Jurassic system (period). Jurassic period, description of the Jurassic period, dinosaurs of the Jurassic period, lizards of the Jurassic period What historical period follows the Jurassic

And was replaced by chalk, and had a duration of about 56 million years.

Geography and climate

During the Jurassic period, the supercontinent Pangea began to split into two separate continents:

• the northern part known as Laurasia (which eventually split into North America and Eurasia, opening basins to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico)
• the southern part - Gondwanaland - drifted east (and eventually divided into Antarctica, Madagascar, India and Australia, and its western part formed Africa and South America).

This process of separation of Pangea, along with warmer global temperatures, allowed reptiles such as dinosaurs to diversify and dominate long time on the ground.

Plant life

During the Mesozoic era, plants developed the ability to lead a terrestrial lifestyle and not be limited only to the oceans. By the beginning of the Jurassic, life came from bryophytes, low-growing bryophytes and liverworts, which had no vascular tissue and were limited to wet, marshy areas.

Ginkgo trees

Ferns and gingaceae, which have roots and vascular tissue for transporting water, and nutrients, and also reproducing by spores, were the dominant plants of the Early Jurassic. During Jurassic period appeared new way plant propagation. Gymnosperms such as coniferous trees, have developed pollen that is distributed over long distances by the wind and pollinates female cones. This method of reproduction made it possible to significantly increase the number of gymnosperms by the end of the Jurassic period. Flowering plants did not evolve until the Cretaceous period.

Age of Dinosaurs

As depicted in the movie Jurassic Park, reptiles were the dominant animal life form during the Jurassic period. They overcame evolutionary obstacles that limited . Reptiles had strong, ossified skeletons with advanced muscular systems for support and movement of the body. Some of the largest animals that ever lived were the dinosaurs of the Jurassic period. Reptiles could also develop amniotic eggs that were incubated on land.

sauropods

Sauropods (lizard-footed dinosaurs) are herbivorous quadrupeds with long necks and heavy tails. Many sauropods, such as brachiosaurs, were huge. Representatives of some genera had a body length of about 25 m, and weight ranged from 50-100 tons, which makes them the largest land animals that have ever existed on Earth. Their skulls were relatively small, with nostrils raised high towards the eyes. Such small skulls meant very small brains. Despite their small brains, this group of animals flourished during the Jurassic period and had a wide geographic distribution. Sauropod fossils have been found on every continent except Antarctica. Other famous dinosaurs The Jurassic includes stegosaurs and flying pterosaurs.

Carnosaurs were one of the main predators Mesozoic era. The genus Allosaurus was one of the most widespread carnosaurs in North America. They are similar to later tyrannosaurs, although studies have shown that they have little in common. Allosaurs had strong hind limbs, heavy front legs and long jaws.

Early mammals

Adelobazilevs

Dinosaurs may have been the dominant land animals, but they were not the only fauna. Early mammals were mostly very small herbivores or insectivores, and did not compete with larger reptiles. Adelobasileus is a predatory ancestor of mammals. He had a special structure of the inner ear and jaws. This animal appeared at the end of the Triassic period.

In August 2011, scientists from China announced the discovery of Yuramaya. This tiny mid-Jurassic animal caused excitement among scientists because it was a clear ancestor of placental mammals, indicating that mammals evolved much earlier than previously thought.

Sea life

Plesiosaur

The Jurassic period was also very diverse. The largest sea ​​predators there were plesiosaurs. These carnivorous marine reptiles typically had wide bodies and long necks with four flipper-shaped limbs.

Ichthyosaur - marine reptile, was most common in the Early Jurassic. Because some fossils have been found with smaller individuals of their species inside their bodies, it is suggested that these animals may have been among the first to experience internal pregnancy and give birth to live young.

Cephalopods were also widespread during the Jurassic period and included the ancestors of modern squids. Among the most beautiful fossils sea ​​life Spiral-shaped shells of ammonites can be distinguished.

Geological events

213-145 million years ago, the single supercontinent Pangea began to break up into separate continental blocks. Shallow seas formed between them.

Climate

The climate in the Jurassic was highly variable.

From the Aalenian to the Bathonian ages, the climate was warm and humid. Then there was glaciation, which occupied most of the Callovian, Oxfordian and the beginning of the Kimmeridgian, and then the climate warmed again.

Vegetation

During the Jurassic, vast areas were covered with lush vegetation, primarily diverse forests. They mainly consisted of ferns and gymnosperms.

Land animals

One of the fossil creatures that combines characteristics of birds and reptiles is Archeopteryx. His skeleton was first discovered in the so-called lithographic shales in Germany. The discovery was made two years after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and became a strong argument in favor of the theory of evolution - it was initially considered a transitional form from reptiles to birds. But later it was also proposed that this was a dead-end branch of evolution, not directly related to real birds. Archeopteryx flew rather poorly (gliding from tree to tree), and was approximately the size of a crow. Instead of

Eras. Lasted for 56 million years. Began 201 million years ago and ended 145 million years ago. The geochronological scale of the history of the Earth of all eons, eras and periods is located.

