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Presentation: making fire, making a fire. Bonfire: fire safety and rules for making it in the forest

No matter how romantic it may seem to be in the forest by the fire, you must come to terms with the fact that the desire for romance can cause a serious tragedy -. In 2016, the damage from such fires in the Russian Federation is estimated at approximately 15 billion rubles. In the same year, 300 thousand forest fires occurred throughout the planet. If we consider five summer period, the most geographically large incident was observed in Canada (504.4 thousand hectares). Not only in Russia, but also in North America In Finland, Portugal, Spain, and Australia, significant forest areas burned down.

It is much easier to set up special areas with public grills and fire pits in countries where forests do not grow over such vast areas as in Russia. Therefore, in the Russian Federation there are clear rules that prevent the lighting of fire in forests and park areas during the entire fire danger period, which can be determined in different regions differently, depending on weather and climatic conditions.

Picnic lovers should remember about the fire danger of a fire and what its dimensions are. administrative fines for a fire made in nature. Safety is the main condition for staying in the forest, because each burned hectare of forest is equivalent to a loss of 1 million rubles, not to mention how irresponsible it is in relation to the dead inhabitants of the forest and the owners of buildings that were in the path of the fire.

If the actions of the vacationers who lit the fire did not cause significant damage, citizens can get off with a warning. But most often their punishment is a fine of 2-4 thousand rubles. Officials may be punished with a fine of 15–30 thousand rubles, legal entities– 250-500 thousand rubles.

Since in the regions and on certain territories Each country has its own legislative acts and the amount of fines varies across the Russian Federation. For example, the Moscow Administrative Code specifies a penalty of 5,000 rubles for placing a barbecue in the courtyard of a house or in a park area. Anyone who lights a fire in the wrong place is given a fine of 4.5 thousand rubles. The spreading of garbage (500 rubles) and damage to plants (4.5 thousand rubles) are strictly punished. In Moscow there are special areas reserved for barbecue lovers.

Requirements

If someone is going to start a fire in the forest during a non-fire dangerous period, he must know and comply with certain safety requirements (measures):

The choice of location for the camp hearth depends on the availability of natural shelter from rain and wind. It may be a rock, but in no case the crowns of trees. It is advisable that there is a pond near the fireplace, and the fireplace itself is 15-20 m away from the edge of the forest. The ideal place is a sandy spit of a river.
The following fire safety measures when lighting a fire in the forest recommend that there are no risk factors nearby such as dead wood and newly emerged young growth, accumulations of debris between stones, as well as huts, canopies, and tents.
Tourist accommodation points should be located no closer than 3 m from the fire, on the windward side.
To avoid (and simply spread the fire) it is better to remove upper layer turf from an area slightly larger than the intended focus (from 30 to 40 cm in each direction). If it turns out that the chosen location has peaty, swampy soils, even dried ones, it is better to look for another place. Peat fires do not appear immediately and can continue for decades deep in the ground.
When a fire is lit in the snow, a thin layer of snow is cleared, a deep layer is trampled down, and it is not forbidden to make a flooring from wet logs.
A proper fire depends on properly collected fuel. The main thing you need for a fireplace in your camp is the ability to warm and cook without forcing you to hide from heavy smoke. This is exactly the heat that dry firewood from deciduous trees such as oak and birch gives.
Experienced fishermen and hunters, knowing that healthy trees are not allowed to be cut down in young forests, bring fuel with them.
Dry brushwood will burn quickly and will not provide enough calories for cooking. In places with sparse vegetation in the form of trees, you can use dry grass twisted into bundles, dried droppings, peat, and animal fat for hunting as fuel.
If there is a river nearby, you can collect driftwood. If you are in the desert, any shrubs will do.
How larger sizes fire, the more fuel will be required. And if there is not enough firewood, you should think in advance about the size of the fireplace; a fire with a height of 30-40 cm is sufficient for preparing tea and food.
Fuel is collected in advance, and not when the fire has already been lit. Keep the collected firewood dry, cover it with bark, pine needles, and polyethylene.
Wet, rotten pieces of trees are placed in the fire only when it is necessary to signal for help with thick, abundant smoke.

