What is the minimum temperature on earth. The hottest places on earth

What is the highest temperature in the Universe?

It's amazing, but the most heat in the Universe of 10 trillion degrees Celsius was obtained artificially on Earth. According to the resource, the absolute temperature record was set on November 7, 2010 in Switzerland during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider - LHC (the world's most powerful particle accelerator).

As part of the experiment at the LHC, scientists set the task of obtaining quark-gluon plasma, which filled the Universe in the first moments of its emergence after the Big Bang. To this end, at a speed close to the speed of light, scientists collided beams of lead ions with colossal energy. When heavy ions collided, “mini-big explosions” began to appear - dense fiery spheres that had such a monstrous temperature. At such temperatures and energies, the nuclei of atoms literally melt and form a “broth” of their constituent quarks and gluons. As a result, quark-gluon plasma with the highest temperature since the origin of the Universe was obtained in laboratory conditions.

Before this, in no experiment had scientists ever been able to obtain such an unimaginably high temperature. For comparison: the temperature of the decay of protons and neutrons is 2 trillion degrees Celsius, the temperature of a neutron star, which is formed immediately after a supernova explosion, is 100 billion degrees.

Our native Sun is a yellow dwarf and has a core temperature of 50 million degrees. Thus, the temperature of the resulting quark-gluon plasma was 200 thousand times higher than the temperature of the solar core. At the same time, pristine cold usually reigns in the surrounding space, since average temperature The universe is only 0.7 degrees above absolute zero.

What is the coldest temperature in the Universe?

Now guess where and how the most low temperature in the Universe? Right! Also on Earth.

In 2000, a group of Finnish scientists (from the Low Temperature Laboratory University of Technology in Helsinki), who studied magnetism and superconductivity in the rare metal “Rhodium,” managed to obtain a temperature of 0.1 nK, writes. This is currently the lowest temperature recorded on Earth and the lowest temperature in the Universe.

The second lowest temperature record was set at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2003, they managed to obtain ultra-cold Sodium gas.

Obtaining ultra-low temperatures artificially is an outstanding achievement of mankind. Research in this area is extremely important for studying the effect of superconductivity, the use of which (in turn) can cause a real industrial revolution.

In nature, the lowest temperatures were recorded in the Boomerang Nebula. This nebula expands and ejects cooled gas at a speed of 500,000 km/h. Due to the enormous speed of release, the gas molecules were cooled to -271 °C. This is the lowest officially recorded natural temperature.

For comparison. Typically, in outer space the temperature does not drop below -273 °C. Lowest temperature in solar system, -235 °C on the surface of Triton (a satellite of Neptune). And the lowest natural temperature on Earth, -89.2 °C, is in Antarctica.

As a result of climate change, annual air temperatures are rising. Previously, the highest temperature on the Earth's surface was recorded in Iran's Dasht-Lut - 70.7 °C. We present to your attention the top 10 hottest places in the world.

10. Kuwait City (Kuwait) - 51 °C. The climate is tropical, dry. During May-October, air temperatures range from 40 to 50 °C. Winds carry dust and sand. In December-January the thermometer shows 12-18 °C. In winter, cyclones bring sparse precipitation.

Kuwait City is the capital of Kuwait and the center of culture, trade and entertainment in Asia. Next to ancient mosques are five-star hotels, and small markets are neighbors of giant supermarkets. There are garden and park complexes in the city.

The capital is on the southern shore of Kuwait Bay. On its outskirts there are salt marshes, which fill with water during the rainy season. The basis flora- shrubs and hard-leaved grasses. Among the animals near the city there are insects and rodents.

9. Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) - 52 °C. The climate is tropical, desert. Temperatures in summer range from 40-43 °C. When the air humidity is 10-13%, the heat is difficult to bear. In winter, the temperature is 20-28 °C, sometimes drops to 8-14 °C. Air humidity rises to 40-49%. During the year there is only 100-130 mm of precipitation.

Capital Saudi Arabia lies in the fertile Wadi Hanifa valley. The area of ​​the city is 1600 sq. km. Population - 5 million people. Most of the buildings in Riyadh were built at the turn of the 80-90s of the last century. There are 140 mosques in the capital.

The city is the political and national center of the country. Thanks to super-profits from oil production, the capital has developed a hotel business, medicine, and built modern airports.

8. Dallol (Ethiopia) - 53 °C. The climate is tropical. During 1960-1966, the average temperature in the city was 34.4 °C. Now it's about 25°C.

January is the coldest (average annual temperature is 22.4 °C) and driest month of the year (average precipitation is 0 mm). In hot April, the average temperature is 30 °C. The most precipitation is in August - 273 mm, and throughout the year the average is 874 mm.

Formed 900 million years ago, the crater of the Dallol volcano is considered the lowest in the world, located 45 m below sea level. Nearby are sources of mineral salts.

There is no distance to the settlement of Dallol quality roads. Only caravans transport salt collected near the city.

7. Tirat Zvi (Israel) - 53.9 °C. The religious center is located near the border with Jordan. Near the city is the saving Jordan River. From the heat, local residents (759 people as of the end of 2016) hide under awnings and in swimming pools. The city is located 220 m below sea level. Local meat processing plant TIV sells its products domestically and internationally.

The pride of Tirat Zvi is its 18,000 date trees, thanks to which the settlement bears the honorary title of Israel's largest producer. The technology developed by scientists at Tirat-Zvi and the Volcani Institute preserves palm leaves for several months. The city supplies tens of thousands of palm leaves for Sukkot - Jewish holiday, which lasts for 8 days, includes meals and an overnight stay in a tent, is dedicated to the mention of the ancestors’ walk through the Sinai desert.

6. Kebili (Tunisia) - 55 °C. The climate is moderately warm. The average temperature is 18.7 °C. Precipitation is 605 mm. In July - 0 mm, and in December - 102 mm. Kebili is a classic oasis with palm trees and water. The city is home to 150,000 people on an area of ​​22,084 km. In the west it borders with Algeria.

The pride of the city is Lake Chott el Djerid. The pond is covered with a rough salt skin that can support the weight of a car. Speed ​​car races regularly take place here.

The road to the town of Tozeur runs along the lake. The driver feels as if he is moving through a tunnel. This optical illusion is the result of sunlight reflecting off the lake's salt surface. If the thermometer shows 30 °C, mirages appear. Visibility is reduced by winds that blow sand.

5. Timbuktu, Mali - 55 °C. The climate in the city is arid. The minimum precipitation in January is 0 mm, the maximum in August is 72 mm, the average for the year is 176 mm. The highest average temperatures are in June - 33.9 °C, the lowest in January - 20.6 °C. In the warm season, the thermometer sometimes shows over 50 °C. Salvation for city residents is the Niger River. Although it is 24 km away.

Previously, Timbuktu was the commercial, scientific and religious center of Africa. Now the settlement houses a collection of ancient manuscripts.

The city was trying to be swallowed up by the Sahara. The winds regularly brought gifts of the desert - dunes - to the city. Therefore, in 1988, Timbuktu was included in the list of objects World Heritage UNESCO. Thanks to the consistent actions of the world community, the advance of the Sahara was stopped. In 2005, the city was removed from the list.

4. Rub al-Khali, Arabian Peninsula - 56 °C. The desert lies in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and the UAE. One of the largest in the world - 650,000 sq. km. The average temperature in summer is 47 °C. In this case, the air often warms up to 50 °C, and the sand - up to 70 °C. Precipitation is 35 mm.

Rub Al Khali - flat desert. Winds move 300-meter-long red-orange sand dunes, revealing areas of gypsum and gravel.

Images from space allowed scientists to verify that 5 thousand years ago there were settlements on the territory of Rub al-Khali. For example, Ubar is the City of Thousand Pillars. Also, there used to be a network of lakes and rivers, and flora and fauna flourished. Now The groundwater hid from the hot sun at a depth of 10 meters.

In the desert, camel thorns and saltworts predominate among the plants. One hundred species of animals, including: beisa antelope, camels, snakes, jerboas and scorpions.

3. Al-Aziziya (Libya) - 57.7 °C. The city of 4,000 people holds the unofficial record for the highest temperature in the shade. But the World weather station does not recognize it, not trusting the means used to determine the temperature. In summer the thermometer shows 48.9 °C. Average annual temperature lower than in Dallol or the Dasht-Lut desert.

Humidity rarely drops below 80%, making the heat easier to bear. The winds bring healing air from Mediterranean Sea. The city is important shopping mall, and until 2001 it was also administrative. Al-Aziziya is located near the Sahel desert Jaffar. Tourists are captivated by the unique ancient Berber architecture.

Near the city is the thousand-year-old fortress of Qasr al-Hajj made of stone and plaster. In peacetime, it acted as a kind of refrigerator for food.

2. Death Valley (USA) - 56.7 °C. The lowest section of the Mojave Desert and North America- 86 meters below sea level. With an area of ​​7800 sq. km. The park is the largest in the USA. Less than 50 mm of precipitation falls annually, which is enough for small rodents and shrubs. Most hot month- July with an average temperature of 46 °C during the day and 31 °C at night. In winter, the thermometer drops to 5-20 °C. The average annual temperature is 24.8 °C.

The peculiarity of Death Valley is the stones that move. This fact is confirmed by traces and photos from space. Both tiny stones the size of a soccer ball and 500-kilogram giants do not sit still.

Death Valley received its name in the mid-19th century. Then numerous gold miners tried to shorten the route to California through the hot lowlands. Not everyone managed to get out alive, hence the names: Funeral Ridge, Last Chance Ridge and Death Valley.

1. Dasht-e Lut (Iran) - 70.7 °C. The salt desert is considered the unofficial winner of the rating, since in 2005 temperature information was obtained using a space satellite.

Characteristics Dashte-Lut - salt marshes and sands. Constant winds led to the appearance of bizarre stone images that are shaped like pillars and mushrooms.

Even in such a hot place there is a pond! Drainless salt Lake- in the south of the desert in the Nemekzar lowland. Appears on a short time only in the spring.

The length of Dashte-Lut is 550 km, width is 100-200 km. Images from space show numerous sandstorms. Temperatures above 50 °C are the norm in the desert. The hottest place in the desert is the Henda Beryan plateau with an area of ​​480 square meters. km. It is covered with brown lava.

Global warming is loudly knocking on the door of planet Earth. Perhaps we will soon witness new temperature records.

On one of the sunny and dry days summer days you might hear someone say, “It must be a hundred degrees even in the shade.” And in some places on our planet this may be close to reality. The hottest place on Earth is currently around 70°C. If you are one of those who like it hot, we have prepared for you top 10 hottest places in the world.

This city is located on the shores of Lake Nasser and is home to approximately 15,000 inhabitants. Historically, it was a very important trading post due to its location on the road between Sudan and Egypt.

The city is sometimes forced to endure stormy dust storms. This phenomenon is known as haboob and precedes a strong thunderstorm.

The highest air temperature recorded in this area is 52.8°C. She was celebrated in April 1967. IN summer period The average temperature in Wadi Halfa is around 40 °C.

9. Tirat Zvi, Israel, 53.9 °C

This is a religious kibbutz founded near the Israeli-Jordanian border. Thanks to the maximum temperature set in 1942, Tirat Zvi became the hottest place in Asia. However, due to the proximity of the Jordan River, the kibbutz area remains fertile.

About a thousand people live in Tirat Zvi, and the kibbutz is considered the largest date producer in the country. It has 18,000 date trees.

8. Timbuktu, Mali, 54 °C

Located in the south of the Sahara Desert ancient city with one of the highest temperatures on Earth. Its highest temperature reading topped a scorching 54 degrees Celsius.

Timbuktu was an important center for the spread of Islamic doctrine in Africa. Three important mosques for Muslims were built there and one of the largest collections in the world of ancient manuscripts. Thanks to your architectural features the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

7. Kebili, Tunisia, 55 °C

This city is famous for its ancient archaeological finds. The oldest of them were created about 200,000 years ago. Additionally, Kebili is known for its extreme temperatures, with summer maximums reaching 55°C. And at night the temperature can drop below zero.

At the same time, there are about 10 hotels in the city, one of them is five-star. Whether you should prefer the hot summer haze of Egypt instead of the most - decide for yourself.

6. Ghadames, Libya, 55 °C

A city in western Libya, located on the border with Algeria and Tunisia - where caravan routes once crossed. It is known as the "jewel of the desert" and has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

One of the main features of the old city is its multi-story adobe buildings. These houses have good reason for existence in the Sahara: they are cool in summer and warm in winter. And summer in Ghadames is very hot - temperatures range from 40 to 55 °C.

In addition to providing protection from the desert sun, walkways have been built between the adjacent ground floors and the open terraces of the houses located on the upper floors. They are traditionally used by women to move from one area to another.

5. Death Valley, California, USA, 56.7 °C

This desert valley in eastern California, on the border with Nevada, is often called the hottest place on Earth. And although this is not entirely true, Death Valley is undoubtedly the hottest and driest spot in the United States. Summer temperatures range between 46 and 50 °C, and on September 16, 1913, the highest temperature in the area was 56.7 °C.

To understand the origins of the valley's name, we need to go back in time to the Gold Rush era. This was between 1849 and 1850. Some gold miners tried to cross the valley, and instead of precious metal found their death. However, the valley continued to attract profit seekers, as it was very rich in gold and silver.

Every year, Death Valley attracts tourists from all over the world who want to admire its amazing landscapes. One of the most striking sites in this area is Zabriskie Point, composed of ancient lake sediments, salt mud and gravel that combine to create a beautiful, surreal landscape.

4. Al Azizia, Libya, 58.2 °C

In the north-west of Libya is the city of Al-Aziziya. In 1922, the air temperature in the shade was recorded there at 58.2 C, and for a long time it remained the highest temperature in the world. However, in 2012, experts from the World Meteorological Organization questioned these data because they considered that insufficiently reliable means of recording temperature were used to obtain them. On ordinary days, the air in Al-Azizia warms up to an average of 33 degrees.

The city is very inhospitable and because strong wind, which reduces the temperature to twenty degrees in a few hours. Because of this, the weather varies from scalding hot to uncomfortably cold in a very short time. Despite this, the population of Al-Azizia exceeds 300,000 people.

3. Turpan, China, 66.7 °C

Located in the northeastern part of China, Turpan City is located at an altitude of 154 m below sea level. It is the hottest place in China and also the third hottest place on the planet.

Despite the heat, underground water and fertile soil made Turpan a real oasis in the desert. The water system of this area consists of a series of vertical and horizontal wells connected to underground channels. This system ensures uninterrupted water supply throughout the year.

2. Queensland, Australia, 68.9 °C

This state is located in the northeast of the Australian continent. In 2003, a year of severe drought, a NASA satellite recorded a temperature of 68.9°C in inland Queensland. This area can be as dangerous as it is exciting; this is a region of rodeos, theme parks, lush tropical forests and various tourist attractions. A " business card» Queensland is considered one of the Great Barrier Reef.

1. Dasht-e Lut, Iran 70 °C

Here is the answer to the question, where is the highest temperature on Earth. This hellishly hot region is located on the Iran-Afghan border, and is the twenty-fifth largest sandy desert in the world. Its length is 400-450 km from north to south and from 200 to 250 km from west to east.

Dasht-e Lut is an extremely arid desert with very high summer temperatures. This is proven by measurements made by the MODIS instrument installed on NASA's Aqua satellite. Between 2003 and 2005, the device showed that in the Iranian wasteland the temperature rose to 70.7 °C. This is an absolute record for our planet. Thanks to this, Dashte-Lut has earned the title of “the hottest place on Earth.”

In spring it rains in this area, but for a very short time, and the ground dries out quickly. And strong and constant wind moves sand dunes up to 300 m in size. So Dashte Lut is not the place where you want to spend your summer holiday.

It's amazing but the highest temperature in the Universe at 10 trillion degrees Celsius was obtained artificially on Earth. The absolute temperature record was set on November 7, 2010 in Switzerland during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider - LHC (the world's most powerful particle accelerator).