The name “Jura” was given by the name of the mountain range of the same name in Switzerland and France, where deposits were first discovered of this period. Later, geological strata of the Jurassic period were discovered in many other places on the planet.

During the Jurassic period, the Earth almost completely recovered from the largest one in history. Various shapes life - marine organisms, land plants, insects and many species of animals - begin to flourish and increase their species diversity. In the Jurassic period, dinosaurs reigned - large, and sometimes simply gigantic lizards. Dinosaurs existed almost anywhere and everywhere - in the seas, rivers and lakes, in swamps, forests, and open spaces. Dinosaurs have become so diverse and widespread that over millions of years of evolution, some of them began to differ radically from each other. Dinosaurs included both herbivores and carnivores. Some of them were the size of a dog, while others reached a height of more than ten meters.

One of the species of lizards in the Jurassic period became the ancestor of birds. Archeopteryx, which existed just at this time, is considered an intermediate link between reptiles and birds. In addition to lizards and giant dinosaurs, warm-blooded mammals already lived on earth then. Mammals of the Jurassic period were mostly small in size and occupied rather insignificant niches in the living space of the earth of those times. Against the background of the prevailing number and diversity of dinosaurs, they were practically invisible. This will continue throughout the Jurassic and subsequent periods. Mammals will become the rightful masters of the Earth only after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, when all dinosaurs disappear from the face of the planet, opening the way for warm-blooded animals.

Animals of the Jurassic period

Allosaurus

Apatosaurus

Archeopteryx

Barosaurus

Brachiosaurus

Diplodocus

Dryosaurs

Giraffatitan

Camarasaurus

Camptosaurus

Kentrosaurus

Liopleurodon

Megalosaurus

Pterodactyls

Rhamphorhynchus

Stegosaurus

Scelidosaurus

Ceratosaurus

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Jurassic period, Jurassic period movie
Jurassic period (Yura) - middle (second) period of the Mesozoic era. Began 201.3 ± 0.2 million years ago, ended 145.0 million years ago. Thus it continued for about 56 million years. Sediment complex ( rocks), corresponding to a given age, is called Jurassic system. different regions planets, these deposits differ in composition, genesis, and appearance.

For the first time, deposits of this period were described in the Jura (mountains in Switzerland and France); This is where the name of the period came from. The deposits of that time are quite diverse: limestones, clastic rocks, shales, igneous rocks, clays, sands, conglomerates, formed in a wide variety of conditions.

• 1 Jurassic Division
  • 1.1 Geological events
  • 1.2 Climate
  • 1.3 Vegetation
  • 1.4 Marine organisms
  • 1.5 Land animals
• 2 Notes
• 3 Literature
• 4 Links

Jurassic System Division

Jurassic system is divided into 3 departments and 11 tiers:

system	Department	tier	Age, million years ago
Chalk	Lower	Berriasian	less
	Upper (malm)	Titonian	145,0-152,1
		Kimmeridge	152,1-157,3
		Oxford	157,3-163,5
	Average (dogger)	Callovian	163,5-166,1
		Bathian	166,1-168,3
		Bayocian	168,3-170,3
		Aalensky	170,3-174,1
	Lower (lias)	Toarsky	174,1-182,7
		Pliensbachian	182,7-190,8
		Sinemyursky	190,8-199,3
		Hettangian	199,3-201,3
Triassic	Upper	Rhetic	more
Subsections are given according to IUGS as of January 2015

Geological events

213-145 million years ago, the single supercontinent Pangea began to break up into separate continental blocks. Shallow seas formed between them.

Climate

The climate in the Jurassic period was humid and warm (and by the end of the period - arid in the equator region).

Vegetation

Drooping cycad (Cycas revoluta) is one of the cycads growing today
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba). Botanical illustration from Siebold and Zuccarini's book Flora Japonica, Sectio Prima, 1870

In the Jurassic, vast areas were covered with lush vegetation, primarily diverse forests. They mainly consisted of ferns and gymnosperms.

Cycads are a class of gymnosperms that predominated in the green cover of the Earth. Nowadays they are found in the tropics and subtropics. Dinosaurs roamed under the shade of these trees. Externally, cycads are so similar to low (up to 10-18 m) palm trees that even Carl Linnaeus placed them among palm trees in his plant system.

During the Jurassic period, groves of gingkovic trees grew throughout the then temperate zone. Ginkgos are deciduous (unusual for gymnosperms) trees with an oak-like crown and small fan-shaped leaves. Only one species has survived to this day - ginkgo biloba.

