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New marginal layers. Marginal layer in Russian society

NEW MARGINAL LAYERS

Changing the lifestyle and living conditions of the majority of the population of developed countries at the post-industrial stage social development not for all its layers it turns out to be a blessing. In any society there is always a group of social outsiders who, for various reasons, find themselves on the margins of social development, standing outside the system of social connections and relationships. These are marginalized people, people deprived of property, socially significant status, and without the skills or ability to work. With promotion general level welfare, development social policy the state and society take them into their care, providing them with tolerable living conditions. However, since the 1970s. the problem of marginalization has taken on a new dimension.

Causes and forms of marginalization. The new marginalism is qualitatively different from the old, traditional one. In its modern understanding, the very concept of “marginal” does not necessarily imply deprivation. Any person who is capable of productive work, but is unable to realize this ability and finds himself outside of social connections and relationships, becomes marginalized.

First of all, many people face the problem of marginalization retirement age. Being, as a rule, fairly wealthy people, with an increase average duration life, thanks to improved medical care they retain the ability to work. However, society limits or excludes opportunities for them to work. And with its cessation, a significant part of social ties is broken, people fall out of their usual environment, the rhythm of work, that is, they are marginalized. For them, the problem of new socialization arises in changed living conditions.

Another part of the new marginalized people are victims of structural changes in the economy, the disappearance of entire industries and professions, whose work began to be performed by robots and automatons. Not everyone and not always can adapt again to the new economic reality. In terms of living standards, they are protected by a system of benefits, payments, and social benefits. However, material well-being does not replace lost social connections. Society has long considered the main thing to be the material support of people belonging to this group. The issue of increasing their social status and role in public life has never been seriously considered by anyone.

The third group of marginalized people are young people just entering working life, for whom unemployment becomes almost a profession for several reasons. First of all, due to the gap between the needs of production and the level and focus of training. Universities have begun to turn into factories for the production of unemployed people, especially since entrepreneurs prefer to hire people aged 30-35 years. Their advantage is that in addition to a high level of education, they have work skills and experience. They, as a rule, being family people, are considered more responsible. Young people are also financially supported by a system of benefits, but their participation in the life of society ends outside the educational institution. Primary social connections are lost, new ones are not acquired, and the result is marginalization. In developed countries, with an average unemployment rate of 7-8% of the amateur population among young people from 15 to 24 years old, its level is twice as high - 16-17%.

Often a factor in the marginalization of people of working age are physical and mental disabilities, associated, for example, with deterioration of the condition environment, information loads. The proportion of people with poor health in the total population of developed countries by the end of the century was different - from 22.7% in Austria to 2.3% in Japan.

Marginalized people, especially young people, are modern conditions the main source of threat to the social stability of developed countries. The marginal masses feel the need to “be someone” extremely acutely. She is very susceptible to any propaganda that promises to improve her social position or points to the “culprits” for its deterioration. Her consciousness and behavior are easy to manipulate, which is used by radical, extremist forces in various countries. It is significant that in developed countries, the factor that disrupts public order is not traditional social conflicts, strikes (they, as a rule, take place in forms established by law), but acts of violence, vandalism, street riots, caused by, at first glance, random circumstances, not accompanied by the formulation of clear social or political demands.

Obviously, in developed countries and in the 21st century, the problem of social and professional adaptation of marginalized people into the system of social connections and relations will remain relevant.

Zones of social decline. A specific form of marginalization in the information era has become regional, affecting the interests and material well-being of residents of certain areas.

Within most states, there are territories with different economic structures and their corresponding way of life: post-industrial, industrial, high-tech agricultural, pre-capitalist structures (subsistence, plantation farming), as well as those in a state of economic decline. The level of development of the state as a whole is determined by which of the structures is predominant. At the same time, when in individual regions of the same state the ways of life differ greatly, this entails far-reaching consequences.

Where industries become concentrated and become unpromising, enterprises close, zones of economic and, accordingly, social decline arise. The situation in these regions is characterized by a higher level of unemployment compared to national indicators, a decline business activity, outflow of highly qualified work force to more prosperous areas. This leads to a decrease in the standard of living in the region and a decrease in tax revenues to the budgets of local authorities. Opportunities for solving social problems and providing support to the poor are being reduced, and the quality of education and healthcare is deteriorating.