As part of the experiment at the LHC Scientists set the task of obtaining quark-gluon plasma, which filled the Universe in the first moments of its emergence after the Big Bang. To this end, at a speed close to the speed of light, scientists collided beams of lead ions with colossal energy. When heavy ions collided, “mini-big explosions” began to appear - dense fiery spheres that had such a monstrous temperature. At such temperatures and energies, the nuclei of atoms literally melt and form a “soup” of their constituent quarks and gluons. As a result, quark-gluon plasma with the highest temperature since the origin of the Universe was obtained in laboratory conditions.

Before this, in no experiment Scientists have never yet been able to obtain such an unimaginably high temperature. For comparison: the temperature of the decay of protons and neutrons is 2 trillion degrees Celsius, the temperature of a neutron star, which is formed immediately after a supernova explosion, is 100 billion degrees.

Above the temperature of stars

According to According to the Morgan-Keenan spectral classification, all stars are divided into the following classes according to luminosity, size and temperature:
O - blue giants - 30,000-60,000 gr. Kelvin (Vega)
B - white-blue giants 10000-30000 gr. Kelvin (Sirius)
A - white giants 7500-10000 gr. Kelvin (Altair)
F - yellow-white stars 6000-7500 gr. Kelvin (Capella)
G - yellow dwarfs 5000-6000 gr. Kelvin (Sun)
K - orange stars 3500-5000 gr. Kelvin (I don't know an example)
M - red giants 2000-3500 gr. Kelvin (Antares)

Our dear Sun It is a yellow dwarf and has a core temperature of 50 million degrees. Thus, the temperature of the resulting quark-gluon plasma was 200 thousand times higher than the temperature of the solar core. At the same time, pristine cold usually reigns in the surrounding space, since the average temperature of the Universe is only 0.7 degrees above absolute zero.

But why do the collisions of lead ions produce such high temperatures?

It's all about the charge of the particles. The larger it is, the greater the energy to which the particle is accelerated in the collider field. In addition, the ion itself is a rather large object. Therefore, when such particles collide, and even accelerated to enormous energies, a substance with a fantastic temperature is born.

By the way, they (ions) do not pose any danger, since the amount of super-heated substance is very tiny, less than an atom.

Previous record - 4 trillion degrees, installed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA), lasted only a couple of months. To do this, gold ions were collided in a collider. But even then, many scientists predicted that the LHC would surpass this record, because lead ions are much heavier than gold ions.

Obtained by scientists record temperature 10 trillion degrees Celsius lasted only a few milliseconds, but during this time so much interesting data was obtained that it took several years to analyze them. Many measurements were carried out and the data obtained were repeatedly clarified and double-checked. Once it was certain that quark-gluon plasma had been obtained, various indicators were recalculated into pressure and record temperature.

During a few microseconds after Big Bang The universe consisted of a similar quark-gluon plasma, which is not an ionized gas, but rather a liquid with no viscosity and flowing almost without friction. Later (as they cool), the quarks combine into neutrons and protons, and from them the nuclei of atoms arise.

What's next?

Physicists are sure that with the help of the LHC they were able to capture the moment before the plasma condensed into hadrons and the moment before a nonequilibrium state between matter and antimatter was created (otherwise our Universe would be filled only with pure energy). Thus, the ongoing research allows us to better understand the processes that took place in early stages space development. Ultimately, scientists hope to get even closer to understanding how and why existing matter emerged from a mass of homogeneous quark-gluon “soup.”

Emergence Such a special state of matter as quark-gluon plasma is a key prediction of quantum chromodynamics. According to it, as scientists succeed in recreating the conditions of earlier and earlier moments in the evolution of our Universe, they will see how the so-called strong force, which holds neutrons and protons inside the atomic nucleus, will come to naught.

Now using a detector installed on the tank ALICE weighing 10 thousand tons, scientists will be able to study the conditions that existed in the Universe just a millisecond after the Big Bang that gave it its beginning.

It is difficult to even imagine what other discoveries await humanity ahead.