Rules

To ensure that the fire flares up quickly, there are special fire safety rules when lighting fires:

pre-prepared kindling, consisting of flammable substances, preferably of origin (birch bark, rotten wood found in a hollow, bark coniferous trees with resin), gasoline, diesel fuel and other petroleum products are prohibited during fire danger periods and are not recommended at other times, as they can cause singed faces and eyebrows;
a pyramid made from pieces of kindling is guaranteed to light up if a lit match is inserted into one of the holes in its base; another way to ignite a fire is to lay dry logs parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the wind, with kindling placed between them, which may also include a newspaper , and the structure is covered with brushwood on top;
Wet wood can be laid out around the fire to dry; a fireman should be on duty at the hearth all the time until the fire is extinguished;
so that someone who has lost or wet matches does not have to maintain the fire around the clock, you should take care of this in advance;
the upper part of the match with the head is dipped in molten wax and then dried;
It is better to store the fragment of the ignition box and processed matches in a hermetically sealed tin case;
to light a fire using lenses, you need bright sun and collected bird fluff, dry leaf dust, moss;
Before leaving the parking lot, you should make sure that the fire is extinguished well; it is best to touch the fire pit with your hands, and do not leave garbage in or around it.

Knowing the fire safety requirements when lighting a fire outdoors, it is impossible to ignore generally accepted terms behavior in the forest during a fire hazard period:

Forbidden:

throw burning matches, cigarette butts, pieces of glass;
clear fields and summer cottages"burning" method;
make fires;
drive on forest roads in vehicles not equipped with a spark arrester;
use wads made from flammable raw materials;
leave used cleaning material outside special areas;
refuel aircraft engines in operating mode;
light matches, smoke near cars being refueled.

If a fire starts

In addition to the above prohibitions, there are also recommendations calling for active action for those who find themselves in the fire area:

call fire and rescue services (numbers “01”, “112”, regional mobile numbers, if you know the numbers of forestry workers, you can call the police - “02”), be sure to inform whether you have decided to hide or put out the fire;
use the existing body of water to get wet (yourself + clothes for wrapping);
breathing through a wet cloth and moving as close to the ground as possible is required to prevent oxygen deficiency;
the optimal method of movement in relation to the direction of the wind is transverse, but it is worth looking around how the fire spreads;
It’s worth waiting in places where the grass has already burned out;
before the arrival of fire brigades, it is advisable when the fire has not spread to a large area and does not threaten your life;
as fire-fighting objects you can use: water from a reservoir, bunches of branches, 1.5-2 m long, with a wet cloth;
the fire can be trampled, covered with sand, knocked down with a shovel, and abruptly sprinkled with earth.

The most fire-dangerous regions of Russia are considered Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga region. Residents of these territories have to be especially conscious.

Information hour

Topic: “Rules for making fires”

Purpose of the lesson: create conditions for students to familiarize themselves with the rules of making fires, promote understanding of the dangers of fires.

Tasks:

Introduce students to the purposes of making fires, various types bonfires;

Develop skills in choosing the right place to safely make fires;

To develop students’ skills in observing fire safety rules and preventing various injuries;

Help prevent fires in forests.

Form of conduct: information hour.

During the classes

The teacher welcomes the students and encourages them to be focused and attentive in order to successfully learn new material. Wishes students interesting and fruitful work, provides a positive emotional attitude and psychological readiness for upcoming communication.

Updating knowledge

1. What natural complexes are the “lungs” of our planet?

A) mountains; B) forest; B) swamp; D) desert.

2. List the causes of forest fires.

A) abandoned cigarette butts, matches;

B) abandoned glass bottles, fragments;

B) lightning strike;

D) unextinguished fires;

D) burning dry grass;

E) malfunction of the exhaust system of vehicles.