The growth of internal diversity, differences in the position, interests and way of life of individual regions often gives rise to (or strengthens) regional separatism, the manifestations of which many multinational states face. Its source is dissatisfaction with the policies of the center of power, which is accused of either insufficient attention to the development of areas of decline, or, on the contrary, of unfair exploitation of the resources of prosperous regions.

The problem of regional separatism is especially acute where the majority of the population is made up of ethnic minorities. In the 1970-1980s. The problem of the French-speaking province of Quebec in English-speaking Canada has worsened. In Great Britain, demands for autonomy have intensified, to the point of separating Scotland with its rich oil reserves on the coastal shelf from the United Kingdom. At the same time, demands for autonomy increased in Wales, where the coal mining industry declined. In Spain, most provinces demanded autonomy; the most restless, Baskonia, sought independence. In France, similar demands were made by nationalists in Corsica, which found itself on the sidelines of industrial development. In Italy, contradictions between the agricultural South and the industrial North have intensified. In Belgium, the two main ethnic groups, the Walloons and the Flemings, openly expressed their reluctance to live in one state.

The solution to the problems of marginalization of individual regions is facilitated by special programs their development, undertaken at the national level. Within European Union There are corresponding pan-European assistance programs for regions recognized as zones of social disaster.

DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS

From M. Young's work "The Rise of Meritocracy" in the book "Utopia and Utopian Consciousness." M., 1990. S. 332, 336:

“Nowadays every person, no matter how poor he may be, knows that any school is available to him. People are tested again and again<...>But if you receive overall assessment“stupid” they can no longer claim anything. And their own self-image almost coincides with the true and very unflattering image. For the first time in human history, the inferiors find no basis for self-respect<...>A person who has lost self-respect risks losing his vitality (especially if this person turns out to be worse than his parents and falls to the lower levels of the social scale) and, accordingly, easily falls from the rank of a good citizen and good man <...>

Trade unions, naturally, did not distinguish between smart and stupid. For them, people whose labor was abolished thanks to technical innovations remained members of the union like everyone else. They were to be protected, and unions insisted that people whose jobs were eliminated by labor-saving technology should not be fired, but kept on the factory floor to do unnecessary work, sometimes simply as robot observers with no managerial responsibilities. Union members with higher intelligence, for their part, also did not understand that this whole situation concerns only the least qualified part of the workers, those who are not able to perform difficult work. Based on general egalitarian ideas that people are so similar to each other, they identified themselves with the rest of the layoffs, supporting the attempts of trade unions to prevent layoffs. And entrepreneurs often gave in, because they did not want to spoil relations with staff<...>It took a lot of time for entrepreneurs to clearly understand the need to reduce labor costs as much as possible.”

From the book by W. Rostow “Why the poor get richer and the rich get poorer.” Texas, 1980. P. 130:

“In a large-scale economy spanning an entire continent, economic growth cannot be expected to be uniform across all regions. But the dispersion of real income growth rates across regions by an order of magnitude is an impressive phenomenon. It shows the failure of national macroeconomic models and related policies. In terms of population growth rates, the United States has regions that are stagnant and others that are growing faster than developing countries."

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Explain the term “marginalized sections of society”.

2. What causes the emergence of “new marginalized people” in post-industrial society? Which population groups do they belong to?

3. Why is the problem of including marginalized people in the system relevant? public relations and connections?

4. Are there problems in our society? marginal layers? Give examples.

5. How is the problem of “social disaster zones” related to marginalization? Why do they appear in developed countries?

At all times, in every society there were people who, due to various reasons, found themselves on the margins of social and socio-economic life.

Causes and forms of emergence of social outsiders

After the end of the Second World War, the number of representatives of marginalized strata of society increased significantly - the moral stress associated with the death of loved ones, the destruction of the usual foundations of life, the loss of moral ideals led to the fact that some people did not find the strength to join the new pace of post-war life.

In most capitalist countries such people were provided social protection the state actually took them as dependents. The situation changed in the early 70s, when Europe was shrouded in economic and political crises. It was from this period that the problem of marginalized sections of society acquired maximum severity, which still exists today.

The ranks of marginalized layers of society also swelled as a result of scientific and technological progress in the second half of the twentieth century. The introduction of new technologies into the industrial complex required appropriately trained specialists.

Many workers who were accustomed to working near the machine could not withstand the competition of the new educated generation. Many blue-collar professions have become unpopular due to the computerization of all areas of the economy, and their owners have not been able to adapt to the new economic reality.

