How to clean up a wetland. Drainage of swampy areas

The idea of ​​restoring drained peat bogs in the Moscow region will require significant funds and gigantic volumes of water, the sources of which in the central part of Russia are limited, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kirill Dyakonov, head of the Department of Physical Geography and Landscape Science of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University, told RIA Novosti.

Swamps are found in almost all natural areas and are very diverse. They differ in vegetation cover, peat deposit structure, location in the relief, as well as in water and mineral nutrition conditions.

According to one of the classifications, according to the characteristics of peat accumulation, five categories of bogs are distinguished:
- peat-free swamps, where, due to the characteristics of the natural environment, peat does not accumulate (for example, deltaic and floodplain swamps, where peat is not formed due to the drift and demolition of residues);
- thin (polygonal) bogs - peat accumulation proceeds at a slow pace; these swamps do not create their own hydrological system and microrelief;
- mosaic-focal peat bogs, where peat deposits occur unevenly over the entire area (hilly bogs of the North, ryam and flood bogs of Siberia);
- typical peat bogs (swamps in the forest zone);
- raincoat peat bogs - peat accumulation occurs so intensively that it practically does not depend on relief conditions (swamps in coastal areas Western Europe, in a less pronounced form, the swamps of Kamchatka and Sakhalin).

Peat is a product of incomplete decomposition of plant mass under conditions of excess humidity and insufficient aeration. Peat has the highest moisture capacity of all solid fuels.

Methods of draining swamps and consequences

One of the forms of increasing the productivity of swamps is drainage reclamation.

Drainage radically changes the appearance of the swamp, since in this case the natural patterns of development of the swamp landscape are sharply disrupted and it turns into a different landscape - meadow, arable land, forest.

The main methods of draining swamps are open and closed drainage networks. Drainage with open ditches appeared earlier than drainage and is used more often. However, with the help of a closed drainage network (drainage), better conditions are created for harvesting and drying peat. And the area of ​​the massif turns out to be whole, uncut, which is especially important when developing swamps for meadows and arable land. Regardless of the drainage method, surface water is first drained from the swamp, then the drainage network begins to be cut.

After the swamp has dried out and become suitable for machine operation, the following operations are carried out: cutting down trees and uprooting stumps, leveling the surface and removing the top layer of vegetation (tall). Next, they begin to extract peat. The following methods are known: carved, elevator, hydraulic (hydro-turf), excavator (bagger) and milling. Now the last three are used, but the milling method is the most widely used.

When designing reclamation, it is necessary to take into account the general geographical situation and know the environmental features of objects and their surroundings. In arid areas, land reclamation often has a negative effect. The most successful reclamation of bogs takes place in the taiga zone of the European part of Russia, Western Siberia And Far East. There are extensive peat bogs and low-productivity wetlands.

As a rule, these inaccessible areas abound in midges and are considered unhealthy, since constant evaporation increases air humidity. After drainage, these lands can be turned into highly productive meadows, arable lands, or used for forest plantations. At the same time, it will be possible to improve the living conditions and activities of the population. In this case, reclamation should be considered as a means of counteracting progressive waterlogging.

At the same time, it is unprofitable to drain the raised sphagnum bogs in the north of the taiga zone. They are difficult to drain, and their subsequent development requires large material costs(maintaining the drainage system, applying fertilizers). It is better to use such swamps as areas for collecting berries and medicinal plants.

As it turned out in many cases, the drained lands not only did not produce the expected harvests, but the upper over-drained peat layer began to be subject to wind erosion (blowing) in dry years.

Many supporters of wetland protection believe that as a result of drainage, runoff from watersheds decreases and rivers and streams become shallower. Drainage has a negative impact on surrounding forests and agricultural lands, as their productivity decreases.

Peat fires and measures to prevent them

When the surface of a peat bog is overheated by the rays of the sun or as a result of careless handling of fire by people, a so-called peat fire occurs - the ignition of a peat bog, drained or natural.

In summer the soil surface is middle lane Russia can heat up to 52-54 degrees. In addition, quite often soil peat fires are a development of ground forest fire. In these cases, the fire is buried in the peat layer near the tree trunks.

Peat fires cause enormous damage to the forest, they destroy soil organic matter, tree roots burn in the fire, the forest falls and completely dies.

The only way to put an end to peat fires, according to experts, is to saturate them with moisture. All over the world, depleted peatlands are being returned to waterlogging. The method is quite simple. Initially, to extract peat, the swamp is drained, and in its place there remain irrigation canals through which water was once drained. If you block the main or main canal, then natural melt water will collect again. In 2-3 years the place will be swampy again. No special technologies are required for this. Hydrological specialists just need to understand where the drain is located and in what places to create additional dams so that water collects not only in the place of the main drain, but throughout the entire territory.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

If the purchased country plot is located on a peat bog, its owners will have to carry out a number of works to improve the soil on it. The land in such places, unfortunately, is too suitable for cultivation various kinds agricultural crops cannot be counted. The soil in peatlands contains very little oxygen, which replaces methane. Also, such areas in spring and autumn turn into a real swamp due to flooding. How to drain peat land if necessary - we’ll talk about this later in the article.

Ways to improve

In some cases, the problem of swampy land can be solved in a very simple way - by adding a certain amount of soil brought from outside. But, of course, this technique can only be used when water is collected on the site due to the fact that it is located in a lowland and has a relatively small size. In all other cases, water must be drained from the allotment.

The answer to the question of how to drain an area, in this case, can be two technologies:

superficial;

with pipe laying.

The first method is considered the simplest. It will be absolutely easy to do open drainage in a wetland with your own hands. But by using pipes, you can create a more efficient drainage system.

Drainage using ditches

This method is a good answer to the question of how to drain a swamp on a peat bog. The advantage of this method, among other things, is that when using it, owners will not have to spend a penny on draining water from the site. For drainage in this case, along the edge of the plot on the side that is located below the others, a ditch about 50 cm wide and at least 1 m deep is dug.

If there is a slightly higher, also marshy neighboring area nearby, a trench should be made on the border with it. This will block access to water from someone else's plot.

Subsequently, during the implementation of various types of channels on the site, it will be necessary to fill with all kinds of construction and garden waste. This could be, for example, stones, broken bricks, weeds, etc.

Advantages of using pipes

The open method of draining water through ditches is simple and inexpensive. However, this technique is used only in areas that are not very wet. In all other cases, it is advisable to equip the plots with full-fledged drainage systems using perforated pipes.

The answer to the question of how to drain a swamp in a garden, this technology in most cases is simply ideal. The advantages of such outlet networks, among other things, include:

more uniform and rapid regulation of water balance in the soil;

possibility of covering absolutely the entire area of ​​the site.

When using this method, the hoses pass underground. Thanks to this, the usable area of ​​the site is not reduced. When growing garden crops on such an allotment, beds can also be made directly above the pipes.

How to set up a closed system

In this case, ditches are also first dug on the site to drain water. In this case, the main trench is located around the perimeter of the plot. Next, ditches are dug across the area of ​​the site.

When using this drainage method, a waterproofing agent is placed at the bottom of dug trenches - a thick film or roofing material. Next, pour a layer of medium-sized crushed stone or pebbles into the ditches. Perforated pipes are laid on top. To prevent the holes of such drainage lines from becoming clogged in the future, they are pre-wrapped with geotextiles.

Connect pipes at the points of convergence or intersection of ditches using tees or elbow fittings. Above these network elements, inspection wells made of plastic or concrete must be installed. If there are such additions in the system, in the future it will be very easy to remove blockages that appear in the lines and clean them from accumulated sludge.

What you need to know

Of course, in order for the water to subsequently leave the area through the pipes by gravity, they must be laid at a slope. Otherwise, it will not be possible to drain the plot. Unfortunately, it is impossible to install drainage network lines at too great a slope. In this case, the pipes will subsequently silt very quickly. It is also not worth making the slope of the drainage channels very small. Otherwise, the system will subsequently work ineffectively.

In most cases, when installing garden wastewater networks, pipes are laid at an angle of 0.5 to 3 cm per linear meter. There is no need to deviate from these parameters up or down.

Reception well

Thus, we found out how to drain the area using pipes. But where can you put the excess water itself? You can drain it from the site, if it is located on the outskirts, simply beyond its aisles - into some ravine, stream or pond. But if there are neighboring plots next to the wet garden, a special well will have to be installed to receive wastewater. If desired, such a container can be built in a remote area. After all, the water collected during drainage can subsequently be used to water the same beds.

Reception wells are installed at the lowest point of a suburban area using the following technology:

a hole is dug in the ground into which the main drainage trench is inserted;

The bottom and walls of the pit are concreted with a layer of 5-10 cm.

Of course, when pouring concrete structures of a well, holes should be provided for installing pipes.

Instead of a concrete structure, a plastic one can be used when arranging a drainage system. It will be easy to purchase such a container from companies specializing in the supply of equipment for drainage systems.

Reception pond

In most cases, owners of vegetable gardens on peat bogs build, of course, a well for water drainage. But instead, if you wish, you can make an artificial pond on the site - a beautiful decorative pond. In this case, a pit is also first dug in the ground, but wider.

The bottom and walls of the pit for arrangement on the site of an artificial reservoir are thoroughly cleaned of roots and stones. Next, the pit is lined with durable waterproofing material - preferably a thick film. Drainage pipes are led into the pond through holes in the film. You can camouflage them at the bottom, for example, with beautiful stones or some aquatic plants. In summer, it will be possible to release into this reservoir, including unpretentious fish from the aquarium. Spectacular marsh plants are usually planted around the pond.

Main difficulty

In principle, as you might have noticed, the answer to the question of how to drain an area of ​​water with your own hands is quite simple. The most difficult task in this case will most likely be physically difficult excavation work. After all, there are actually a lot of ditches that will have to be dug on the site. However, in order for such a system to work as efficiently as possible, trenches on the site, of course, should first of all be in the right places.

It is best, of course, to entrust the project of arranging the drainage system of a swampy plot to a specialist. A professional will be able to take into account all the nuances of the relief of a given area. However, drainage system projects in suburban areas are, unfortunately, quite expensive. If you don’t have the money to order a pipe laying plan, you can try to develop it yourself. To find out where the best place to dig drainage trenches is, you will have to wait until the first heavy rain. By observing the flows flowing along the ground, it will be possible to quite accurately determine the optimal location of the trenches.

How to drain a swamp: using moisture-loving plants

Of course, in most cases, draining a wetland can only be done in drastic ways - by constructing ditches or laying pipes. But as additional measure In such a garden it is also worth planting plants that draw a lot of water from the ground. These could be, for example, willows, birches or maples. Such trees, since they are significant in height, are, of course, usually planted on the northern side of the plot. Otherwise, in the future they will block the plantings, which, in turn, can easily lead to a decrease in the yield of garden and vegetable crops.

High level groundwater on the site can also be reduced with the help of shrubs. For example, hawthorn, rosehip, bladderwort, and shadberry can take a lot of water from the soil. Such plants can be planted around the perimeter of the site to create a hedge.

Methane in soil

Of course, after drainage by open drainage or by laying pipes, the soil on the site in any case will become more suitable in composition for growing vegetable and garden crops. But in order to further improve its quality, site owners will have to:

sprinkle a thin layer of a mixture of clay and sand over the area;

carefully dig up the plot using a shovel or, preferably, a motor cultivator.

Of course, a very good solution would be to scatter manure mixed with sawdust around the site before digging, in addition to clay and sand. This will not only improve the structure of the soil, but also make it more fertile and nutritious. Adding various types of mineral fertilizers to the soil will also make it more suitable for growing garden and garden plants.

Pros of peat bogs

So, we found out how to drain a plot of water with our own hands and improve the soil on it. Such an allotment can, of course, cause a lot of trouble for its owner. However, peat bogs, in comparison with other types of soil, also have their advantages. For example, in such areas, plants usually tolerate winters much better. The soil on peat bogs freezes slowly, in thin layers. At the same time, the soil on such plots never freezes too deeply. So on such a plot after draining it, you can plant, for example, heat-loving roses, apricots, etc.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

ZHDANOVSKAYA GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOL 1-111 STAGES No. 1

DEVELOPMENT

LESSON IN 8TH GRADE

ON THE TOPIC " SWAMPS. DISCUSSION ON THE TOPIC “DRAINING THE SWAMPS”»

Completed by a geography teacher

Kolomiytseva O.V.

Zhdanovka

Subject. Swamps. Discussion on the topic “ Swamp drainage»

Target: to form knowledge about the nature of Ukraine; give an idea of ​​swamps, their geography, conditions of formation and significance; show the relationship between the components of nature; develop the ability to conduct polemics, create an image of an object; cultivate love and careful attitude to nature, aesthetic perception of the surrounding world.

Lesson type: combined

Equipment: tables, map, cards with questions.

DURING THE CLASSES

I.Organizing time

Children, I want to start the lesson with the question “What are you in the mood?” Start your answers with the words “My mood today...”

I wish you Have a good mood, creative work, interesting communication and mutual understanding.

The topic of our lesson Discussion on the topic “Draining swamps”,

Expected results:

After the lesson we will be able to:

-- explain the meaning of terms on the topic;

- characterize the positive and negative consequences draining swamps;

- express your own opinion.

II. Motivation

Do you remember Vodyanoy’s song from the cartoon “The Flying Ship?” “I am Vodyanoy, I am Vodyanoy, no one hangs around with me...” - this character complains about life in the voice of the wonderful actor Papanov. He is not happy with both his living conditions and his neighbors - he is surrounded by “only leeches and frogs.” In short, screw it to the swamp, such a life! The idea of ​​a swamp as unattractive, unnecessary and dangerous place people have had it for a long time. And only when man began to drain them did he realize that swamps perform very important functions in nature. In today's lesson we will try to cover some issues regarding draining swamps.

III. Updating of reference knowledge

Before starting the discussion, let's give the floor to experts who have prepared information about swamps and their origin, as well as land reclamation.

Help No. 1.

A swamp is an area of ​​land with excess moisture. They are formed in areas with humid climate And rocks lying close to the surface and poorly permeable to water (waterproof). A characteristic feature of swamps is the presence of a layer of peat, which is formed during the decomposition of plant remains.

Swamps are formed as a result of swamping of forests and meadows, due to the overgrowth of water bodies. Clearings and burnt areas in forests become swamped especially quickly; in forest-steppe and steppe they often form in more or less deep depressions in the relief, in floodplains and sandy river terraces.

Many swamps were formed as a result of swamping of water bodies. This occurs due to the overgrowing of water bodies with aquatic and wetland plants that take root in the bottom. First, mineral and organic silt is deposited at the bottom of reservoirs. (Mineral silt is represented by sand, clay, lake marl, and organic silt is formed from the remains of microscopic organisms; this silt is called sopropel). Then, as the reservoir becomes shallower, plants with floating leaves (water lilies, water lilies) are replaced by reeds and horsetail. Their remains settle to the bottom, the reservoir gradually becomes shallow and turns into a swamp, in which swamp vegetation settles; as a result, the remains of large plants are added to the substrate and the deposits gradually acquire the character of peat. After the reservoir becomes shallow, it begins to become overgrown.

Help No. 2

There are 2 main types of swamps - highland and lowland. In raised bogs, moisture mainly comes from the atmosphere with precipitation. Characteristic These swamps are a thick carpet of mosses. Growth often occurs faster in the center, which is why they are sometimes called convex, and the convexity can reach 10 meters.

Raised bogs are impassable; groundwater in them is separated from vegetation by a thick layer of peat.

Lowland swamps are formed in lowlands, often a river valley or lake shore, the middle of which is located below the edge or at the same level as it.

There is rich and varied vegetation here. Sometimes these bogs accumulate peat and after hundreds of years can turn into raised bogs.

In Ukraine, the most swampy area is Polesie, in some areas it exceeds 10%, in the forest-steppe the swampiness is 1-5%, and in the steppe part of Ukraine it does not exceed 1%.

For economic purposes, swamps are often drained and therefore destroyed. Swamps are drained during land reclamation.

Help No. 3

Land reclamation (from the Latin melioration - improvement) is a complex of organizational, economic and technical events, aimed at improving land, plant, water and climate resources. Reclamation makes it possible to change the complex natural conditions on land in the direction necessary for humans, to create, in many cases, favorable conditions for the existence of beneficial flora and fauna, increase soil productivity, and ensure sustainable crop yields. Land reclamation contributes to the formation of a forage base for livestock farming, improves the recreational qualities of the area and natural environment in general, it creates conditions for the intensification of agricultural production and the inclusion into economic circulation of large areas of wetlands, swamps, and other inconvenient lands and territories.

Help No. 4

With the help of reclamation measures, it is possible to improve both individual components of nature, for example soil, water resources, and landscapes in general. There are several types of land reclamation. Thus, for lands that have received the harmful mechanical influence of wind or water, measures are provided to prevent soil from being washed away by surface water, being blown away by the wind, as well as to combat landslides and ravines.

In Ukraine great importance have measures for hydraulic technical land reclamation. They are aimed at improving the water-air regime of peat-bog and waterlogged soils. These activities include drainage, construction of reservoirs, sluices, two-way regulation of the water regime and other actions, which, as a rule, are combined with the collection of boulders, cutting down bushes, and surface planning of the territory.

