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Black Sea hydrogen sulfide layer. Will it burn or explode: what threats does the Black Sea pose?

In September 1927, residents of Crimea watched the Black Sea literally burn. “It was as if a fire was burning, the bright light of which passed through the smoke screen,” wrote hydrologist P. Dvoichenko. Columns of flame, according to eyewitnesses, rose to a height of 500-800 meters. At the same time, the smell of rotten eggs was felt on the coast. This is exactly what hydrogen sulfide, which is found in abundance in the Black Sea, smells like.

In those days, an earthquake occurred near Yalta. Its source was located under the seabed, and a thunderstorm raged in the sky. According to experts, as a result of seismic tremors, hydrogen sulfide escaped from the bottom and caught fire from a lightning discharge.

Large sump

Gennady Bugrin lived in the USA for 6 years, worked as a foreman on the construction of roads - perfectly smooth highways, which are made almost using jewelry technology. In Russia, as you know, roads are one of the two main problems. Returning to his homeland, Bugrin was inspired by the idea of building a high-quality highway using... hydrogen sulfide from the Black Sea: “Suggestions on how this gas can be used in national economy, have sounded before. The USSR even had a scientific state program on this matter. Inventor Lev Yutkin, who is considered the “Russian Tesla,” proposed a project in 1979: to raise the bottom layers black sea water and subject it to electro-hydraulic shocks, releasing hydrogen sulfide. The resulting gas is burned. When burned, a kilogram of hydrogen sulfide produces approximately 4 thousand kcal. Calculations show that such technology would satisfy the electricity needs of the entire country.”

Bugrin's own project is not limited to this. From the Black Sea water, he proves, you can get a whole range of useful products. Firstly, hydrogen is an environmentally friendly fuel, the demand for which is growing. The Institute of Hydrogen Economy in the Nizhny Novgorod Region has already expressed its interest in purchasing it. Secondly, rare earth elements of the periodic table. Thirdly, gold and silver.

If you extract all the silver from the Black Sea, its weight will be 540 thousand tons. Gold - 270 thousand tons, says Bugrin. - And when the installation is brought to its designed capacity, it will be able to produce up to a ton of heavy water every day. There are enough people willing to buy it both in Russia and abroad. Heavy water is used in any nuclear reactor: It slows down the reaction and serves as a coolant.

And yet, the main thing that Gennady Bugrin needs from the Black Sea water is sulfur. It is used in Europe and North America as an astringent. Thanks to sulfur, bitumen consumption is reduced by 25-35%, and the strength of the coating and its heat resistance are increased. In our weather conditions This is especially important: adding sulfur to the road surface will significantly increase its service life.

Thus, due to hydrogen sulfide from the Black Sea in any direction. First of all, of course, to Moscow,” continues the engineer. - We will obtain from water important ingredients for construction (including a derivative for concrete), electricity and, at the same time, clean the sea, preventing a natural disaster. The economic effect in the first year should be $625 million.

Details of the technology have not yet been disclosed. Victor Klimenko, chemist, candidate of technical sciences, it is only admitted that this is a plasmatron method: “On a platform in the sea there will be a special device - a plasmatron. With the help of electricity, hydrogen sulfide molecules will be “cut” into two elements - sulfur and hydrogen. By the way, such pure sulfur can be used in medicine and various industries, and not just in road construction.”

Klimenko is one of Gennady Bugrin’s like-minded people, whom he has already recruited a whole team of. There is an agreement with two enterprises where they are ready to take on the first plasma torch, and in Krasnodar region They promise to allocate land for production. All that remains is to find investors - and this is more difficult. But he doesn’t give up, he knocks on the thresholds of bureaucratic offices. And, like all Russian Kulibins, he hopes that he will be heard “at the very top.”

 1.10.2011 19:56

Many probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky’s poem: “And the little foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea...”. But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are studied very carefully by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot of interesting predictions.

Leonid Utesov helped with the geographic location of the “arson site”: “The bluest sea in the world is my Black Sea!” Until recent “perestroika” times, this sea was practically the only place recreation for residents the whole country- THE USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Ibrahimovich Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By “coincidence”, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-600 meters...

The Azov-Black Sea basin at the beginning of the twentieth century was a unique geophysical formation: the shallow freshwater Azov Sea and the salty deep-water Black Sea. Most of the inhabitants of this basin went to the Sea of Azov to spawn in the spring, and spent the winter in the Black Sea, which in a “section” resembles a glass: the narrow coastal strip abruptly ends at a three-kilometer depth.

The main suppliers of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin are three rivers: Dnieper, Danube, Don. This water, mixing with salt water during storms, formed a two-hundred-meter habitable layer. Below this mark, biological organisms do not live in the Black Sea. The fact is that the Black Sea communicates with the world ocean through the narrow Bosphorus Strait. The warm, oxygen-enriched water of the Black Sea flows through this strait in the upper layer into the Mediterranean Sea. In the lower layer of the Bosphorus Strait, colder and saltier water enters the Black Sea. This structure of water exchange over millions of years has led to the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide in the lower layers of the Black Sea. H2S is formed in water as a result of the oxygen-free decomposition of biological organisms and has a characteristic odor of rotten eggs.

Any aquarist knows perfectly well that in a large aquarium, hydrogen sulfide gradually accumulates in the bottom layer over time as a result of decay of food residues and plants. The first indicator of this is that fish begin to swim in the surface layer. Further accumulation of H2S can lead to the death of aquarium inhabitants. To remove hydrogen sulfide from water, aquarists use artificial aeration: a microcompressor sprays air into the lower layer of water. In this case, over time, the sprayer and the soil nearby become covered with a yellow coating - sulfur.

H2S + O – H2O + S
H2S + 4O + to – H2SO4

As a result of the first reaction, free sulfur and water are formed. As it accumulates, sulfur may float to the surface in small pieces.

The second type of H2S oxidation reaction occurs explosively with an initial thermal shock. As a result, sulfuric acid is formed.

Doctors sometimes have to deal with cases of intestinal burns in children - the consequences seem to be harmless prank. The fact is that intestinal gases contain hydrogen sulfide. When children light them as a joke, the flames can penetrate the intestines. The result is not only a thermal burn, but also an acid burn.

It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that was observed by the residents of Yalta during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. Electrical conductivity aqueous solution H2S is higher than that of pure sea water. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often hit areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from the depths. However, a significant layer of pure surface water extinguished the chain reaction.

By the beginning of the 20th century, as already mentioned, the upper inhabitable layer of water in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. Currently, its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During strong storm Hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers may smell a characteristic odor.

At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin. By the beginning of the 80s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: the metallurgical industry, irrigation structures, field irrigation, city water pipelines... The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant will take another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation occurred during the years of industrialization on other rivers in the basin.

As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp decline in biological organisms occurred in the Black Sea. For example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals. Nowadays, meeting dolphins in the Black Sea has become very rare. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remains of pathetic vegetation and rare schools of fish. But that's not the worst thing!

If the Crimean earthquake had occurred today, it would have ended in a global catastrophe: billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by a thin film of water. What is the scenario for a probable cataclysm?

As a result of the initial thermal shock, a volumetric explosion of H2S will occur. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and movements of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes throughout the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere. Believe me, these will not be modern weak acid rains after our plants and factories. Acid showers after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out everything living and inanimate on the planet! Or - almost everything...

Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is an extremely expensive undertaking from an energy-informational point of view. Almost everyone biological forms on earth - the carbon basis of the structure of the organism, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria “live” on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were discovered in the acidic boiling water of volcanoes! Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and ends up committing global suicide! Attempts to become smarter are still difficult to see. Humanity is rushing headlong towards what the ancient prophets called the End of the World...

The mountain rivers of the Caucasus carry fresh water from melting glaciers into the sea. Flowing through shallow rocky channels, the water is enriched with oxygen. Considering that the density of fresh water is less than salt water, the flow mountain river, flowing into the sea, spreads over its surface. If this water is put through a pipe to the bottom of the sea, then the situation of aeration of water in the aquarium is realized. This would require 4-5 km of pipes lowered to the bottom of the sea and, at most, a couple of tens of kilometers of pipes to a small dam in the river bed. The fact is that in order to balance the three-kilometer depth of salt water, fresh water must be supplied by gravity from a height of 80-100 meters. This will be a maximum of 10-20 km from the seashore. It all depends on the topography of the coastal area.

Several such aeration systems could initially stop the process of extinction of the sea and, over time, lead to the complete neutralization of H2S in its depths. It is clear that this process would not only make it possible to revive the flora and fauna of the Azov-Black Sea basin, but also eliminate the possibility of a global catastrophe.

However, as practice shows, government structures are completely uninterested in all this. Why invest, even small, money in a dubious event to save the Earth from a global catastrophe? Although, aeration plants could provide “real money” - sulfur released as a result of the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide.

After 1976 the situation only worsened. “Perestroika” led to the collapse of the USSR. Exacerbation interethnic relations in the Caucasus makes it almost impossible to implement the project for aeration of the Black Sea waters. The situation of a threatening explosion has been waiting for millions of years for the beginning of the stormy and thoughtless technogenic activity of the pseudo-intelligent civilization of earthlings. It is no coincidence that the Black Sea coast is one of the most visited corners of the planet by “brothers in mind.” Most often UFOs are observed in Crimea, in the Yalta region. Apparently, the aliens are interested in whether we will still be able to grow wiser, or whether we will blow ourselves up along with the planet. Most likely, it was not without their participation that this Reasonability Test was created, and we, as usual, passed this exam with a “B”! It's a pity!

Victor Rogozhkin, 08.12.2003

All sailing directions and atlases indicate that the average depth of the Black Sea is 1300 meters. From the surface of the water to the bottom of the sea basin is, on average, almost one and a half kilometers, but what we are accustomed to consider the sea has a depth several times less, about 100 meters. Below lurks a lifeless and deadly poisonous abyss. This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in April 1989. In the Crimean region of the Black Sea, gas bubbles were discovered rising to the sea surface at a speed of 12–14 m/min. Special expeditions discovered numerous fields of underwater gas emissions in various parts of the northwestern part of the Black Sea at depths of 60–650 m. The main component of the gases released from the bottom was methane (up to 80%). Measurements have shown that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters; closer to the shores, the depth, where the sulfide zone begins, increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique; it is the only one in the world without a hard bottom. Liquid convex lens dead water underlies a thin top layer, where all marine life is concentrated.

The underlying lens breathes and swells, breaking through to the surface from time to time due to blowing winds. Does this explain: Anomalously high waves were recorded in the Black Sea, the nature of which is not yet clear... Against the general background of waves with an average height of about 2.5 meters, a ten-meter wave of water was recorded that appeared within 4 seconds and disappeared just as quickly. Later, waves with a height of 25 meters or more were recorded in the open sea... It seems incredible... When there is complete calm, the water suddenly “boils” and within a split second a block rises above it, capable of swallowing a five-story building... Then the colossus also suddenly disappears... Unlike Tsunamis arise spontaneously and cannot be predicted... If a ship finds itself in the zone of action of such a “connecting rod”, then it has no chance... Major breakthroughs are rare, the last one occurred during the Yalta earthquake on September 11, 1927. 70% of the buildings on the Southern Coast of Crimea were destroyed [Yalta, Alushta, Gaspra, Massandra, Alupka, Sudak, Miskhor, Partenit, Koreiz]... In some places the destruction reached 100%... The epicenter of the earthquake was towards the sea... Where numerous tectonic faults pass... Then the authorities successfully hid one of the important facts, fearing publicity... That as a result of the earthquake the sea caught fire... Eyewitnesses of the tragedy say that the fire stretched for tens of kilometers into the sea, and the height of the flame reached up to 500-600 meters... By coincidence, there was a thunderstorm during the earthquake ... And lightning struck the sea, igniting the methane raised by the earthquake to the surface (the mixture has higher electrical conductivity than pure sea water, so this is not surprising) and huge tongues of flame hundreds of meters high burst out of the water, even far from the sea it was felt there was a strong smell of rotten eggs and thunder lightning flashed on the sea horizon, spreading in burning pillars into the sky (Hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas). A real biblical hell.

By the way, about hell.
According to legend, the land of Gaia and the sky of Uranus descended from the sky to the Crimean coast... They got married and began to live on a beautiful picturesque coast... They had 6 titan brothers (Hyperion, Iapetus, Coy, Crius, Cronus and Oceanus) and 6 titanid daughters (Mnemosyne , Rhea, Theia, Tethys, Phoebe and Themis). They married each other and gave birth to a new generation of titans. Then, at the instigation of his mother Gaia, Cronus killed his father Uranus and took the place of the supreme God among the Titans. His sister Rhea gave birth to his son Zeus, who deprived his father of power and overthrew all the titans of the first generation to Tartarus. Ancient hell. Spaces in the depths. In the depths of the Black Sea. If you look at photographs and filming from the bottom of the Black Sea, you can say that the similarity in the descriptions of medieval hell with what is at the bottom is striking.

There is still debate about the source of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea. Some consider the main source to be the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Others adhere to the hydrothermal hypothesis, i.e. release of hydrogen sulfide from cracks on the seabed. However, there are no contradictions here; apparently, both reasons are at work. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with Mediterranean Sea goes through the shallow Bosphorus rapids. The Black Sea water, desalinated by the river runoff and therefore lighter, goes into the Sea of Marmara and further, and towards it, or rather under it, through the Bosphorus threshold, the saltier and heavier water rolls down into the depths of the Black Sea Mediterranean water. It turns out to be something like a giant sump, in the depths of which hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated over the past six to seven thousand years. Today this dead layer makes up over 90 percent of the sea's volume. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution by organic anthropogenic substances, the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from the depths by 25 - 50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide that is propping up from below. Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the Black Sea countries.

Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m^3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of populated areas is 0.008 mg/m^3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge power equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the disaster will be comparable to what would happen if an asteroid with a mass half the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth. There is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. Now the problem has been forgotten due to unknown circumstances. True, this did not make the problem go away.

In the early 1950s, in Walvis Bay (Namibia), an upward current (upwelling) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland the smell of hydrogen sulfide could be felt, the walls of houses darkened. The smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South-West Africa then experienced a “soft” gas attack.

On the Black Sea, a gas attack could be much harsher. Let's say someone gets the idea to mix up the sea, or at least part of it. Technically this, alas, is feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, it is possible to conduct an underwater nuclear explosion relatively low power. On the shore it will only be noticed by instruments. But after a few hours, there, on the shore, they will smell the smell of rotten eggs. Under the best circumstances, within 24 hours, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a communal cemetery for marine organisms. If things go wrong, coastal cemeteries will also turn into communal cemeteries. settlements, where the organisms live are no longer marine. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives “favorable” and “unfavorable” can be swapped, depending on how you look at it. If from the position of a person or group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror, then it is necessary to change.

However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and complete decline of the raw materials economy will begin, businessmen from the state, in agony and despair, threw the pipes to hell high pressure for a fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea. It was difficult to expect greater obscurantism. This is a one-time weekend design, which is not possible to repair and prevent in conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers the Adler-Novosibirsk passenger train, which completely burned down due to a fuel line failure. You don’t have to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what will happen if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. No comments.

The continuation of the graph curve reached 15 meters of layer thickness by 2010. And it was already noted near the Caucasus in 2007. This was even reported on May 30, 2007 on the radio in Sochi. There were also reports of mass deaths of dolphins in the Black Sea. And the local people themselves felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of New Athos, the sea is already different than it was 20-30 years ago; in the afternoon the water is cloudy, yellow, there are dead fish and even dead animals. Many businessmen realized the pointlessness of their ideas of participating in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. No one thinks that a catastrophe is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. Many local residents have the feeling that the 2014 Olympics will be held as a farewell to a foolish person with the Black Sea. Millions of people living in Black Sea coast will be forced to move further away from the coast due to the danger of dying as a result of suffocation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone may begin, with fatal outcomes. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come! This will be a worthy retribution of people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of environmental safety issues.

After all, with a reasonable approach to business, it is possible to turn the impending troubles to the benefit of the economy and energy.

The water of the Black Sea contains silver and gold. If we extracted all the silver in the water of the Black Sea, it would amount to approximately 540 thousand tons. If all the gold was extracted, it would amount to approximately 270 thousand tons. Methods for extracting gold and silver from the water of the Black Sea have long been developed. The very first primitive installations were based on ion exchangers, special ion exchange resins that are capable of attaching ions of substances dissolved in water. But industrially, using their own special technologies, only Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania extract silver and gold from the waters of the Black Sea.

It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal warehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable gas that, when burned, produces a corresponding amount of heat. In other words, this is a fuel that can and should be used. When hydrogen sulfide is burned according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2 heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with excess oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen according to the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2 >H2O(about 68.4 kcal/mol is released).

Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide (a harmful product), it is of course better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide according to the reaction: H2S H2^+S (3)

Thus, from the water of the Black Sea it is possible to obtain either hydrogen and sulfur, or sulfuric acid with the associated heat production in the appropriate quantity. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulfide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first.

One of the scientific developments is based on the fact that in order to raise deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not necessary to expend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and once raise water through it from the depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference hydrostatic pressure water in the sea at the level of the lower edge of the canal and the pressure of the gas-water mixture at the same level inside the canal (remember that every 10 meters the pressure in the sea increases by one atmosphere). An analogy is given with a bottle of champagne. By opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, which is why gas begins to be released in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them.

Pumping out a column of water from a pipe for the first time is precisely the opening of the plug. It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson conducted a ground-based experiment back in 1990, confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. Very illustrative example, when the existence of life is under threat, the planet is saved by a bunch of lone heroes, who are also supported by the government and everything around them. And where is all the state potential at this time, with its scientific power, computers, and programs? Skeptics can easily check the data with their fingers by sailing further out to sea and lowering a thick hose with a weight at the end into the water. It’s just not recommended to smoke at this time, so that it doesn’t turn out like in Chukovsky’s poems.