3. Forest fires, depending on which layers of the forest the fire spreads, are divided into:

A) grassroots; B) riding; B) underground.

4. The speed of spread of a forest fire depends on:

A) the area of the forest that caught fire;

B) humidity environment;

B) wind.

5. List your actions when you discover a forest fire.

A) call the Ministry of Emergency Situations on duty at 101;

B) if the fire is small, try to put it out on your own;

B) leave quickly dangerous place, do not report the fire to anyone;

D) leave the fire zone in the windward direction, perpendicular to the edge of the fire;

D) when leaving the fire zone, use the terrain (clearings, rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands).

Introduction

Now guess the riddle

Tourists will come to their camp,

They will divorce him in the evening,

It will burn for a long time,

Warm them with your warmth (bonfire)

Why is there a fire in the forest? (children's answers)

Communicating the topic and setting objectives

That's right, without it it is impossible to solve the problem of heating and drying clothes, cooking and lighting during autonomous existence in natural conditions. But there is a difference between fire and fire. One type of fire is good for drying clothes, the other is good for cooking. How do they differ? What types and types of fires are there? This is what we will talk about today. The topic of our lesson today is “Rules for making fires.”

Plan:

1. selection and preparation of a place for a fire, rules for making a fire, preparing firewood.

2.types of fires

3.actions in case of fire.

The first point of our lesson is choosing and preparing a place for a fire? Why is it so important to know how to choose a place for a fire? (children's answers).

Because in the worst case, if the location is chosen incorrectly, a fire may start.

Where can you make a fire? How do you think?

What do you think, where should you not make fires? (children's answers).

To maintain the fire, you should take care of the firewood. They can be prepared before dark not only for cooking, lighting and heating the camp.

Bonfires can be lit for various purposes: to send a distress signal, cook food, dry clothes, perform any ritual actions (Maslenitsa, Kupala holidays), but most often they are lit during a short-term outdoor recreation. The last option is the most dangerous.

Bonfire "hut" aka “pioneer”, “pyramid”.

Such a fire is lit when it is necessary to obtain a lot of heat in a short time- quickly warm up and dry things. The fire is very hot and voracious, requiring a lot of wood. Gives a lot of light, very good when you need to illuminate the camp.

Bonfire "Zvezda" ("Star").

Economical, long-burning fire. Convenient for cooking and sleeping for several people. People line up around the fire and periodically move “their” logs towards the center.

“Well” fire (logs are stacked in a log house). Gives a low and wide flame. It burns for a long time. It gives a lot of heat, is suitable for cooking and heating, the consumption of firewood is lower than that of a “hut”, but also high. Produces a lot of coals quickly. The kindling is placed in a “hut” and a “well” is built around it.

“Taiga” fire form several logs 2-3 meters long, it burns for a long time, and does not require frequent addition of firewood. You can cook food on it, dry things and spend the night nearby without a tent. It burns with an even flame for several hours, then smolders and gives off intense heat.

Nodya bonfire. Gives a strong, wide flame. It warms from all sides. It burns for a long time.

Physical education minute

Now let's imagine that we are walking through the forest.

I'm going and you're going - one, two, three. (We walk in place.)

I sing and you sing - one, two, three. (Clap our hands.)

We walk and we sing - one, two, three. (Jumping in place.)

We live very friendly - one, two, three. (We walk in place.)

What to do if dry grass or branches catch fire

Small fires should be extinguished by throwing sand, earth, water, or trampling underfoot. If there are indirect signs of a fire, look around the area from an elevated point, locate the source, etc. direction of fire spread;

When you smell the smoke, come closer and determine: what is burning, which direction the wind is blowing, what is the danger of the fire spreading, the presence of children in the fire movement zone. Decide right away whether you will try to put out the fire or rush for help, because by overestimating your capabilities, you risk wasting time and allowing the fire to gain strength. Report the incident to the nearest telephone or via a messenger to the fire department.

Fill the fire with water from the nearest body of water and cover it with earth. To extinguish, use bunches of branches from deciduous trees or trees 1.5-2 meters long, wet clothes, thick fabric. Apply sliding blows along the edge of the fire from the side towards the fire, as if sweeping away the flame; press the branches at the next blow in the same place and, turning, cool them in this way. Trample a small fire with your feet, do not let it spread to the trunks and crowns of trees. When fire spreads through the tree crowns, cut down the trees that were not touched by the fire in its path (with the crown away from the fire site).

Introduction to Articles 15.29, 15.57, 15.58 of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses:

1.Article 15.29. Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands.

Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands or a ban on visiting them, which does not cause damage, entails a warning or a fine of up to twenty-five basic units.

Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands, resulting in the destruction or damage of forests or peatlands, if these actions do not constitute a crime, entails a fine in the amount of twenty-five to fifty basic units.

2.Article 15.57. Illegal burning of dry vegetation, standing grass, as well as stubble and crop residues in fields or failure to take measures to eliminate fires.

Illegal burning of dry vegetation, standing grass, as well as stubble and crop residues in fields, or failure to take measures to eliminate fires on land plots, entails a fine of ten to forty basic units.

3.Article 15.58. Making fires in prohibited places.

Making fires in prohibited places, with the exception of violations of fire safety requirements, liability for which is provided for in other articles of the Special Part of this Code, entails a warning or a fine of up to twelve basic units.

Consolidation of new knowledge

Solution problem situations(work on options).

Situation 1. You need to dry your clothes. Will you hang it closer or further from the fire?

Situation 2. By chance your hat fell into the fire or is lying near the fire. What should you do to prevent it from burning: pull it out with your hand or with a stick?

Situation 3. A coal fell from the fire. What should you do: fill it with water to cool it and throw it back into the fire or leave it to burn out by the fire?

Check of knowledge

1. The last match was used to make a fire. What needs to be done to maintain the produced fire long time:

a) constantly maintain the fire, organizing a watch;

b) make a broom from dry plants and set it on fire;

c) fill a bucket with burnt coals and keep them smoldering;

d) set fire to a dry rotten stump;

e) fill the bucket with spruce or pine cones and set it on fire?

2. What should be the place for making a fire:

b) in inclement weather, it is necessary to make a fire under a tree, the crown of which must exceed the base of the fire by 6 m;

c) should the place for making a fire be cleared of grass, leaves, and shallow snow?

3. What are the main safety considerations you will take into account when making a fire:

a) the fire must be protected from strong wind branches, a tent, a wall of stones, etc.;

b) a fire lit in a shelter emits carbon monoxide;

c) is a wide fire made for heating, and a cone-shaped one for cooking?

4. There are eleven of you and you need not only to prepare food, but also to dry wet things and keep warm. What type of fire will you choose for this?

A) Bonfire “Zvezda” (“Star”). B) Bonfire "hut".

B) “Taiga” fire. D) Bonfire "well".

D) Bonfire “hut”, also known as “pioneer”, “pyramid”.

Summarizing

Understanding, loving and protecting nature, caring for it, increasing its priceless riches is everyone’s duty. After all, love for nature is a piece of love for the Motherland. True friend and the vacationer is called upon to be a protector of nature. He is obliged not only to protect it himself, but also to teach others to do so. Treat the forest with care. Do not cut down trees and bushes for poles and stakes for tents, do not break branches to make huts, bedding, etc. Use only dead wood to make fires. Burn waste and garbage or bury it in the ground.

The teacher leads students to realize the achievement of their goals. Students formulate rules safe behavior In the woods.

Reflection.

In conclusion, the teacher asks to continue the sentences (optional)

In class I learned that...

I was especially surprised...

I understood why...

I would like to find out...

I studied (studied)...

I can tell, teach...

List of sources used:

1. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Vangorodsky S.N., Latchuk V.N.

2. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Smirnov A.T., Khrennikov B.O. (2011, 207 pp.).

3. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Frolov M.P., Yuryeva M.V. et al. (2012, 144 pp.).

Study questions:

Choosing a place and rules for making a fire.
Types and types of fires.
Methods of making and maintaining fire.

Target: Upon completion of studying the topic, students should have the skills to make a fire.

Main lesson content:

1. Functions of a fire.Slide 2.Application .

Sometimes it is very important to light a fire on time. Not alone human life in an autonomous existence the fire saved me.

The functions of a fire are multifaceted:

cooking food;
drying clothes;
lighting;
heating;
repelling insects and animals;
giving a signal.

2. Fireplace. Slide 3.

So, you are going to light a fire:

determine the location;
choose a clearing protected from the wind (if that fails, build a barrier);
clear the fireplace of dry grass and leaves;
cover the fire with stones (be careful, some stones, when heated, burst with a bang);
Place several branches on the damp soil and kindling on them.

3. How to make a fire correctly.

To make a fire, you need matches and firewood. But you can’t light large logs with a match. Therefore, before you get matches, collect small dry twigs and dry grass for kindling. Suitable for this purpose birch bark(just don’t pick it off living trees). The best kindling is thin, dry twigs, which you will see on the bottom of the trunk of a young Christmas tree or at the ends of the dried lower branches of an adult one. No wonder tourists these twigs called gunpowder. They flare up instantly and are dry even with light rain.

After preparing the kindling, prepare thicker branches. After all, as soon as the kindling flares up, you need to lay thicker and thicker branches. And then lay down thick logs.

It is more difficult to light a fire in bad weather, when it is raining or snowing. Then try to cover the kindling with something. Various artificial flammable materials - plexiglass, paper, rubber - are also useful in these cases.

The fire lit up and you felt good. But now you must monitor the fire, because it must be constantly “fed” with firewood. Firewood must be prepared in advance large quantities so that you don’t have to walk through the forest at night and collect dry wood.

To prepare firewood, it is not necessary to have a saw and an ax. There is always enough dead wood and fallen wood in the forest.

A big request to you: do not use live trees for fires unnecessarily. Plus they don't burn well.

4. Making a fire. Slide 4.

5. What not to do when making a fire.Slide 5.

6. Types and types of fires. Slides 6–11.

You need to choose the type of fire according to the circumstances. General rule: You need to stock up on more firewood in advance, so that, for example, you don’t spend the whole night searching for fuel instead of resting. We must not forget, however, that with any amount of firewood you need to constantly monitor the fire: the fire lives and changes all the time.

It is also important to know that not only direct fire heats, but also reflected fire.

You can even freeze by the fire. That is why it is necessary to combine a fire with a temporary shelter or canopy - a heat reflector. It can be both summer and winter.

In winter, a canopy is especially important, even for a short rest. And it's not difficult to do. You can use sticks or branches stuck in a snowdrift to shovel snow. It will melt and form a visor. Or you can stick strong sticks into the snow and hang a piece of polyethylene or fabric on them.

There are three main types of fires:

fiery;
heat;
smoke

Fiery bonfires used for cooking, lighting the bivouac, heat– for cooking, heating, drying things. Both of them can become smoke, if you throw it at them green grass or branches. They are used to repel mosquitoes, midges and to send signals.

fires much safer than flame ones, since their flame is low.

The simplest fire - “hut”. The firewood is placed over the kindling in a circle so that their upper ends touch. With this design, the flame is narrow and powerful. You can quickly boil water on such a fire.

If you need to hang two or three buckets or pots over the fire, then build a fire whose flame is wide and low. This "well", or "lattice". In order for wood to burn well, it needs oxygen. That's why Do not place firewood close to each other. If loosely stacked firewood does not burn well, fan the fire by blowing on it or waving a cap, a piece of bark, or a thick branch. In this case, the air flow should be directed not towards the flame, but under the base of the fire.

Fire pits tend to burn for a long time and produce a lot of heat. Large logs are used for them, and dry branches are used for kindling. Among them we will name “star”, “taiga” And “nodu”. In order for the logs to flare up faster, they must be hewn with an ax, that is, notches must be made on the log.

Separately, it is necessary to say about the fire “Nodya” (another name is “three logs”). Its main advantage is strong and long-lasting heat. A dead log with a diameter of more than 40 centimeters, cut into three parts 2–3 meters long, will burn in such a fire for several hours. This will allow you not to worry about firewood and for a long time practically do not deal with the fire (you just need to clean the logs from time to time from ash and ash, tapping the butt of an ax or turning them). It's easy to understand these benefits if you want to get a good night's sleep.

When laying a knot, gaps must be left between the logs; if the logs lie too tightly, wedge branches should be inserted between them. The thickest log should be on top (like the bottom of the trunk) because the top log burns faster. You need to ignite the node from the middle. It usually takes at least half an hour for such a fire to flare up.

If you are spending the night under a canopy, it is advisable to direct as much heat from the fire towards yourself as possible. To do this, you can set up a screen behind a fire built in front of the canopy. Such a fire must be monitored at night, by appointing guards for this purpose.

7. Methods of making fire. Slide 12–13.Application .

To light a fire you need matches. What if they don't exist?

You probably know that in the Stone Age fire was produced using flint, flint and tinder. The role of flint can be played by a hard stone, flint (or steel) - an ax, knife or some other object made of hard steel. Any dry, flammable material is suitable as tinder: moss, cotton wool, rotten wood, fluffy pieces of rope, finely crushed bark, bird nests, wood dust, which is formed by insects under the bark of dried trees.

Hitting the flint with a flint, strikes sparks. Position the tinder so that sparks fall on it. Once the tinder begins to smolder, gently fan it until a fire appears.

Do you know that, using a magnifying glass, magnifying glass, in sunny weather not difficult; ignite tinder. The convex glass collects the sun's rays on the small surface of the tinder, causing the temperature there to rise significantly, becoming sufficient for combustion. To do this, you can use lenses from optical devices: cameras, binoculars, and other devices.

You can use another method that came to us from ancient times. Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and patiently swirl until smoke appears. Then fan the smoldering tinder, which must first be placed in the recess and near it. Some tribes at a low stage of development still use this method of making fire.

This method can be improved.

Rotation can be done using a bow. Use a rope, belt, shoelace as a bowstring...

8. Preservation of fire. Slide 14.

If there are no matches, another problem arises - how to keep the fire going. You can constantly burn a fire. Then you should have someone on duty at night. Possibly coals from a burnt fire cover with a layer of ash, blow them out in the morning and put dry kindling on them. And the fire will break out with new strength. Just try to use firewood in the evening that produces good coals, because some tree species burn out, leaving only ash.

But what if you go to a populated area and need to move after spending the night? Then you can do portable fire storage" – torch. To do this, you need to prepare bark, dry moss, and thin long splinters. Laying moss between the splinters, tightly wrap the resulting structure with bark. A torch up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

9. Tricks for campfire.Slide 15.

If there are no small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;
It is best to dry damp matches on your head: there is the least humidity;
There is no need to try to light a fire with one match; it is safer to light the kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.

10. Quiz. Slide 16.Application

Essential item for starting a fire? (Matches.)
Small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark for a fire, what is it? (Kindling.)
What is used when making a fire in deep snow, swamp, damp earth? (Flooring.)
Are smoke fires used for cooking? (No.)
Are fires used to signal? (No.)
Are flaming fires used to dry things? (No.)
What fire can you use to quickly boil water? (Hut.)
Portable fire storage? (Torch.)

11. Lesson summary.

State educational institution

"Average comprehensive school No. 61"

G. Gomel

Rules
making fires

Life Safety Teacher

Kravchenko Anna Vladimirovna

Gomel, 2009

1. Outline of lesson 3

2. Literature 15

3. Appendix 16

Lesson outline

ITEM: Basics of life safety

GRADE: 7

CHAPTER: Fire safety rules

OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON:

– educational– contribute to the formation of skills and abilities necessary for making a fire in camp conditions; familiarize yourself with the types and types of fires, as well as actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches; promote the acquisition of knowledge of fire safety;

– developing– create conditions for students to develop the ability to analyze, do right choice; formation of thinking, attention and memory (development of the ability to logically express thoughts, compare, generalize the facts being studied); development cognitive interest students, including elements of a varied form of work in the classroom;

– educational– fostering a responsible attitude towards fire safety, personal safety and the safety of others; fostering a sense of camaraderie and mutual assistance; skills development teamwork and joint search for solutions; ability to adequately assess emergency situations.

LOCATION: classroom

FORM: collective, individual

TYPE OF CLASS: learning new material

TYPE OF CLASS: combined

TEACHING METHODS: explanatory and illustrative; reproductive (students consciously acquire new knowledge, understand and remember);

EQUIPMENT: desks in the classroom are arranged in a semicircle;

presentation for the lesson in Power Point “Rules for making fires”; nature video; video “Rest in the forest”;

computer, multimedia projector, screen;

cards, material for playing techniques (backpack, travel diary, caps, “firewood”); drawings containing: fires (3 drawings)

INTER-SUBJECT RELATIONS: physics, ecology, biology, chemistry

PLANNED RESULT:

Students should know how to properly build a fire; how to determine a place for a fire; what is the danger of a fire; types and types of fires; know places where fires are not allowed;

Demonstrate the ability to analyze and draw conclusions;

Possess skills speech culture, convey information to the interlocutor through a message;

Lesson plan

1) Organizational moment.

2) Communicate the topic and purpose of the lesson.

3) Explanation of program material.

A) Going on a hike .

B) Functions of a fire.

C) Rules for making fires.

D) Types and types of fires.

D) Watch around the fire. Putting out the fire.

E) Prohibition of making fires in dry weather. What to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.

4) Consolidation of program material.

5) Reflection.

6) Summing up.

Progress of the lesson

Performance. Slide 1. (Appendix 4)

Organizing time.

Hello guys. I welcome you to the next lesson on the basics of life safety. Very important subject for every person who values his life and the lives of those around him.

2) Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

TOPIC OF THE LESSON: RULES FOR BUILDING FIRE;

Slide 2. (Appendix 4)

(students write down the topic of the lesson)

OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON: contribute to the formation of skills and abilities necessary for making a fire in camp conditions; familiarize yourself with the types and types of fires, as well as actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches; promote the acquisition of knowledge of fire safety;

3) Explanation of program material.

A) Going on a hike.

Today I want to teach you the rules of making campfires. And for this, let's go on a hike.

Communication between teacher and students.Slide 3 . (Appendix 4)

For the hike we will need backpacks. I have, ( teacher shows his backpack) and you?-

Are there any? Students answer - yes.

Hiking diary... that is, your workbook.

Available? Of course there is, because we have already written down the topic of the lesson.

Good mood and energy boost.

Are there any? Students answer - yes.

And, of course, your imagination.

Available? Students answer - yes.

During the hike, we will also need the hats that I prepared for you.
The teacher distributes caps to the students, on which “the functional responsibilities of a tourist during a hike” are pre-attached (see Appendix 1)

Examine your cap and find a note stating your responsibilities during the hike.

Communication between teacher and students.

What is your responsibility? And you?

Which one of you is a doctor (supply manager)? What's a must-have in your backpack?

(students' answers)

And my backpack contains not only warm clothes and food, but also helpful information, various tasks and my extensive experience.

Slide 4. (Appendix 4) (guys with backpacks going on a hike)

Now I see that you are ready to go. After all, on a hike, every person learns something new and interesting, gets to know their native land, and admires nature. Forward!