Depending on the sources of nutrition of wetlands, various methods of drainage reclamation are used, for example: drainage using canals, damming areas to be improved in order to prevent flooding by surface water, building canals that intercept water that enters the wetland, etc.

We will learn more about the concept of reclamation when studying the topic “Soils and land resources.”

Blitz poll

IV. Learning new material

To the process of draining swamps in modern world the attitude is ambiguous. Now we will witness a discussion on this matter, in which children who prepared for this in advance will take part. Your task is to listen and answer questions to analyze the discussion (questions on the cards on the cards). Immediately, self-reflection questions are thrown at the panelists.

(To organize the work, the “aquarium” method is used).

Materials for performances

First student. Many animals live in the swamps. Moose and wolves live in the raised swamps in the summer. Among the birds there are wood grouse and ptarmigan, which are attracted by berry fields, and cranes live during the nesting period. IN lowland marshes the fauna is much more diverse and richer. Mammals include: water rat, voles; Their usual inhabitants are muskrat, otter, and ermine. But there are especially many birds here: many species of waders, for example snipe, common gull, godwit; There are marsh harriers, herons, and bitterns. During the nesting season and during migration, this is a haven for waterfowl - geese and many species of ducks.

Wagtails, reed buntings and many other birds are also typical of the marshes. Lowland swamps serve as a favorite habitat in spring for elk, in winter for snowshoe hares, and wild boars are found here. If the swamps are drained, some animals are doomed to death, while the rest will be forced to move to more remote areas.

In addition, the swamps contain huge reserves of peat.

Second student. To use peat, it is necessary to drain the swamps or, in any case, disturb the area where animals live; under other conditions, peat mining is impossible. Only after drainage, peat deposits of raised bogs are exploited for fuel for power plants; layers of less decomposed peat are used to make insulating materials. building materials, as well as for bedding for farm animals. Peat is also used as an organic fertilizer, and after processing it produces a number of valuable chemical products.

The implementation of reclamation plans allows us to create agricultural land in place of “detrimental” swamps; here we sow herbs, grow vegetables, grain crops, such as wheat, as well as industrial crops, such as hemp and flax. The swamps need to be drained.

Third student. I also believe that it is necessary to drain the swamps. What do we have to lose? In the swamps the poor and monotonous animals and vegetable world, but there are a lot of mosquitoes, gadflies and other bloodsuckers. Swamp bog is a serious obstacle during the construction of roads, during any other construction, during the search and extraction of minerals.

Do not forget that many swamps are impassable and people have died in them more than once.

Fourth student. Let's look at those processes that are invisible at first glance. Once in the swamps, the water is purified by vegetation and a layer of peat. Flowing swamps can be called a kind of natural water filter. This is dirty, unpleasant work, but it is necessary to ensure that clean water flows into the rivers. Excess water, for example that which fell to the ground in the form of heavy precipitation, flows through swamps in “transit” and ends up in rivers.

Peat and mosses of swamps tend to accumulate moisture, so swamps regulate the flow of surface and groundwater; they act like a pool with two water taps: the river becomes shallow - the swamp opens one tap and gives clean water, excess water - another tap opens and the swamp takes away the excess water.

Swamps release moisture gradually, so rivers flowing through swampy areas do not have very strong reins and last long enough, which prevents catastrophic floods.

Swamps increase air humidity and soften the climate of the surrounding areas. Berries, herbs and other plants, including medicinal and honey-bearing plants, grow here. In addition, scientists have proven that the air above the swamps is of the highest standard: clean and rich in oxygen.

So why destroy these landscapes created by nature?

Fifth student. However, the economic benefits of dehumidification are clear. Let me give you an example from Belarus. Here, drainage of swamps and waterlogged lands began to be used more than a hundred years ago. The total area of ​​drained land in this state is about three million hectares, which is about 20% of agricultural land, produces about 30% of vegetables and 40% of feed.

The indirect consequences of reclamation work are very important, although they are beneficial to reducing the number of midges, ticks and other diseases, reducing or eliminating foci of tick-borne encephalitis and other diseases.

Sixth student. Why don’t you talk about other results of land reclamation? For example, a decrease in the area of ​​berry fields, an increase in the number of mouse rodents, excessive drainage of peatlands?

Russian scientists have calculated that as a result of the reclamation of raised bogs, each hectare additionally receives 1 m 3 of low-grade wood per year, but loses 600 kg of cranberries. During the exploitation of 1 hectare of raised bog, the income from cranberries is 5-7 times higher than the income from wood. Many swamps need to be drained for further use for agricultural and forestry purposes due to their impassability, as well as for economic reasons.

Seventh student. I know that in some cases dehumidification does not provide sufficient economic benefits. To solve this problem, you need to enter Scientific research, create nature conservation areas. And there are such facts. So in Russia, some cranberry bogs are preserved in their natural state to support the conditions for growing and reproducing cranberries, rational use its reserves. In protected cranberry bogs, it is prohibited to disturb the current state of the landscapes: land reclamation work is not permitted; plowing land, grazing livestock, allocating plots for development, preserving and using berry fields, mineral fertilizers and mechanized transport, mining, including peat mining. To preserve the swamps in their natural state, a buffer zone with a width of 0.5 to 1.0 km is created around them, depending on the terrain, and they adhere to the same protection regime as in the swamp itself. It also prohibits all types of human economic activity associated with the violation of the natural complex or its individual elements.

Eighth student. Indeed, to preserve certain reference landscapes that are not subject to reclamation, nature reserves are created in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, where reclamation work is limited or prohibited, but these protected areas are very small in area in order to prevent negative changes in nature.

We also draw attention to the following facts: on drained lands, frosts are more common, the frost-free period is shorter, land reclamation can lead to a decrease in the water level in wells, sudden change composition and structure of fauna and flora, disruption of natural connections between the components of nature on lands where reclamation occurs.

Ninth student. As you correctly noted, in Polesie the swamps were drained over the course of a whole century, starting in the 80s of the 20th century. These works led to a decrease in the level and flow of water in such large rivers as the Dnieper, Southern Bug, Pripyat, a decrease in groundwater levels, and the death of forests and meadows.

I believe that wetlands need to be preserved. They create ecological balance in natural landscapes. Swamps located on watersheds are important; rivers and streams originate here. Let me remind you that it is the rivers that provide water for agriculture, industry and, to a large extent, the population of the country.

V. Consolidation of what has been learned

We will begin our discussion of the discussion with self-analysis of the participants (speeches by the panelists).

And now the children who watched the discussion will speak (children answer questions to analyze the discussion)

VI. Lesson summary.

1. Moreover, “I draw a conclusion.”

Have we achieved the desired results?

Did you like the lesson?

What stood out to you?

2. Assessment

For working with advanced homework, all children receive 10-11 points. There are also positive marks for active participation in the discussion.

VII. Homework

Paragraph 25, 26; solve a logical chain.

Drainage of bogs leads to a change in the general hydrological regime of the territory and transforms them from ecosystems that fix carbon into territories that emit carbon dioxide during the mineralization of peat, which occurs when it dries out due to aerobic microbiological processes. Drainage caused great damage to the Non-Black Earth Region in the European part of Russia, where thousands of rivers and streams disappeared and a general drying out of the territory began, the yield of field crops and meadows decreased. In a number of cases, arable land on drained peatlands turned out to be unproductive.[...]

Drainage consists of artificially lowering the groundwater level in swamps, which leads to a change in the ratio of elements of the water balance and redistribution of runoff. This is achieved by creating artificial drainage. In the practice of reclamation work, drainage of swamps is carried out using a system of open drainage ditches or closed drains (“mole holes”). Water flowing into the swamp from the outside is intercepted by “upland” ditches. In some cases in the subtropics, the level can be reduced by planting eucalyptus trees, which have a high transpiration capacity, in combination with calmatage.[...]

Drained swamps are of great value to the national economy. Highly productive agriculture is developing in drained lowland swamps: the swamps are sown with fodder, grain, vegetable crops etc. The highest yields are obtained by creating double-action drainage systems: acting as drainage devices during periods of excess moisture and as moisturizing (irrigating) devices during periods of lack of moisture.[...]

Drainage of waterlogged forest lands turns out to be effective method increasing wood growth. However, not all wetland forests are responsive to drainage. Thus, observations in Polesie showed that it is inappropriate to drain high-moor peat bogs with pine forests growing on them. Draining transitional type swamps to grow forests provides the greatest silvicultural efficiency.[...]

After the swamps are drained, a diverse flora of capped saprophytic fungi develops on the forest floor, producing gradual mineralization of the forest floor and decomposition of the underlying layers of peat. Ultimately, this leads to the formation of very fertile soils in place of former peat bogs.[...]

However, drainage should be carried out within reasonable limits. A decrease in the groundwater level when draining swamps more than 1.5 m from the soil surface contributes to the rapid oxidation of peat and the removal of nutrients into drainage ditches. With a further decrease in their level, the root horizon becomes detached from the capillary fringe, which leads to the death of forests.[...]

Massive drainage of swamps, deforestation, changing the direction of river flow, etc. forms of anthropogenic activity have had a harmful impact on various ecological systems in the form of destruction of the stable connections that have developed in them and certain environmental characteristics of the planetary scale (for example, the environmentally stable Earth system has a constant mass and a constant average temperature) and caused the threat of global environmental disasters.[...]

Protection of raised bogs. Raised bogs play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of the environment, established natural complexes. They serve as a source of nutrition for many rivers, regulate spring flow, making floods less stormy and destructive; The spring and rainwater accumulated in them maintains the level of groundwater that feeds the surrounding fields and meadows. In addition, swamps are a habitat for game birds and animals and provide rich harvests of berries. In good years, up to 3 t/ha of cranberries, 2 t/ha of lingonberries and blueberries, and a lot of blueberries and other berries are harvested from the swamps. In monetary terms, this gives an income several times greater than arable land of the same area. For these reasons, draining swamps must be approached with extreme caution, carefully weighing the possible consequences.[...]

In a number of cases, after draining the swamps, the damage revealed turned out to be much greater than the expected positive effect, as a result of which the swamps had to be restored again, spending additional funds on this.[...]

In the presence of vivianite in drained swamps, the positive effect of phosphorus fertilizers is usually insignificant or practically absent. [...]

Mass clearing forests, drainage of swamps, along with the ever-increasing consumption of previously buried organic compounds, contribute to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. [...]

The role of wetlands in natural balance is absolutely irreplaceable. They are important regulators of river flow, accumulating excess moisture during a flood and gradually releasing it with the onset of a dry period. Ill-considered, uncontrolled drainage of swamps often irreversibly disrupts this balance, turning water meadows into barren salt marshes and depriving arable lands of moisture.[...]

Drainage (from English - to drain) - drainage of agricultural land using special hydraulic structures (wells, canals, ditches, etc.). Drainage is used as a mandatory technical technique when draining swamps, combating water erosion of soils, protecting ground transport communications, from landslides, floods, etc. [...]

Copper fertilizers. They are used on drained swamps and peat soils for flax, hemp, and sugar beets.[...]

It is necessary to note the successes of the British in draining swamp soils and coastal lowlands. The second example of this kind (in terms of time it is the first) is Holland, where at the same time the previously carried out drainage of lakes and sea estuaries sharply intensified. Over a period of 10-15 years on the drained polder, with the use of fertilizers and alfalfa crops, soil was obtained that was “more productive than natural.” True, incredible labor was required, and the people who farmed here developed a proverb: “The first farmer dies, the second suffers, the third lives” (Bondarev, 1979, p. 52).[...]

It is most effective when fertilizing drained swamps, carbonate peat soils, and soils containing little copper. Wheat, sugar beets, sunflowers, and peas respond well to pyrite cinders. The rate of application to the soil is 5-6 c/ha. As a water-insoluble fertilizer, it is not suitable for seed treatment and foliar feeding. In Bashkiria, waste from copper smelters in the Trans-Ural region should be widely tested as copper fertilizers.[...]

DRAINAGE [fr. drainage from English drain - drain] - a method of draining waterlogged lands by draining surface and ground water (so-called drainage water) using special ditches and underground pipes - drain. D. is used in draining swamps, combating water erosion of soils, protecting ground transport communications from landslides, floods, etc.; in the southern regions - for desalinization of saline soils. ECOLOGICAL DUPLICATION - relative functional interchangeability of populations (coenopopulations) of species of the same trophic group in an ecosystem. D.e. - one of the mechanisms for ensuring the reliability (sustainability) of ecosystems, since under D.e. an extinct or destroyed species is usually replaced by a functionally similar one.[...]

Despite the fact that the area of ​​peat bogs alone around the world is more than 1 million km2, a serious problem of protecting peat bogs has now arisen. For this purpose, as well as to study the prospects for their rational use, a special international organization was created in 1967, uniting scientists from 18 countries. The rate of drainage of swamps is now so high that in many places it threatens to complete disappearance. However, such an outcome is completely unacceptable. Even purely economic aspects convince us of this: for example, according to American data, just renting out hunting grounds in swamps, with huts and huts, provides greater profit than turning these swamps into agricultural areas. Typically swamps are home to hundreds of species of birds, valuable fur animals(nutria, muskrat). Often swamps are magnificent berry fields: there, without any use of human labor or fertilizers, 2 quintals of cranberries and 7-8 quintals of cloudberries grow per hectare.[...]

Russian foresters have long shown interest in the issues of draining wet forest lands and thereby increasing forest productivity. Drainage of swampy forests carried out in Leningrad region, the Baltic states, Belarus and the central regions of Russia, indicates the undeniability of the positive effect of drying on forest growth. In the 80s of the last century, work was carried out to study and drain the swamps in the provinces of Novgorod (started in 1875), Olonets and Yaroslavl (started in 1879), Pskov (1880) and some others. But the experience of draining forest lands has not become widespread. This was hampered by socio-economic conditions and low level technology of that time.[...]

Disappears as a result of habitat destruction (due to drainage of swamps, development of peat bogs). It is necessary to organize reserves in the most representative places in different parts of the range.[...]

Shreter E.I. News of the work carried out in the Ryabovaya manor during the drainage of the swamps. - Proceedings of VEO, part 3, St. Petersburg, 1783, pp. 3-25. .[...]

Surface-layer peat extraction is mechanized. After draining the swamp, it is treated with a milling cutter, tooth or disc harrow to a depth of 5-10 cm; as soon as this layer dries, the peat is raked into piles with special large shovels (horse- or tractor-drawn). Peat dried in them can be taken out to the field in winter. It is better to apply it as a fallow crop for winter crops.[...]

Water management specialists in the United States were the first to realize that the indiscriminate drainage of swamps and small lakes in order to expand agricultural land and industrial sites, and eliminate breeding sites for mosquitoes and other unpleasant insects is a thing of the past. The harm from draining water systems, which leads to a change in soil fertility, deprived of regulation of flow during low-water periods, and the death of wildlife and, above all, birds, far exceeds the benefit from the formation of new fields. In the United States, they developed and implemented a program for the revival of what they call “swamps.” By 2000, 16 thousand hectares of wetlands had been restored in the upper Mississippi and Alabama. The work was carried out by dredging and alluvium.[...]

Solid waste was previously disposed of in coastal areas, including swamp drainage areas. However, this method turned out to be unsatisfactory: almost catastrophic pollution of spawning areas and oyster habitat areas was observed. These and other environmental factors have necessitated the prohibition of this waste disposal practice.[...]

Human intervention in nature disrupts the existing balance. Deforestation, drainage of swamps, destruction of dams and straightening of riverbeds lead to the fact that spring waters freely roll into rivers and go into the sea. Stormy spring streams erode slopes and banks, silt up riverbeds and close springs. Soil erosion is facilitated by cutting down coastal bushes and plowing land to the water's edge.[...]

A high effect is obtained from phosphorus alone and especially potash fertilizers in meadows of drained swamps and mineral soils poor in potassium.[...]

Violation of the habitat due to deforestation, plowing of steppes and fallow lands, drainage of swamps, flow regulation, creation of reservoirs and other anthropogenic impacts radically changes the breeding conditions of wild animals, their migration routes, which has a very negative impact on their numbers and survival.[ .. .]

Today's reduction of relict taiga in Russia is mainly due to deforestation and drainage of swamps. But the influence of the construction of transport highways and industrial zones for the extraction and processing of minerals is beginning to be felt on an increasingly large scale.[...]

Habitat disruption due to cutting down and burning of forests, plowing of steppes and fallow lands, drainage of swamps, flow regulation, creation of reservoirs and other anthropogenic influences radically changes the breeding conditions of wild animals, their migration routes, which has a very negative impact on their numbers and survival . Habitat destruction is recognized main reason extinction of species or reduction in their numbers. It put more than 390 species of vertebrate animals in a threatened state, which, without taking into account pollution factors, accounts for 50% of all other causes of their extinction (Yablokov et al., 1985).[...]

When assessing the impact on flora and fauna, it is necessary to determine the areas of deforestation and drainage of swamps, the zone of influence of pollutants discharged by the facility, changes in the nature of land use in the construction area, as well as Negative consequences associated with the listed factors. Information about the state of vegetation in a certain area must be linked to relief parameters and soil characteristics. In this case, it is necessary to group forest, meadow and other areas of the territory according to the main taxometric characteristics, highlighting common plant associations and indicating the degree of their disturbance (degradation).[...]

An increase in forest productivity is also achieved by replacing tree plantations with more productive species and draining swamps. The main form of forest care is thinning. It is known that natural thinning of forests occurs with age. Foresters replaced this process with an artificial one. They cut down trees of low value and create favorable conditions for the growth and development of good-quality trees. Conducting thinning contributes to the formation of a forest of trees of valuable tree species and High Quality, accelerating growth and increasing forest productivity. In addition, by removing old and infected trees, the sanitary condition of the forest improves. Thinning and sanitary cuttings are also carried out in young growth. In 1999, the volume of thinning and sanitary felling amounted to 19.5 million m3. Reducing the volume of these fellings could lead to a deterioration in the quality of forests.[...]

Mounted swamp cutter FBN-0.9. Working width 0.9 m. Designed for destruction of soil layers after plowing in drained swamps and wetlands, as well as for destruction of organic or mineral hummocks in meadows and pastures. It is aggregated with tractors DT-54A and DT-55A.[...]

Let us also mention that on Far North, on the Arkhangelsk experimental field, superphosphate gives large growths of grass in a drained swamp, and the figures obtained are of the following order: without fertilizer - 70 pounds of hay, with superphosphate - 270 pounds, and the effect of superphosphate lasts for several years (see reports by I. I. Benevolensky in “Northern Economy”)[...]

Deforestation, increasing the area of ​​deserts, replacing natural cenoses with highly specialized agrocenoses, draining swamps, and creating artificial reservoirs change the albedo of the earth's surface and the structure of the natural cycle of chemical elements. All egos have a detrimental effect on the climate and productivity of biota.[...]

Peat, compared to snow, is not only a spatial but also a temporal indicator of pollution, since peat bogs accumulate information about environmental pollution over a long period of time. The most reliable data is provided by raised bogs, due to the low geochemical background and slow biological cycle. The informativeness of drained swamps when studying the dynamics of pollution is significantly reduced (Doncheva, Kazakov et al., 1992). Vegetation is widely used as indicators of disturbances of geosystems; in particular, epiphytic lichen and moss vegetation are among the optimal indicators of the early stages of disturbance of landscapes in the forest zone. A good indicator When studying the response to catastrophic effects, soil, including soil microflora, is used.[...]

Economic activity human activity in the river catchment area and its banks also affects the hydrological regime. Drainage of swamps, water extraction for domestic and industrial needs, wastewater discharges, etc. lead to changes in the water content of the river. Particular attention should be paid to cases when water is withdrawn for economic needs from the catchment area of ​​one river, and water is used or returned to nature in the catchment area of ​​another. This greatly affects the natural distribution of water and can lead to the drying out of some areas and swamping of others.[...]

In the zone of increased moisture, the main factor influencing the water balance is drainage amelioration systems. Drainage of swamps leads to desiccation and sedimentation of the peat layer. At first, the runoff increases somewhat, but in different landscapes this process occurs differently and depends on the subsequent use of these territories. When created on site bo-. In a lot of highly productive agricultural land, it may turn out that to ensure transpiration it will be necessary to periodically use artificial irrigation. In general, any measures to intensify agriculture and increase productivity, and therefore transpiration, lead to a restructuring of the water balance towards a reduction in surface runoff.[...]

On soil maps or simply on land use plans, areas of newly developed land (forests from uprooting, drained swamps), as well as river floodplains and excessively moist soils, patches of solonetzic soils, etc. are especially highlighted, since special areas are being developed for such areas fertilizer application plans.[...]

Often, the quality of soils and their structure deteriorate due to imperfect technologies of agrochemical measures - land irrigation, drainage of swamps, deforestation, digging canals, etc. They are the main reasons for the destruction of humus, water and wind erosion of soil, and its leaching (replacement of calcium with potassium).[...]

Changing the habitats of animals is the most common phenomenon that has assumed enormous proportions. Deforestation, plowing steppes, draining swamps, building reservoirs and canals, building roads, etc. radically changed the appearance of entire continents. Naturally, for a number of animals these changes turned out to be unfavorable, and either the species became extinct or their numbers sharply decreased; often they survived only for protected areas.[ ...]

Anthropogenic vegetation is a community of plants that arises as a result of human activity: crops, planting trees, grazing, draining swamps, etc. The relationship between atmospheric pollution and the circulation of substances is shown in Fig. 8.[ ...]

White Whooping Crane Conservation Is a Great Illustration of Rescue Possibilities rare birds. However, such an event requires a lot of effort. This crane was once a common swamp bird North America. Direct persecution and drainage of swamps led to the fact that at the beginning of the 20th century. he, like a nesting bird, disappeared in the USA. Only 20-30 birds survived in Canada, the nesting sites of which were unknown. In 1937, their last wintering place was found in the Arkansas reserve in the swampy meadows of Texas, where by 1941 only 15 birds remained. Only in 1954 were their nests discovered in a remote corner of the Canadian Wood Buffalo National Park.[...]

In general, it is not difficult to guess that, as the population grows, people will be forced to transform more and more mature (climax) ecosystems into simple young productive ones (for example, by destroying tropical forests, draining swamps, etc.). To maintain these systems at a “young” age, the use of fuel and energy resources will increase. In addition, there will be a loss of species (genetic) diversity and natural landscapes (Table 10.1).[...]

Large-scale transformations of nature - plowing virgin lands, construction of giant hydroelectric power stations with the construction of large reservoirs and flooding of floodplain areas, projects for turning rivers, construction of large agro-industrial complexes, drainage of swamps - all these are powerful factors of environmental risk for nature and humans.[...]

Despite the successes achieved in the past, soil conservation tends to “rest on its laurels” and lags behind the times. For example, too much effort is currently being made to increase the area of ​​arable land; Huge amounts of money are spent on regulation, drainage of swamps, etc., and at the same time nothing is done to save excellent land from destruction associated with poorly planned urban development. Land surveyor training programs are largely outdated; they should be expanded, increasing the role of accurate and social sciences, introducing courses in pollution ecology and human ecology. In other words, the problem of soil conservation, in particular and the science of land use in general, should focus not only on agriculture and forestry, but also deal with the rural-urban landscape complex, where the most urgent problems now exist (see Yu. Odum, 1969a ).[...]

In developed countries, arable land has stabilized. It is considered more economically profitable to intensify agriculture than to expand arable land. It is believed that the area of ​​arable land can be increased to 20-25% of the land area by irrigating lands in arid conditions, draining swamps and shallow waters, clearing small forests, and removing stones. According to FAO, up to 70% of the world's land resources are in low-productivity areas.[...]

In field experiments, in addition to types, forms, doses, times and methods of application, a combination of issues of agrochemistry with methods of cultivating a particular crop, varieties of agricultural plants, characteristics of soil-climatic zones (liming of acidic soils, gypsum of solonetzes, drainage of swamps in the northern regions) can be studied. areas, irrigation in areas of insufficient moisture), organizational and economic conditions, etc. However, with all the variety of topics and under any conditions, it is necessary to think in advance and write down a plan or procedure for conducting field experiments based on the previously stated general guidelines for experimental work and use additional literature.[...]

Oxygen man-made barriers most often arise when pumping gley (less often hydrogen sulfide) water from mines, adits, quarries and wells. These barriers, like the alkaline ones considered, do not affect the general course of migration of elements in the biosphere. However, there are also man-made oxygen barriers that arise over large areas. They are the result of drainage of swamps and control the migration of Fe, Mn, Co on a scale approaching the biosphere. Even more dangerous are the consequences of oxidation on these barriers of previously buried large masses of undecomposed organic matter(mostly peat). The scale of these consequences can be judged by the terrible fires in the Moscow region in 2002. Extinguishing these fires by everyone modern means for several months it did not give positive results. Only the beginning of the rainy season led to the extinguishing of the fires. You should think about this before drawing up plans to drain the swamps of Siberia and create new oxygen barriers.[...]

In water treatment practice, various technological techniques and methods for improving water quality are used. The choice of rational schemes for the treatment of natural and waste waters presents significant difficulties. This is due to the complexity of the composition of natural and waste waters and high requirements to the quality of cleaning; changes in the composition of the reservoir water as a result of the release of new wastewater industrial enterprises, development of water transport, drainage of swamps (located upstream), expansion of peat mining, etc. Such violations complicate not only the design of new, but also the improvement of long-standing treatment facilities. The considerations underlying the classification we developed made it possible, using the example of natural water treatment, to systematize existing water treatment methods.[...]

In the Ural economic region, there are about 5 thousand small rivers, with a total length of over 110 thousand km (i.e., the vast majority). Small rivers are intensively used for water supply and irrigation and bear the main burden of anthropogenic impact: pollution from industrial and domestic wastewater varying degrees cleaning, clogging with wood and wood waste, siltation due to natural erosion and discharges from the mining industry, waterlogging and disruption by drainage processing, depletion and drying out due to deforestation, drainage of swamps, etc. Hydrometeorological study of small rivers is carried out in isolated cases, there are no sufficient series of observations of their flow and other regime parameters necessary for forecasting the state and planning the use of river resources.

Instructions

Refuse the temptation to use the simplest, cheapest, but at the same time incorrect method, namely, filling the swamp with sand or other type of soil. The swamp is a very stable landscape system, which you will ultimately not be able to cope with in such a straightforward way.

Consider and implement a drainage system in the wetland. The most common types of drainages are sheet and slot. It is possible that in order to effectively drain the swamp you will need to resort to consultation and practical help specialists. In the long run, draining a wetland will be cheaper than the useless and pointless labor-intensive work of backfilling and bailing out water.

In the simplest case, to drain swamp water in different areas of the wetland, dig a closed system of trenches sloping in one direction. Fill the bottom of the trenches with crushed stone, and then lay drainage pipes in them with holes to collect water.

If you still cannot destroy the swamp, try an intermediate, compromise solution. Often such decisions aimed at finding the “golden mean” are the wisest. Two acceptable and most simple options– dig a pond and plant trees.

Set up a decorative pond in a wetland. In accordance with the laws of physics, all the swamp moisture will collect in the reservoir, gradually evaporating. Not everyone knows that the estate of the French kings in Versailles is located in what was originally a swampy area. In order to correct such a natural defect, the Cross Canal was dug at one time.

Consider planting trees in the wetland. Trees such as willow or birch very actively evaporate moisture through their leaves. If you pay attention to birch trees growing in swampy areas, you will see that there is almost always a dry patch of land around this tree. If you plant a birch tree in a fairly dry area, you will find that nothing else will grow underneath it, since the birch tree is actively sucking water from the soil.

Sources:

• How to improve a wetland

Drainage or drainage systems are used to drain the site. You can only dry the surface layers of the soil on your own, on which abundant amounts of moisture accumulate from melting snow or precipitation. A groundwater drainage system can only be produced by specialists in this field, since the optimal effect requires engineering and geodetic calculations.

You will need

• -shovel;
• - crushed stone or gravel;
• -pipes;
• -well.

Instructions

To use a drainage or drainage system, you need to draw up an accurate plan during periods of heavy rain or melting snow. Draw a diagram according to which you will carry out drainage work. Mark the most flooded areas.

Drainage ditches can be lined with waste and buried, or left open and cemented or filled with crushed stone. The most convenient option is to lay pipes, but this is quite expensive. Open drains can become overgrown and do not perform their task well; they will have to be constantly cleared of and, and during the period of snow melting, the formed ice will have to be removed.