IN modern world there is a trend of “rejuvenation” of marginalized layers of society: universities that provide mass support for young people higher education, are not always supported by the provision of a workplace. The social life of the younger generation often ends when they receive their diploma.

Even in economically developed countries, in the second half of the 20th century, the unemployment rate among young professionals reached 10%; today their number has doubled.

The marginalized layers of society include people who have diseases that do not allow them to work fully, physical, mental disabilities, as well as alcohol and drug addiction. Representatives of marginalized sections of society in the 20th century were a hotbed of crime.

This was especially evident during mass strikes and demonstrations, when marginalized people, taking advantage of the chaos in the country, were actively engaged in looting and vandalism.

Zoning of social decline and marginality

The concentration of marginalized sections of society in individual states and regions was uneven. In the 20th century, a logical pattern could be traced: an increased number of marginal representatives were concentrated in the most “restless” and revolutionary-minded areas of the state.

For example, the population of the province of Quebec in Canada was the most socially vulnerable compared to other citizens of the state. It was here that in the 80s the demands for granting the province autonomy status intensified.

A similar situation was repeated in Wales, where with the decline of the coal mining industry in the early 90s, the number of unemployed increased. In the mid-70s, internal contradictions worsened in Italy; the poor of the agricultural South could not come to terms with a prosperous life in the northern industrial part of the country.

The collection was prepared in memory of our colleague, the untimely death of Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Andrei Nikolaevich Nesterenko. The book presents his works recent years, published on the pages of the journal "Economic Issues", chapters from the monograph "Russia-2015: an optimistic scenario", chapters from the textbook "Economics", as well as the unfinished manuscript of the monograph "Problems" Russian economy: institutional approach`.

The history of the world economy is the history of humanity. It accumulates the economic experience of society, fosters historicism, scale and realism of thinking, since it makes it possible to understand and compare the development of the economy of different countries in different eras. The study of the history of the world economy shows how the productive forces and sectoral structure of the economy have changed from primitive times to the present day, relations of production and forms of organization of production, economic management mechanism and economic policy of the state, as well as the social structure of society. Chronological and country-specific approaches to the presentation of the material made it possible to present the leading countries of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, New and Modern times and reflect the main features and trends in their economic development, identifying the factors that determined this development. For students and teachers of higher education educational institutions, as well as a wide range of readers.

The general concept of the functioning of the economy is considered on the basis of mathematical analysis of the behavior of individual participants in the economic process in accordance with the goals they pursue and the characteristics of their interaction. The first part of the book is devoted to a meaningful analysis of economic processes and does not require special mathematical preparation of the reader, the second - to its mathematical justification. For specialists in the field of general economics and management theory, university students of relevant specialties, as well as anyone interested in non-traditional approaches to the fundamentals of economic theory.

This book offers a systematic view of the political mechanisms for developing economic policy in modern world. The regulation of economic processes at the national, regional and global levels is considered as a result of market interaction between groups that present demand for economic policy and carry out its supply. Based on this approach, recommendations are formulated on a wide range of practical issues of Russian economic policy. The book is intended for specialists researching issues economic regulation and developing recommendations for its improvement, as well as for students studying economics, political science, world politics and international relations.

The book brought to the attention of the reader is a continuation of two published in 1998 and 2003. works under common name"Economy in Transition". The book examines the main trends in the economic development of Russia in 2000-2007. The macroeconomic, sectoral and institutional aspects of the economic reforms carried out in the country are analyzed in detail. The main factors that ensured the sustainability of economic growth during the period under review are identified, as well as the key unresolved problems of reforms that will hinder further development, including limiting the ability to overcome the consequences of the unfolding financial crisis. The book is intended for specialists in the field of economic policy, for teachers, graduate students and students of economic universities.

This book is a compendium of the author's published works from 1988-2009 on the problems of transforming the Russian economy from plan to market, with an emphasis on issues of privatization, development of the financial system and accumulation in Russia. The first works date back to the turn of the 1990s - the time of the crisis of the planned economic system and the beginning of reforms. The latter occurred during the period of the global systemic crisis of the modern liberal market economy. This book has been prepared not only as an ordinary scientific monograph for colleagues, but also as a “reading book on the history and theory of transformation” for the broad masses of economists and everyone working on theoretical and practical problems transition period and economic policy in Russia. It may be useful in universities for teachers and students for whom the transformation of the Russian economy and society of the past two decades is of interest.

The macroeconomic analysis of the Russian economy is based on a critically revised Keynesian doctrine, as well as the concepts of Keynesian-neoclassical synthesis, “left Keynesians,” and disequilibrium analysis. The specificity of the manifestation in the Russian economy of the main dependencies formulated by the Keynesians is investigated: the elasticity of aggregate demand in terms of interest and income, the dependence of interest on the supply of money, the multiplier effect of independent demand, the influence external factors on distribution, investment, economic growth. The need for modification of traditional methods of economic policy recommended by Keynesians is substantiated. For researchers, teachers of economic disciplines, graduate students, students of economic universities.

This book is a compendium of the author's published works from 1988-2009 on the problems of transforming the Russian economy from plan to market, with an emphasis on issues of privatization, development of the financial system and accumulation in Russia. The first works date back to the turn of the 1990s - the time of the crisis of the planned economic system and the beginning of reforms. The latter occurred during the period of the global systemic crisis of the modern liberal market economy. This book has been prepared not only as an ordinary scientific monograph for colleagues, but also as a “reading book on the history and theory of transformation” for the broad masses of economists and everyone working on theoretical and practical problems of the transition period and economic policy in Russia. It may be useful in universities for teachers and students for whom the transformation of the Russian economy and society over the past two decades is of interest.

This monograph is a complete scientific research Indian economic history And current problems its modern economic development. The authors examine the dynamics and features of the country’s development at different stages of its pre-colonial, colonial and modern history. The main focus of the work is on the analysis of economic policy, the role of the public sector, the agricultural economy, the social and economic structure of industry, the role and place of India in the world economy, the state of its monetary system, public finance, correlations of economic growth and social processes, Russian-Indian economic relations. The book is intended for researchers, teachers, students and those interested in the state and prospects of the national economy of one of the largest states in the modern world.

The book examines the main trends in economics modern Russia. The macroeconomic, sectoral and institutional aspects of the economic transformations taking place in the country are analyzed in detail. The main factors of change are identified, as well as key problems that will hinder further development and limit the ability to overcome the consequences of the unfolding financial crisis. For specialists in the field of economic policy, teachers, graduate students and students of economic universities, as well as everyone interested in the current economic situation.

In sociology, the term “marginal” refers to individuals and groups located on the “outskirts,” on the “sidelines,” or simply outside the framework of the main structural divisions characteristic of a given society or the prevailing sociocultural norms and traditions. This concept was first introduced by American sociologists studying the sociocultural situation in Hawaii in the 20s of the twentieth century, a territory with a particularly social and cultural diversity of population.

The category of “marginal personality,” introduced by Parsons, was used to designate the socio-psychological consequences of migrants’ failure to adapt to the demands of urbanism as a way of life. Since then, the concept of “marginal groups” (“marginal strata”) has become firmly established not only in American sociology.

Marginality as a phenomenon is an inevitable accompaniment of social mobility, both vertical, associated with the transition from one stratum to another, and horizontal, associated with movement to another status position of equal prestige. During such a transition, the loss of belonging to the old stratum can significantly advance the process of entering the new stratum. The principles of such “delay” are determined by the characteristics of the individual, who must tune in to accept a new subcultural environment, the formation of a new type of identity, which requires a certain time, during which subjective adaptation is carried out.

A migrant from a village to a city can serve as a reference model of a marginal personality. Arriving at permanent place living in the city, he has difficulty getting used to the new rhythm of life for him, new orders and rules, stereotypes of behavior. He is no longer a rural resident, since he constantly lives in the city, but he is also not yet a city dweller, since he has not yet adapted to the urban cultural environment; previously learned norms of lifestyle are constantly visible in his actions.

Thus, the process of loss of objective belonging to a certain social community, stratum without subsequent subjective entry into a new stratum is called marginalization.

The marginal man, torn out of the village and thrown into the harsh jungle of the city, is the most common hero of Balzac and Zola, Hugo and Maupassant, Chekhov and Gorky. The behavior of such a person is extreme: he is either overly passive or very aggressive, easily violates moral standards and is capable of unpredictable actions.

Such a person lives simultaneously in two worlds, without being adapted to either of them. Consciousness bifurcates, he easily loses his bearings, becomes a convenient object for political manipulation, and easily falls into aggression or social apathy. Cut off from his social roots, such a person experiences a feeling of constant dissatisfaction, not without reason seeing the basic and main reason in social change.