The conifers were very diverse, similar to modern pines and cypresses, which flourished at that time not only in the tropics, but had already mastered temperate zone. The ferns gradually disappeared.

Marine organisms

Leedsichthys and Liopleurodon

Compared to the Triassic, the population of the seabed has changed greatly. Bivalves push out brachiopods from shallow waters. Brachiopod shells are replaced by oysters. Bivalve mollusks fill all life niches of the seabed. Many stop collecting food from the ground and switch to pumping water using their gills. Folds up new type reef communities, approximately the same as what exists now. Its basis is formed in the Triassic six-rayed corals.

Land animals

Reconstruction of Archeopteryx,
Oxford University Museum

One of the fossil creatures that combines the characteristics of birds and reptiles is Archeopteryx, or the first bird. His skeleton was first discovered in the so-called lithographic shales in Germany. The discovery was made two years after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and became a strong argument in favor of the theory of evolution. Archeopteryx still flew quite poorly (gliding from tree to tree), and was approximately the size of a crow. Instead of a beak, it had a pair of toothy, albeit weak, jaws. It had free fingers on its wings (of modern birds, only hoatzin chicks have them).

During the Jurassic period, small, furry, warm-blooded animals called mammals lived on Earth. They live next to dinosaurs and are almost invisible against their background. In the Jurassic, mammals were divided into monotremes, marsupials and placentals.

Dinosaurs (English Dinosauria, from ancient Greek δεινός - terrible, terrible, dangerous and σαύρα - lizard, lizard), dominant on land, lived in forests, lakes, and swamps. The range of differences between them is so great that family ties between their types are established with great difficulty. There were dinosaurs ranging in size from a cat to a whale. Different types of dinosaurs could walk on two or four limbs. Among them were both predators and herbivores. Of the latter, the Jurassic period saw the heyday of sauropods - diplodocus, brachiosaurs, apatosaurs, and camarasaurs. Sauropods were hunted by other lizard-hipped dinosaurs, namely large theropods.

Brachiosaurus

Ceratosaurus

Pseudotribos

Notes

1. International Stratigraphic Chart (January 2013 version) on the website International Commission by stratigraphy

Literature

• Iordansky N. N. Development of life on earth. - M.: Education, 1981.
• Karakash N.I. Jurassic system and period // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
• Koronovsky N.V., Khain V.E., Yasamanov N.A. Historical geology: Textbook. - M.: Academy, 2006.
• Ushakov S.A., Yasamanov N.A. Continental drift and climates of the Earth. - M.: Mysl, 1984.
• Yasamanov N.A. Ancient climates of the Earth. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.
• Yasamanov N.A. Popular paleogeography. - M.: Mysl, 1985.

Links

• Jurassic.ru - Site about the Jurassic period, a large library of paleontological books and articles.

←	P A l e O h O th	Mesozoic (251-65 million years ago)			TO A th n O h O th	→
←		Triassic (251-199)	(199-145)	Cretaceous period (145-65)		→

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Jurassic Period Information About

Jurassic period the most famous of all periods of the Mesozoic era. More likely, such fame Jurassic period acquired thanks to the film "Jurassic Park".

Jurassic tectonics:

At first Jurassic period the single supercontinent Pangea began to break up into separate continental blocks. Shallow seas formed between them. Intense tectonic movements at the end Triassic and at the beginning Jurassic periods contributed to the deepening of large bays, which gradually separated Africa and Australia from Gondwana. The gulf between Africa and America has deepened. Depressions formed in Eurasia: German, Anglo-Paris, West Siberian. The Arctic Sea flooded the northern coast of Laurasia. It was due to this that the climate of the Jurassic period became more humid. During the Jurassic period The outlines of the continents begin to form: Africa, Australia, Antarctica, North and South America. And although they are located differently than now, they were formed precisely in Jurassic period.

This is what the Earth looked like at the end of the Triassic - the beginning Jurassic period
about 205 - 200 million years ago

This is what the Earth looked like at the end of the Jurassic period around 152 million years ago.

Jurassic climate and vegetation:

Volcanic activity of the end of the Triassic - the beginning Jurassic period caused sea transgression. The continents were divided and the climate in Jurassic period became wetter than in the Triassic. On the site of deserts of the Triassic period, in Jurassic period lush vegetation grew. Huge areas were covered with lush vegetation. Forests Jurassic period consisted mainly of ferns and gymnosperms.
Warm and humid climate Jurassic period contributed to the rapid development flora planets. Ferns, conifers and cycads formed vast swampy forests. Araucarias, thujas, and cycads grew on the coast. Ferns and horsetails formed extensive forested areas. At first Jurassic period, about 195 million years ago Throughout the northern hemisphere, the vegetation was quite monotonous. But already starting from the middle of the Jurassic period, about 170-165 million years ago, two (conditional) plant belts were formed: northern and southern. The northern plant belt was dominated by ginkgo and herbaceous ferns. IN Jurassic period ginkgos were very widespread. Groves of ginkgo trees grew throughout the belt.
The southern plant belt was dominated by cycads and tree ferns.
Ferns Jurassic period and are still preserved in some corners today wildlife. Horsetails and mosses were almost no different from modern ones. Places where ferns and cordaites grow Jurassic period now occupied by tropical forests, consisting mainly of cycads. Cycads are a class of gymnosperms that predominated in the green cover of the Earth Jurassic period. Nowadays they are found here and there in the tropics and subtropics. Dinosaurs roamed under the shade of these trees. Externally, cycads are so similar to low (up to 10-18 m) palm trees that they were even initially identified as palm trees in the plant system.
IN Jurassic period Ginkgos are also common - deciduous (which is unusual for gymnosperms) trees with an oak-like crown and small fan-shaped leaves. Only one species has survived to this day - Ginkgo biloba. The first cypress and, possibly, spruce trees appear precisely during the brisk period. Coniferous forests Jurassic period were similar to modern ones.

Land animals Jurassic period:

Jurassic period- Dawn of the Age of Dinosaurs. It was the lush development of vegetation that contributed to the emergence of many species of herbivorous dinosaurs. The increase in the number of herbivorous dinosaurs gave impetus to the increase in the number of predators. Dinosaurs settled all over the land and lived in forests, lakes, and swamps. The range of differences between them is so great that family ties between them are established with great difficulty. Variety of dinosaur species in Jurassic period it was great. They could be the size of a cat or chicken, or they could reach the size of huge whales.

One of the fossil creatures Jurassic period, combining the characteristics of birds and reptiles, is Archeopteryx, or first bird. His skeleton was first discovered in the so-called lithographic shales in Germany. The discovery was made two years after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and became a strong argument in favor of the theory of evolution. Archeopteryx still flew quite poorly (gliding from tree to tree), and was approximately the size of a crow. Instead of a beak, it had a pair of toothy, albeit weak, jaws. It had free fingers on its wings (of modern birds, only hoatzin chicks have them).

Kings of the Jurassic Sky:

IN Jurassic period Winged lizards - pterosaurs - reigned supreme in the air. They appeared in the Triassic, but their heyday was precisely Jurassic period Pterosaurs were represented by two groups pterodactyls And Rhamphorhynchus .

Pterodactyls were in most cases tailless, varying in size - from the size of a sparrow to a crow. They had wide wings and a narrow skull elongated forward with a small number of teeth in the front. Pterodactyls lived in large flocks on the shores of the lagoons of the Late Jurassic Sea. During the day they hunted, and at nightfall they hid in trees or rocks. The skin of pterodactyls was wrinkled and bare. They ate mainly fish or carrion, sometimes sea ​​lilies, mollusks, insects. In order to fly, pterodactyls were forced to jump from cliffs or trees.

IN Jurassic period the first birds or something in between birds and lizards appear. Creatures that appeared in Jurassic period and having the properties of lizards and modern birds are called Archeopteryx. The first birds were Archeopteryx, the size of a pigeon. Archeopteryx lived in forests. They ate mainly insects and seeds.

But Jurassic period is not limited to just animals. Thanks to climate change and rapid development of flora Jurassic period, the evolution of insects accelerated dramatically, and as a result, the Jurassic landscape was eventually filled with the endless buzzing and crackling sounds of many new species of insects crawling and flying everywhere. Among them were the predecessors of modern ants, bees, earwigs, flies and wasps.

Masters of the Jurassic Seas:

As a result of the split of Pangea, Jurassic period, new seas and straits were formed, in which new types of animals and algae developed.

Compared to the Triassic, in Jurassic period The population of the seabed has changed greatly. Bivalves displace brachiopods from shallow waters. Brachiopod shells are replaced by oysters. Bivalve mollusks fill all life niches of the seabed. Many stop collecting food from the ground and switch to pumping water using their gills. In warm and shallow seas Jurassic period other things happened important events. IN Jurassic period a new type of reef community is emerging, approximately the same as what exists now. It is based on six-rayed corals that appeared in the Triassic. The resulting giant coral reefs sheltered numerous ammonites and new species of belemnites (old relatives of today's octopuses and squids). They also housed many invertebrates, such as sponges and bryozoans (sea mats). Gradually on seabed fresh sediments accumulated.

On land, in lakes and rivers Jurassic period there were many different types crocodiles, widely spread across the globe. There were also saltwater crocodiles with long snouts and sharp teeth for catching fish. Some of their varieties even grew flippers instead of legs to make swimming more convenient. The tail fins allowed them to develop greater speed in the water than on land. New species of sea turtles have also appeared.

All dinosaurs of the Jurassic period

Herbivorous dinosaurs: