is formed when plastic and other household waste. This poison enters the environment as a result of emissions from chemical factories producing mineral fertilizers, plastic, paper and polyethylene. Dioxin particles are found in air, water, soil, and accumulate in plants and animal tissues.

Dioxin was used by the US Army during the Vietnam War. It was this poison that was used to poison Viktor Yushchenko during the presidential election campaign.

Instead of an afterword

Over the course of many centuries, Homo sapiens was able to invent a huge number of methods of self-destruction, but poisons were and remain one of the most favorite methods of eliminating undesirables - and most likely, they will not go away in the future.

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The world-famous medieval physician and alchemist Paracelsus once said: “Everything is poison, everything is medicine; both are determined by the dose.” Even too much water can cause death. However, some substances will require a tiny amount - this will be enough to cause death. Sometimes just one drop is enough to fall on hands unprotected by gloves - these are the substances that are classified as very toxic. Deadly substances include organic plant substances, heavy metals, and man-synthesized gases. We have prepared for you a list of the most dangerous of them - the 25 most deadly dangerous poisons total substances.

The most poisonous substance in the world for humans is cyanide.

The most common forms of cyanide are a colorless gas or crystals, but regardless of the form, the substance is deadly. To some people, cyanide smells like bitter almonds.

Cyanide poisoning is accompanied by characteristic symptoms: headache, nausea, rapid breathing, rapid heartbeat, and a feeling of general malaise. Without timely medical intervention, cyanide will kill the body, causing oxygen starvation of cells. Vial of cyanide

Cyanide is contained in apple seeds, but do not rush to rinse your stomach after eating a few seeds - the concentration of the dangerous substance in them is extremely insignificant. You would have to eat more than ten whole apple stalks before you feel the effects of cyanide poisoning. But, of course, you shouldn’t do this.

Hydrofluoric acid, or hydrofluoric acid, is a chemical required to produce polytetrafluoroethylene, more commonly known as Teflon. It is also an extremely toxic poison.
Container with hydrofluoric acid

If a liquid containing even a small amount of hydrofluoric acid gets on the skin, there is a high probability that the poison will enter the circulatory system through the capillaries. When it reacts with calcium, it will begin to break down your bones.

Fortunately, getting this substance on the skin is painless, and the process of penetration through the skin is not instantaneous, so you will have enough time to wash this dangerous substance off yourself.

Arsenic has been known since ancient times. It occurs in nature in pure form and in the form of sulfides. It is a crystalline semimetal in form. Medieval alchemists, including the already mentioned Paracelsus, were involved in the synthesis of arsenic.
Glass vial of arsenic

This substance, until the end of the 19th century, was the most common poison used to commit murders. A victim poisoned with arsenic dies from several hours to several days. This practice dates back to the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The characteristic symptoms of arsenic poisoning were severe vomiting and diarrhea, which at the time could easily be confused with symptoms of cholera or dysentery.

Belladonna

This plant has also been known since ancient times, and it was used both in Europe and in Rus'. All parts of belladonna are very toxic, especially the roots. The least poisonous are the berries, and yet two berries will be enough to kill one year old child.
Belladonna berries, flowers and leaves

In medieval Italy, the juice of this plant was dropped into the eyes of local fashionistas - thanks to the atropine content in it, the pupils dilated, and the gaze acquired an alluring shine. At the same time, it is atropine alkaloids that lead to poisoning - they actively affect the nervous system, first provoking an excited state, and then leading to rage and cardiac arrest. It’s not for nothing that one of the names of this plant is Crazy Berry.

Carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide is a silent killer. The physical form of this substance is a gas without taste, color or odor. This gas is released when coal burns, for example - it is the cause of many deaths in fires.
Clipping from an old magazine warning about the dangers of carbon monoxide

This substance disrupts the process of oxygen transfer, which causes oxygen starvation in cells. Symptoms of poisoning are general physical weakness, dizziness and headache, nausea, drowsiness. Fortunately, carbon monoxide poisoning is reversible - timely resuscitation measures can “bring back to life” a person who has inhaled carbon monoxide.

The fruits of the Manchinella tree, also called manchinella, look like green apples, but don’t rush to taste them. It's best to stay away from this tree altogether - it is one of the most poisonous plants on Earth and certainly the most poisonous in North America.

Manchinella grows in Florida, but you need to be wary of the sap of this tree. Even the wind blowing on you from the direction of this terrible plant can lead to severe itching, and contact with the milky juice on the skin will cause painful blisters, dermatitis and severe burns. Smoke from burning branches of this tree can cause blindness if it comes into contact with the eyes. Well, it’s not worth talking about the fruits.
Manchineel tree danger warning

Interesting fact: local Indians, during the Spanish conquest of these lands, used an extract from manchinella root as one of the components of a terrible poison, which was used to smear arrowheads. The famous Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon died long and painfully from one such arrow that hit him in the leg.

This substance is the most active non-metal, interacting with literally anything. If it comes into contact with the skin, such gas will cause a severe chemical burn. It can also contribute to eye damage, including blindness. If you're addicted organic chemistry- remember, fluoride is not to be trifled with.

This compound is found both in industrial pesticides and in the sap of some plants in Australia and South Africa (Dichapetalum cymosum). Consumption of the latter leads to the death of about 8% of livestock grazing in the areas where it grows. What is characteristic is that there is no antidote for this substance. For humans, the lethal dose is 5 mg per 1 kg.
Fluoroacetic acid warning

The most dangerous poison created by man is called dioxin - only 50 micrograms are required for an adult. This is the third most toxic poison known to science - it is 60 times more toxic than cyanide!
Warning about contamination of the area with dioxins

This substance, or rather a whole group of substances, denoted by a single term for ease of perception, belongs to the group of xenobiotics, that is, substances alien to the natural biotic substances of the Earth. This is a consequence of the chemical industry and waste recycling. Also, dioxins are a cumulative poison, that is, they gradually accumulate both in environment, and in the organisms of living beings, leading to terrible changes.

Dimethylmercury

This colorless liquid is a powerful neurotoxin. Even thick latex gloves will not save you from its effects. This fact confirmed tragic death inorganic chemist Karen Wetterhahn in 1996. A few drops of the substance that fell on the scientist’s glove led to death - after 4 months, symptoms of poisoning began to appear, and six months later the woman died.

Aconite, also known as Fighter, is a whole family of plants, many of which are valued for their beautiful flowers. However, all of them are extremely toxic, however, this only applies to juice. The most poisonous parts of plants are the tubers; the active substance is the aconitine alkaloid.
Aconite plant containing aconitine

According to legend, these plants sprouted from the saliva of Cerberus, whom Hercules brought from the underground kingdom of Hades. What does this legend indicate? The fact that the plant was widely known already in Ancient Greece.

Some modern “healers” promote the idea of ​​treating cancer and many other diseases with tincture of aconite. The clinical effectiveness of this treatment has not been proven and is associated with risks to your health.

Substances of this group are found in poisonous mushrooms, including toadstool, among others. The effect of this poison on the body is extremely destructive - the work of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and heart is paralyzed. Necrosis of liver tissue occurs.
Pale toadstools containing amatoxin

In case of poisoning, the first symptoms appear very sharply after 5 hours or more - depending on the degree of poisoning, its active phase can begin even after a day. The condition is rapidly deteriorating - bloody diarrhea, terrible pain in the abdominal cavity, severe vomiting. Mushroom poisoning with amatoxin in most cases is severe and requires immediate medical intervention.

Three out of four people who contract this bacterium die, even if they are hospitalized and treated. You can become infected from livestock used in agriculture. However, the disease is very acute, so that foci of infection, if they occur, can be promptly identified and destroyed, along with the carriers.
Fencing a quarantine zone due to an anthrax outbreak

Hemlock

You may know this plant under the name Hemlock, or Omega. It has to distant relative celery and is the carrier of one of the strongest poisons in the plant kingdom. According to legend, the ancient Greek thinker Socrates was once poisoned with it.

This plant is popular as a murder weapon. Most often it is added to the victim's food under the guise of salad. Poisoning leads to severe convulsions, pain and death. Even if the poisoned person survives, the consequences in the form of amnesia, severe tremors and clouding of reason can haunt him for the rest of his life.
Hemlock plant containing hemlock

IN early XIX Hemlock-based drugs have been used as pain relievers for centuries.

This is the main ingredient of rat poison, a powerful pesticide. It was synthesized from the seeds of the tropical chilibuha tree, also known as the vomit nut. Strychnine will have no less effective effect on humans than on pests - death from a dose of 50 mg can occur for an adult half an hour after poisoning.
Strychnine bottle

You can become poisoned by strychnine by inhaling its fumes, applying it to the skin, or inadvertently taking it orally. Symptoms appear almost immediately - vomiting and painful convulsions.

Strychnine is one of the most popular poisons, often appearing in literary works, cinema and even comics.

A powerful paralytic poison produced by dinophyte algae. The most potent non-protein toxin, having the most complex cell structure for a non-protein compound produced by a living organism.
Dinoflagellates - plankton that produce maytotoxin

In addition, it is the most terrible “sea” poison. Its source is essentially plankton. Fortunately, poisoning requires an extremely high concentration of these microorganisms, so the risk of accidental poisoning is virtually zero.

Previously, mercury was actively used in thermometers and medical thermometers. Moreover, mercury is the only volatile metal whose vapor poisoning can be fatal. Mercury can cause tissue necrosis, blindness, kidney failure, amnesia and central nervous system paralysis.
This is what liquid mercury looks like

Interesting fact: after analyzing the remains of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, scientists came to the conclusion that the last representative of the Rurik family was poisoned with mercury for a long time, from which he eventually died.

Another deadly metal, but this time it is radioactive. In the last 50 years it has been a popular weapon for demonstrative murder. Alexander Litvinenko, Yasser Arafat, Alexander Goldfarb and others died from polonium poisoning.
Polonium in its natural state

Polonium-210 is 250 thousand times more poisonous than hydrocyanic acid. For the death of an adult male, 10 mcg of this isotope entering his body will be sufficient. So, to kill ten million people you would need about a gram of polonium. Typically, the alpha particles of this substance are not able to penetrate the skin, so for polonium poisoning it is necessary to enter the body, for example, through the respiratory tract or oral cavity.

This poison is found in all parts of Cerberus trees, named after the guardian of the gates of the kingdom of Hades. Even the smoke from this tree can cause serious poisoning. The effect of the poison leads to cardiac arrest.
Fruits of the Cerberus tree

In Madagascar, until 1861, eating Cerberus fruits was used in trials and was a kind of analogue of the “witch bath” of medieval Europe. If the accused survived after taking it, he was considered innocent, but if he did not survive, it is obvious that guilt can be considered proven.

Botulinum toxin

The most powerful organic poison, neurotoxin. For an adult, the lethal dose will be approximately 0.05 mcg. Entering the body leads to paralysis and further death.
In this form, butulinum toxin is used in aesthetic medicine.

Botox, used in aesthetic medicine, is butulinum toxin, albeit slightly modified.

The bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which produces butulinum toxin, prefer an airless environment. That is why, when spores penetrate canned twists, they activate vital processes, releasing a deadly poison.

Tetrodotoxin

This is the world-famous poison of fugu fish, considered a delicacy in Japan. Once in the body, tetrodotoxin causes respiratory arrest. There is no antidote, but the poisoned person can be saved by supporting the functioning of the respiratory system artificially for some time. However, every year in Japan, several people die from fugu fish poisoning. Several dozen more people are saved.
Fugu fish contains deadly tetrodotoxin

Fugu fish does not produce tetrodotoxin, but only accumulates it from the plankton it consumes, the toxicity of some species of which we have already discussed earlier.

Chemical weapons, military nerve gas. It was created in the mid-30s, used on the battlefields of World War II and in wars modern history and major terrorist attacks. Was recognized as a weapon mass destruction.
Demonstration warhead American rocket Honest John, M139 Sarin containers visible (circa 1960s photo)

This gas is colorless, tasteless and odorless. Death from sarin poisoning is terrible and very fast. Antidotes exist, but comprehensive treatment of those poisoned by sarin on the battlefield is virtually impossible. Sarin is one of the substances prohibited from production and stockpiling under the Chemical Weapons Convention, adopted by the UN in 1997.

This poison is produced by a small yellow frog that lives in the tropical forests of southwestern Colombia - the Terrible Leaf Climber. The poison secreted by the skin glands of the frog and serving as its protection from predators is one of the strongest organic non-protein poisons.
A terrible leaf climber that produces batrachotoxin

The action of the poison paralyzes the respiratory system, muscles and heart, leading to its stop. Local Indians use this poison by running a blowpipe dart across the frog's back. After being wounded by such a dart, a person dies in less than 10 minutes. There is no effective antidote, but scientists have now developed synthetic analogs of batrachotoxin that are twice as toxic.

One of the strongest phytotoxins. It is especially dangerous in aerosol form. Found naturally in castor beans and castor beans. You probably know another derivative of this plant - castor oil.
Castor beans containing ricin

The toxicity of ricin is 6 times higher than that of potassium cyanide. Of course, this substance is used as a weapon. The most resonant case of its use is the murder of the Bulgarian dissident Georgiy Markov.

VI-gas

Chemical warfare agent VX is the most powerful man-made poison ever synthesized by man. Weapons based on this gas are still in service with the armies of the United States and Russia, although according to official data, in 2017 the Russian army completely destroyed its stockpiles of chemical weapons, including VX and its analogues.
This is what the storage facility for the most terrible chemical weapons on Earth looks like

It was this poison that killed the half-brother of Kim Jong-un, the leader of North Korea, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in 2017.

As you can see, there are enough dangerous substances of organic origin in the world. But the most powerful poisons are created by man. Today there are several international agreements prohibiting the production and condemning the use of chemical weapons. But its reserves are still large and cases of its use continue to be recorded. How to avoid becoming a victim of poisoning with the substances described in this article? Be vigilant when working with various chemical reagents, do not eat puffer fish meat, do not pet toads, and hope that the “powers that be” will have enough prudence to never use any of the arsenal of weapons of mass destruction that they have at their disposal.