Many probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky’s poem: “And the little foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea.” But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are studied very carefully by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot of interesting predictions. Leonid Utesov helped with the geographic location of the “arson site”: “The bluest sea in the world is my Black Sea!” Until recently, this sea was practically the only vacation spot for residents of the entire country - the USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By “coincidence”, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles.

Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reactions: H2S + O = H2O + S; H2S + 4O + to = H2SO4. As a result of the first reaction, free sulfur and water are formed. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction occurs explosively with an initial thermal shock. As a result, sulfuric acid is formed.

It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that was observed by the residents of Yalta during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure sea water. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often hit areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from the depths. However, a significant layer of clean surface water quenched the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper inhabitable layer of water in the Black Sea was 200 meters.

Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. Currently, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During a strong storm, hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers may smell a characteristic odor. At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin. By the beginning of the 80s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation structures, field irrigation, city water supply systems. The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation occurred during the years of industrialization on other rivers in the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp decline in biological organisms occurred in the Black Sea. For example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals. Nowadays, meeting dolphins in the Black Sea has become very rare. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remains of pathetic vegetation and rare schools of fish; rapana have disappeared.

Few people think, for example, that everything sold along the Black Sea coast sea souvenirs(decorative shells, mollusks, starfish, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And in the Black Sea even mussels have almost disappeared. Sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, and bonito, which have been caught since ancient times, disappeared back in the 1990s as a commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet that Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time).

But that's not the worst thing! If the Crimean earthquake had occurred today, it would have ended in a global catastrophe: billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by a thin film of water. What is the scenario for a probable cataclysm? As a result of the initial thermal shock, a volumetric explosion of H2S will occur. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and movements of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes throughout the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere.

Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is an extremely expensive undertaking from an energy-informational point of view. Almost all biological forms on earth have a carbon basis for the structure of the organism, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization.

These bacteria “live” on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were discovered in the acidic boiling water of volcanoes! Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and ends up committing global suicide! Attempts to become smarter are still difficult to see. Humanity is rushing headlong towards what the ancient prophets called the End of the World.

In 1890, a Russian oceanographic expedition proved that in the depths of the Black Sea there was a lot of dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. It soon became clear that hydrogen sulfide was present throughout the deep waters of the Black Sea, approaching the surface by about 100 m in the center of the sea and up to 300 m off the coast. Sometimes the upper boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone briefly rises and falls due to upward and downward movements of water, caused, for example, by the wind.

Oxygen reacts quite quickly with hydrogen sulfide, ultimately oxidizing it to sulfates. Therefore, dissolved oxygen in the waters of the Black Sea is only in the surface layer. Below, in the hydrogen sulfide zone, only anaerobic bacteria yes some types of sea worms.

Hydrogen sulfide in sea water is not unique property Black Sea. Quite large areas contaminated with this gas occur in the Indian and Atlantic oceans, and sometimes appear in the Caspian and other seas and even in freshwater lakes.

Today, three main sources of hydrogen sulfide pollution of water bodies are known. The first is the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Secondly, hydrogen sulfide is simply released during the decay of sulfur-containing organic residues. And finally, thirdly, it can come from the depths of the earth’s crust with hydrothermal waters and through crevices of the seabed. *

Whether hydrogen sulfide will accumulate in water or not depends on the rate of its oxidation by the oxygen contained here and on the intensity of microbiological processes. The influx of oxygen into the hydrogen sulfide zone is determined by the rate of exchange between the lower, heavier, and upper layers of water. The more sharply the density changes with depth, the less oxygen influx.

Fresh river waters flow into the Black Sea and, through the Bosphorus, heavier salty water Mediterranean Sea. As a result, a sharp jump in density occurs in the thickness of the Black Sea waters - a halocline. It does not stand still - under the influence of currents it fluctuates, sometimes rising in some places, sometimes falling in others. As a rule, the hydrogen sulfide zone begins immediately below the halocline, which prevents the access of oxygen from the upper layers. Because of this, much less hydrogen sulfide is consumed in the Black Sea than is produced. Over the past 6-7 thousand years, a hydrogen sulfide layer has formed here, occupying 90° of the sea volume.

Due to fluctuations in the level of the World Ocean, the connection with the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus either disappeared or reappeared. When the Bosphorus closed, the Black Sea became desalinated and hydrogen sulfide disappeared in it. With the next breakthrough of salty Mediterranean waters, they accumulated at the bottom of the Black Sea basin, and the hydrogen sulfide zone grew.

Sometimes hydrogen sulfide persists not only at depth, but also near the coast. And here, at depths of about 40 m, frozen, oxygen-free water masses can arise, floating to the surface, where they are quickly saturated with oxygen, the hydrogen sulfide in them oxidizes and disappears.

The upper limit of the hydrogen sulfide zone is considered to be the depth where the gas concentration is close to the accuracy of its analytical measurement - approximately 0.1 ml/l. Below, oxygen neighbors hydrogen sulfide within the so-called coexistence layer. Over the past forty years, it has risen from the depths by about 40-50 m, and the range of fluctuations in its thickness has increased 5-6 times.

The upper limit of hydrogen sulfide can rise under the influence of two circumstances - either vertical movements of water masses, or an increase in the total amount of hydrogen sulfide in deep layers. However, both reasons can operate simultaneously.

Spills of hydrogen sulfide into the upper, oxygen-enriched waters are fraught with mass death of marine life. So, in the early 1950s in Walvis Bay ( Atlantic coast South-West Africa) the current carried a hydrogen sulfide “cloud” from the depths to the surface. On the coast, up to forty miles inland, the smell of hydrogen sulfide was felt, and the walls of houses darkened. Hydrogen sulfide is also toxic to people; the smell of it already means exceeding the MPC - the maximum permissible concentration.

In the Black Sea there are also rising currents (upwellings) off the Crimean and Caucasian coasts. And they, too, can carry poisoned hydrogen sulfide waters from the depths, however, with a rather rare combination of meteorological and oceanological factors (as, for example, when tornadoes occur on land). Such destructive outbursts cannot be predicted only on the basis of the average sea state indicators currently accepted. Special and constant observations of the hydrogen sulfide zone are needed.

Research of the Black Sea in the greatest volume, naturally, is carried out by oceanological institutions located on its coast: Marine Hydrophysical Institute and Institute of Biology south seas(Sevastopol) with its Odessa branch - as part of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the Sevastopol branch of the State Oceanographic Institute, the Azov-Black Sea branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (Kerch), the Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Gelendzhik).

According to these institutes, over the past decade and a half ecological situation on the Black Sea has seriously deteriorated. Not only in coastal areas, but also in open waters sea, an excess of organic matter was discovered. Changes have occurred in the structure of biological communities - predator fish have practically disappeared, the number of dolphins has decreased, the aurelia jellyfish and the nocturnal algae have multiplied unusually, the bottom, previously extensive field of the phyllophora algae is disappearing... In the northwestern shallow zone of the sea, extensive dead zones appear annually in the summer. That is, the expansion of hydrogen sulfide into increasingly higher layers occurs against the background of a deterioration in the overall environmental situation.

It is clear that the hydrogen sulfide balance of the Black Sea is under strong pressure human activity, but to what extent the negative development of the hydrogen sulfide zone is caused by natural and to what extent by anthropogenic factors is still unknown. In order to understand the current situation and at least preliminary assess it, in 1985-86. Under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, an interdepartmental expedition worked on the Black Sea, the main goal of which was to predict the evolution of the hydrogen sulfide zone.

Theoretical modeling on a computer and field studies indicate the reduction of sulfates by microorganisms as the main source of hydrogen sulfide replenishment in the Black Sea. Foci of microbiological sulfate reduction are confined to places where dead organic matter enters from coastal waters.

There were no excessively high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in bottom samples. This means that the contribution of deep geological sources to the H2S content is very modest. It was once again confirmed that the main reasons for the existence of the hydrogen sulfide zone in the Black Sea are the stable vertical stratification of water and the large supply of nutrients by rivers.

On the one hand, regulation of river flow reduces the volume of fresh water entering the upper layer of the sea, improving vertical water exchange. On the other hand, industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater increases the amount of dead organic matter and, accordingly, hydrogen sulfide. In a word, main reason expansion of the hydrogen sulfide zone - eutrophication of the sea, increasing the content of organic substances in it. And since the lion’s share of them is formed in a relatively narrow coastal zone, it is its ecosystem that determines the content of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea.

Every year, approximately the same amount of pollutants enters the oxygen zone of the sea as hydrogen sulfide is oxidized here by atmospheric oxygen (both values in terms of H2S are about 10 tons/year). A lot of industrial, domestic, and drainage runoff from irrigation fields flows into the northwestern shallow part of the sea. Due to the increased consumption of Danube and Dniester waters for irrigation and further urbanization of the coast, the flow of pollutants will increase even more.

We can say that virtually the entire Black Sea is “shallow” - the oxygen zone, on average, is kept at a depth of about 160 m. If in real shallow seas there is a hard bottom, then in the Black Sea instead there is a shaky border of a hydrogen sulfide zone that greedily absorbs oxygen. This is why our main resort sea is so sensitive to pollution.

http://school316.spb.ru/chemistry/amp/page4.html

Imagine - you are relaxing at a resort. And you decide to get up early in the morning to watch the sea sunrise. You get dressed, go to the sea - and see something unimaginable. The entire shore is covered with fish, jellyfish, and some kind of completely unseen animals. It's scary to approach. And the smell of rot in the air. But if you sit by the shore and look at this miracle, you will notice that the sea inhabitants on the shore occasionally move and twitch. And if you look even longer, you will notice that they are gradually moving back to the sea. And by eight or nine o’clock, when most vacationers go to the sea, the shore is already empty and does not resemble a global catastrophe.

What happened? A rather rare but common thing for the Black Sea occurred - a small release of hydrogen sulfide. The smell of which you may have smelled.

Due to the fact that the upper layer of water in the Black Sea is weakly mixed with the lower layer, oxygen rarely reaches the bottom of the sea. And where there is no oxygen, rotting begins. One of the results of rotting is the release of hydrogen sulfide. Well, since the upper, fresher layer of water rarely mixes with the lower, more salty one, this poisonous gas accumulates at the bottom of the Black Sea in huge quantities. And occasionally, when its quantity exceeds imaginable limits, it comes out in the form of huge bubbles. Or small bubbles. As the bubble passes through the upper, inhabited layer of the Black Sea, it poisons fish, jellyfish and other living creatures. And they are washed ashore by the sea in an unconscious state. Well, then, when they leave on land, the fish and shrimp run back into the sea.

Scheme of hydrogen sulfide formation in the Black Sea.

Why does gas, which is lighter than water, not float? Scientists believe blood pressure is to blame upper layers water - 200 meters of water is no joke. And if this water suddenly disappeared, the Black Sea would boil from hydrogen sulfide released in the form of gas.

Why do hydrogen sulfide emissions occur from the depths? For two reasons - excessive growth of the content of this poison and underwater earthquakes. A small displacement of the earth's crust is enough, and the shock wave lifts a huge bubble of gas from the bottom of the sea. So, during the Crimean earthquake of 1927 in Yalta, residents watched the sea burn - hydrogen sulfide, which rose from below, interacted with the air and flared up. Although, according to other sources, it was not hydrogen sulfide, but methane. And the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in water is so low that it cannot form gas bubbles, boil and poison animals.

But it is up to scientists to determine what will happen if hydrogen sulfide decides to rise to the surface. We just need to know that there is not a single recorded case where hydrogen sulfide from the bottom of the Black Sea led to the death of people. Or even simple poisoning.

How the Black Sea appeared.

A turbulent geological past befell the region where the Black Sea is now located. It is still impossible to give a complete history of the Black Sea. Little information has yet been accumulated. And yet, basically, the picture of the geological past of the Black Sea does not raise any fundamental objections among any geologists.

Before the beginning of the Tertiary period, that is, at a time distant from us by 30-40 million years, a vast ocean basin stretched across Southern Europe and Central Asia from west to east, which connected with the Atlantic Ocean in the west and with the Pacific Ocean in the east. It was the salt sea of Tethys. By the middle of the Tertiary period, as a result of the uplift and subsidence of the earth's crust, Tethys was first separated from Pacific Ocean, and then from the Atlantic.

In the Miocene (from 3 to 7 million years ago), significant mountain-building movements occurred, the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans, and Caucasus Mountains appeared. As a result, the Tethys Sea shrinks in size and is divided into a series of brackish basins. One of them - the Sarmatian Sea - stretched from present-day Vienna to the foot of the Tien Shan and included the modern Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral seas. Isolated from the ocean, the Sarmatian Sea gradually became strongly desalinated by the waters of the rivers flowing into it, perhaps even to a greater extent than the modern Caspian Sea. The marine fauna remaining from Tethys has partially died out, but it is curious that in the Sarmatian Sea there is still for a long time such typical ocean animals as whales, sirens and seals lived. Later they were gone.

At the end of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene (2-3 million years ago), the Sarmatian basin decreases to the size of the Meotic Sea (basin). At this time, a connection with the ocean reappears, the water becomes saltier, and marine species of animals and plants penetrate here.

Meotic Sea.

In the Pliocene (1.5-2 million years ago), communication with the ocean again completely ceased, and in place of the salty Meotic Sea, an almost fresh Pontic lake-sea appeared. In it, the future Black and Caspian seas communicate with each other in the place where the North Caucasus is now located. In the Pontic Lake-Sea, marine fauna disappears and brackish-water fauna is formed. Its representatives are still preserved in the Caspian Sea, in the Azov Sea and in the desalinated areas of the Black Sea.

Pontic Sea.

This part of today’s Black Sea fauna is united under the name “Pontic relics”, or “Caspian fauna”, since the best way it was preserved in the desalinated Caspian Sea. At the end of the Pontic period in the history of the reservoir, as a result of the uplift of the earth's crust in the North Caucasus region, the basin of the Caspian Sea itself gradually separated. Since then, the development of the Caspian Sea, on the one hand, and the Black and Azov Seas, on the other, has followed independent paths, although temporary connections between them still arose.

With the onset of the Quaternary or ice age The salinity and composition of inhabitants in the future Black Sea continue to change, and its outlines also change. At the end of the Pliocene (less than 1 million years ago), the Pontic lake-sea decreased in size to the boundaries of the Chaudin lake-sea. Heavily desalinated, isolated from the ocean and inhabited by Pontic type fauna. The Sea of Azov at that time, apparently, did not yet exist.

Chaudin lake-sea.

As a result of the melting of ice at the end of the Mindel glaciation (about 400-500 thousand years ago), the Chaudin Sea is filled with meltwater and turns into the Ancient Euxinian basin. In outline it resembled modern Black and Sea of Azov. In the northeast, through the Kuma-Manych depression, it communicated with the Caspian Sea, and in the southwest, through the Bosphorus, with the Sea of Marmara, which was then separated from the Mediterranean and was also experiencing a period of strong desalination. The fauna of the Ancient Euxinian basin was of the Pontic type.

Ancient Euxinian basin.

During the Ris-Würm interglacial (100-150 thousand years ago), a new stage in the history of the Black Sea begins: for the first time since Tethys, due to the formation of the Dardanelles Strait, a connection between the future Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and the ocean arises. The so-called Karangat Basin, or Karangat Sea, is formed. Its salinity is higher than that of the modern Black Sea. Various representatives of real marine fauna and flora penetrate into it with ocean waters. They filled most of the reservoir and pushed brackish-water pontic species into desalinated bays, estuaries and river mouths. But this pool has also changed.

Karangat Sea.

18-20 thousand years ago, on the site of the Karangat Sea, there was already the New Euxinian lake-sea. This coincided with the end of the last, Würm, glaciation. The sea was filled with melt water, again isolated from the ocean and greatly desalinated. Once again, the salt-loving oceanic fauna and flora are dying out, and the Pontic species, which survived the difficult Karangat period for them in the estuaries and river mouths, came out of their hiding places and once again populated the entire sea.

New Euxinian Sea.

This went on for about 10 thousand years or a little more, after which the newest phase in the life of the reservoir began - the modern Black Sea was formed. However, the word “modern” in this case does not at all mean identity with today’s sea. Initially (about 7, and according to some authors, even about 5 thousand years ago) a connection was formed with the Mediterranean Sea and the World Ocean through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. Then the gradual salinization of the Black Sea began. After another 1-1.5 thousand years, the salinity of the water was created sufficient for the existence of a large number of Mediterranean species. Today, about 80 percent of the fauna of the Black Sea are “newcomers” from the Mediterranean Sea, and the Pontic relics have again retreated into desalinated bays and estuaries, as during the existence of the Karangata Basin.

Analyzing various periods of the history of the Black Sea, we can conclude that the current phase is just an episode between past and future transformations. In the future, the most unexpected changes are possible.

What is the current appearance of the Black Sea? This is a fairly large body of water with an area of 420,325 square kilometers. Its average depth is 1290 meters, and its maximum depth reaches 2212 meters and is located north of Cape Inebolu on the Turkish coast. The calculated volume of water is 547,015 cubic kilometers. The seashores are little indented, with the exception of the northwestern part, where there are a number of bays and bays. There are not many islands in the Black Sea. One of them - Zmeiny - is located about forty kilometers east of the Danube Delta, the other - Schmidt Island (Berezan) - is located near Ochakov and the third, Kefken - not far from the Bosphorus Strait. The area of the largest island, Snake Island, does not exceed one and a half square kilometers.

The Black Sea exchanges waters with two other seas: through the Kerch Strait in the northeast with the Azov Strait and through the Bosphorus Strait in the southwest with the Marmara Strait. The length of the Kerch Strait is 45 kilometers, the smallest width is about 4 kilometers and the depth is 7 meters. The length of the Bosphorus Strait is 33 kilometers, the smallest width is 550 meters, and the smallest depth is about 30 meters. Thus, the Black Sea exchanges water with its neighbors at the very surface, and not throughout its depth.

In general, they say that the bottom of the Black Sea resembles a plate in its relief - it is deep and smooth with shallow edges along the periphery.

Blue? Blue? Green? We can safely say that the Black Sea is not “the bluest in the world.” The color of the water in the Red Sea is much bluer than in the Black Sea, and the bluest is the Sargasso Sea. What determines the color of sea water? Some people think it depends on the color of the sky. This is not entirely true. The color of water depends on how seawater and its impurities disperse sunlight. The more impurities, sand and other suspended particles in the water, the greener the water. The saltier and purer the water, the bluer it is. A lot flows into the Black Sea large rivers, which desalinate the water and carry with them many different suspensions, so the water in it is rather greenish-blue, and near the coast it is rather green.

In addition.

This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in 1890. Measurements have shown that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters; closer to the shores, the depth, where the sulfide zone begins, increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique; it is the only one in the world without a hard bottom.

A liquid, convex lens of dead water underlies the thin top layer, where all marine life is concentrated. The underlying lens breathes and swells, breaking through to the surface from time to time due to blowing winds. Major breakthroughs occur less frequently; the last one occurred during the Yalta earthquake of 1928, when even far from the sea a strong smell of rotten eggs could be felt and thunderous lightning flashed on the sea horizon, spreading in burning columns into the sky (Hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas).

However, there seems to be no contradiction here. Both reasons apply. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with the Mediterranean Sea occurs through the shallow Bosphorus threshold. The Black Sea water, desalinated by the river runoff and therefore lighter, goes into the Sea of Marmara and further, and towards it, or rather under it, through the Bosphorus threshold, the saltier and heavier Mediterranean water rolls down into the depths of the Black Sea. It turns out to be something like a giant sump, in the depths of which hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated over the past six to seven thousand years.

Today this dead layer makes up over 90 percent of the sea's volume. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution by organic anthropogenic substances, the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from the depths by 25 - 50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide that is propping up from below.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea
On October 31, 1996, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine adopted the Strategic Action Plan for the protection and restoration of the Black Sea. In memory of this event, on October 31, the countries of the Black Sea region celebrate International Black Sea Day, a beach cleanup campaign, and other environmental actions are carried out. According to a number of experts ecological state The Black Sea has worsened over the past decade, despite a decline in economic activity in a number of Black Sea countries. President of the Crimean Academy of Sciences Viktor Tarasenko expressed the opinion that the Black Sea is the dirtiest sea in the world

Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the Black Sea countries. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of populated areas is 0.008 mg/m3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge power equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the disaster will be comparable to what would happen if an asteroid with a mass half the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth.

There is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. Now the problem has been forgotten due to unknown circumstances. True, this did not make the problem go away.
In the early 1950s, in Walvis Bay (Namibia), an upward current (upwelling) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland the smell of hydrogen sulfide could be felt, the walls of houses darkened. The smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South-West Africa then experienced a “soft” gas attack. On the Black Sea, a gas attack could be much harsher.

Let's say someone gets the idea to mix up the sea, or at least part of it. Technically this, alas, is feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, it is possible to carry out an underwater nuclear explosion of relatively low power. On the shore it will only be noticed by instruments. But after a few hours, there, on the shore, they will smell the smell of rotten eggs. Under the best circumstances, within 24 hours, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a communal cemetery for marine organisms. If things go wrong, coastal settlements, where organisms that are no longer marine, live, will also turn into mass cemeteries. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives “favorable” and “unfavorable” can be swapped, depending on how you look at it.

If from the position of a person or group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror, then it is necessary to change. However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and complete decline of the raw material economy will begin, businessmen from the Russian state, in agony and despair, threw high-pressure pipes to the bottom for a fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea . It was difficult to expect more obscurantism!

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_stream
Blue Stream is a gas pipeline between Russia and Turkey, laid along the bottom of the Black Sea. The total length of the gas pipeline is 1213 km. The Blue Stream pipeline was built as part of the Russian-Turkish agreement of 1997, according to which Russia must supply 364.5 billion cubic meters to Turkey. m of gas in 2000–2025.

This is a one-time weekend design, which is not possible to repair and prevent in conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers the Adler-Novosibirsk passenger train, which completely burned down due to a fuel line failure. You don’t have to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what will happen if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. No comments.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Stream
South Stream is a Russian-Italian-French-German gas pipeline project that is laid along the bottom of the Black Sea from the Anapa region to the Bulgarian port of Varna. Next, its two branches will pass through the Balkan Peninsula to Italy and Austria, although their exact routes have not yet been approved. Construction of the gas pipeline began on December 7, 2012 and is scheduled to end in 2015. The planned capacity of South Stream is 63 billion cubic meters of gas per year. The estimated cost of the project is 16 billion euros. May 15 - construction of the Kazachya compressor station (compressor station) began in the Krasnodar Territory. The total design capacity of the Kazachya station will be 200 MW, from which gas under a pressure of 11.8 MPa (!) will be supplied to the Russkaya CS, and from there it will be sent to South Stream.

Thousands of businessmen making resort money from the exploitation of the Black Sea do not suspect that their business will soon come to an end, and the Black Sea coast from a resort area will turn into a zone of environmental disaster, dangerous for human habitation. This especially applies to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where, according to scientists, large amounts of hydrogen sulfide are most likely to be released into the atmosphere. Twenty years ago, having familiarized themselves with the calculations of scientists on the Black Sea, scientists built a graph of the decrease in the surface layer of water from 1890 to 2020. The continuation of the graph curve reached 15 meters of layer thickness by 2010. And it was already noted near the Caucasus in 2007. This was even reported on May 30, 2007 on the radio in Sochi. There were also reports of mass deaths of dolphins in the Black Sea. And the local people themselves felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of New Athos, the sea is already different than it was 20-30 years ago; in the afternoon the water is cloudy, yellow, there are dead fish and even dead animals.

Many businessmen realized the pointlessness of their ideas of participating in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. No one thinks that a catastrophe is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. Many local residents have the feeling that the 2014 Olympics will be held as a farewell to a foolish person with the Black Sea. Millions of people living on the Black Sea coast will be forced to move away from the coast due to the danger of dying as a result of suffocation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone may begin, with fatal outcomes. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come!

This will be a worthy retribution of people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of environmental safety issues. After all, with a reasonable approach to business, it is possible to turn the impending troubles to the benefit of the economy and energy.

It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal warehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable gas that, when burned, produces a corresponding amount of heat. In other words, this is a fuel that can and should be used. When hydrogen sulfide is burned according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2, heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with an excess of oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen according to the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2 >H2O (about 68.4 kcal/mol is released). Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide (a harmful product), it is of course better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide according to the reaction:
H2S H2+S3

The decomposition of hydrogen sulfide requires slight heating. Reaction (3) will make it possible to obtain sulfur from the water of the Black Sea. If you carry out reactions to burn hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric oxygen:
2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2,
then by burning the resulting sulfur dioxide:
SO2 + ? O2 = SO3,
then according to the interaction of three sulfur oxides with water:
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4,
then, as is known, we can obtain sulfuric acid with associated heat production in the appropriate amount. During the production of sulfuric acid, about 194 kcal/mol is released. Thus, from the water of the Black Sea it is possible to obtain either hydrogen and sulfur, or sulfuric acid with the associated heat production in the appropriate quantity. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulfide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first.

http://www.aif.ru/techno/article/54243/4

One of the scientific developments is based on the fact that in order to raise deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not necessary to expend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and lift water through it once from the depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference in the hydrostatic pressure of water in the sea at the level of the lower cut of the channel and the pressure of the gas-water mixture at that the same level inside the canal (remember that every 10 meters the pressure in the sea increases by one atmosphere). An analogy is given with a bottle of champagne. By opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, which is why gas begins to be released in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them. Pumping out a column of water from a pipe for the first time is precisely the opening of the plug.

It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson conducted a ground-based experiment back in 1990, confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. A very illustrative example, when the existence of life is under threat, the planet is saved by a bunch of lone heroes, who are also hindered by the government and everything around them. And where is all the state potential at this time, with its scientific power, computers, and programs?

Skeptics can easily check the data with their fingers by sailing further out to sea and lowering a thick hose with a weight at the end into the water. It’s just not recommended to smoke at this time, so that it doesn’t turn out like in Chukovsky’s poems. Many probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky’s poem: “And the little foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea.”

But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are studied very carefully by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot of interesting predictions. Leonid Utesov helped with the geographic location of the “arson site”: “The bluest sea in the world is my Black Sea!” Until recently, this sea was practically the only vacation spot for residents of the entire country - the USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By “coincidence”, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles. Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction: H2S + O = H2O + S;
H2S + 4O + to = H2SO4.

As a result of the first reaction, free sulfur and water are formed. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction occurs explosively with an initial thermal shock. As a result, sulfuric acid is formed. It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that was observed by the residents of Yalta during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure sea water. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often hit areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from the depths. However, a significant layer of clean surface water quenched the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper inhabitable layer of water in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. Currently, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During a strong storm, hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers may smell a characteristic odor.

At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin. By the beginning of the 80s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation structures, field irrigation, city water supply systems. The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation occurred during the years of industrialization on other rivers in the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp decline in biological organisms occurred in the Black Sea. For example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals.

Nowadays, meeting dolphins in the Black Sea has become very rare. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remains of pathetic vegetation and rare schools of fish; rapana have disappeared. Few people think, for example, that all the sea souvenirs sold along the Black Sea coast (decorative shells, mollusks, starfish, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And in the Black Sea even mussels have almost disappeared. Sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, and bonito, which have been caught since ancient times, disappeared back in the 1990s as a commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet that Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time).

This will no longer be the weak acid rain of today after our factories. Acid showers after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out everything living and inanimate on the planet! Or almost everything. Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is an extremely expensive undertaking from an energy-informational point of view. Almost all biological forms on earth have a carbon basis for the structure of the organism, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria “live” on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were discovered in the acidic boiling water of volcanoes!

Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and ends up committing global suicide!
Attempts to become smarter are still difficult to see. Humanity is rushing headlong towards what is called catastrophe.

Bonus: More about the secrets of the Black Sea:

Millionth treasure of the lost ship

In 1854, a ship with the romantic name "Black Prince" sailed Black Sea. On board there was a lot of gold intended to pay the soldiers who participated in the Crimean War. During a storm, the ship was wrecked. The news of a sunken ship with an unappreciated treasure spread throughout Europe. But numerous searches were never successful. The jewelry still rests at the bottom of the Black Sea. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37647

Giant waves

As you know, the waves of the Black Sea are famous for their relatively calm nature. Their height does not exceed 1-2 m, and their length reaches a maximum of 14 m. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37649 But in the twentieth century, the Black Sea decided to show its character - scientists recorded waves 25 m high and 200 m long. Scientists then emphasized the unusual nature of such waves: “The Black Sea has too small an area for the waves in it to reach high speeds and high altitude. Others believe that strong underwater earthquakes sometimes occur in the Black Sea, which cause giant waves; Scientists have not fully explored the nature of such shocks to this day." In turn, any waves over 8 meters pose a catastrophic danger to oil and gas platforms on the Black Sea shelf.
http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37650

The materials published in this post are an online review of tools mass media on the topic of the Black Sea. http://planeta.moy.su/blog/v_glubinakh_chernogo_morja_vozmozhen_vzryv_serovodoroda/2011-11-15-9793

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