Marginalized groups arise during mass migration (refugees) or in conditions of “pushing out” a certain number population beyond socially significant structures (loss of job, home, deprivation of civil and political rights, etc.). The threat posed by this layer is due to the fact that its representatives lose their functional (professional, production, etc.), and then many other connections with society, and find themselves outside the network of social control.

In Ukraine, the dismantling of the previous social structure accompanied by an intensive process of marginalization of society, more and more intermediate layers (a kind of “tumbleweed”) appear, people who have broken away from traditional sociocultural systems, but do not fit into the new structures.

In general, in the conditions of transition to new social conditions, to market relations marginalization is becoming widespread, or, as sociologists say, structural marginalization is occurring, which is associated with the loss of entire layers of their former status, the severance of previous ties, the loss of stable value guidelines, social roots, and understanding of what is happening.

The issues of such mass downward mobility in conditions of social crises were dealt with by P. Sorokin, who, by the will of fate, himself found himself in such “millstones”. The situation of general social destruction occurs not only during revolutions, but during periods of economic depression, modernization, etc.

It should be noted that marginal status does not necessarily carry negative content; it can also be a temporary state that ends with fairly rapid adaptation. How many talented people (writers, artists, scientists, etc.) came to the city from the village and quickly fit into the new sociocultural aura.

In general, the technical, social, and cultural changes of recent decades have given the problem of marginality qualitatively new contours. Urbanization, mass migrations, intensive interactions between bearers of heterogeneous ethnic cultures and religious traditions, erosion of age-old cultural barriers, influence on the population of means mass communications- all this has led to the fact that marginal status has become in the modern world not so much an exception as the norm of existence for millions and millions of people.

The lumpen, who represent the “social bottom” (homeless people, drug addicts, alcoholics), should be distinguished from the marginal layers. We can say that the state of marginality can end either in a transition to a higher status, or it can lead to a fall, a descent to the “social bottom.”

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Due to the fact that many problems of the sociology of youth were covered to one degree or another in other topics of the course (“deviant behavior”, “sociology of culture”, “sociology of family and marriage”), we will outline only

Socialization of youth
Youth is a subject of history, a powerful factor of social change. The assimilation by young people of cultural norms and social roles is carried out in the process of socialization determined by economic, political

youth subculture
The spiritual quest of young people is most clearly manifested in the youth subculture. youth subculture is the culture of youth communities and groups with certain types of value orientations. This

A migrant from a village to a city can serve as a reference model of a marginal personality. Having arrived for permanent residence in the city, he finds it difficult to get used to the new rhythm of life, new orders and rules, and behavioral stereotypes. He is no longer a rural resident, since he constantly lives in the city, but he is also not yet a city dweller, since he has not yet adapted to the urban cultural environment; previously learned norms of lifestyle are constantly visible in his actions.

Thus, the process of loss of objective belonging to a certain social community, stratum without subsequent subjective entry into a new stratum is called marginalization.

Marginal groups arise during mass migration (refugees) or in conditions of “pushing” a certain number of the population beyond the boundaries of socially significant structures (loss of work, home, deprivation of civil and political rights, etc.). The threat posed by this layer is due to the fact that its representatives are losing their functional (professional, production, etc.). and then many other connections with society find themselves outside the network of social control.

In Ukraine, the dismantling of the previous social structure is accompanied by an intensive process of marginalization of society; more and more intermediate layers are appearing (a kind of “tumbleweed”), people who have broken away from traditional sociocultural systems, but do not fit into the new structures.

In general, in the context of the transition to new social conditions, to market relations, marginalization becomes widespread, or, as sociologists say, structural marginalization occurs, which is associated with the loss of entire layers of their previous status, with the severance of previous ties, the loss of stable value guidelines, social roots, understanding of what is happening.

The issues of such mass downward mobility in conditions of social crises are dealt with by P. Sorokin, who, by the will of fate, himself found himself in such “millstones”. The situation of general social destruction occurs not only during revolutions, but during periods of economic depression, modernization, etc.

In general, the technical, social, and cultural changes of recent decades have given the problem of marginality qualitatively new contours. Urbanization, mass migrations, intensive interactions between bearers of heterogeneous ethnic cultures and religious traditions, the erosion of age-old cultural barriers, the influence of mass communications on the population - all this has led to the fact that marginal status has become in the modern world not so much an exception as the norm for the existence of millions and millions of people.

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