The verse of Yu. Vizbor’s song “The Bending of a Yellow Guitar” sounds.

Video about nature.

We all love the forest. How can you not love him?! The forest is a national treasure that belongs to many generations. But in life, sometimes what nature has created over decades can be destroyed by humans in minutes. Leaving unextinguished fires or cigarette butts in recreation areas, children playing with fire, uncontrolled burning of garbage by owners of personal plots, burning of dry grass in forest clearings, clearings, meadows and stubble in fields - all this can lead to fires, the results of which can be unpredictable.

The greatest danger to the forest is negligence or ignorance of the rules for making fires, as well as the forgetfulness of some citizens to put out the fire when leaving the resting place.

I think that many of you know how to make a fire, but not everyone knows how to do it correctly? Now, during the halt, we will find out everything.

As a squad leader, I announce - HALT.

Slide 5. (Appendix 4) (clearing, tents)

What would a camp be without a fire?! Slide 6.(bonfire) (Appendix 4)

Tell me guys, what functions does a fire perform? What is it used for? (students’ answers on the background of slide 6)

B) Functions of a fire. Slide 7. (Appendix 4)

“A fire is a device for warming tourists, cooking food and drying wet clothes”. However, you can stay warm, cook food and dry clothes at home. But in field conditions(on a hike) you can’t do without a fire. A bonfire is more than a fire. This is the center of the tourist camp. A fire is both dry clothes and hot water, And tasty food, and protection from mosquitoes; This is a place of communication, warmth, comfort and songs with a guitar. Not a single trip, not a single hike is complete without a fire.

Guys, have you ever made a fire in your life?

Students remember how they made fires themselves, or saw how they were made, or read about how to make fires.

Do you know the specifics of making fires in camping conditions?

And today we will get acquainted with the requirements for choosing a place for a fire, find out where you can’t make them, and get acquainted with the types and types of fires. And my backpack will help me with this, where with the things I need on a hike, I always take a useful and practical book with me.

The teacher takes it out of his backpack and shows him a life safety textbook for grades 7-8.

Make yourself comfortable! Have your “trip diaries” ready to record.

C) Rules for making fires.Slide 8 -9. (Appendix 4)

The safest place for a fire is the sandy bank of a river or lake, or an open clearing. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the wind and its speed. In strong winds, sparks from the fire can fly away, so pay attention to the distance to the nearest trees. Especially a lot of sparks fly when spruce and pine are burning, which can cause a tent to catch fire, as well as clothes and shoes that are drying.

From the intended place for the fire, it is necessary to remove at least 0.5 meters from everything that can burn: dry branches, grass and leaves. Then you need to remove the sod and set it aside. By removing the turf to the size of the future fire, we are thus taking care of nature. Remember how many burnt spots remain on the ground after vacationers! But it takes many years to restore grass cover in a burnt area.

Choose a place near a pond on a sandy shore or in an open clearing, taking into account the direction of the wind and its speed;

Clear the fireplace of dry grass, leaves and anything that can burn at a distance of 0.5 m.

Remove some of the turf and place it aside;

If there are stones nearby, then it is necessary to surround the fire with stones (be careful, some stones, when heated, burst with a bang);

Place several branches on the damp soil and kindling on them.

(students write down points on slide 8-9 in their notebooks)

But I, as an experienced tourist, will tell you that there is always a fire:

a reliable friend of man only with skillful and careful handling of fire;

can get out of control if treated neglectfully;
potentially dangerous, and we must not forget about it.

According to information provided to me by the propaganda center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Gomel Region, only since the beginning of 2009 have fires occurred in forests and peatlands. Peat bogs in the area burned out - 27.53 ha, forest – 803.92 ha, shrubs – 465.44 ha. The most fire-hazardous areas in the Gomel region: Lelchitsky, Elsky, Zhitkovichsky, Narovlyansky.

But how do you make a fire properly?

How to make a fire correctly. Slide 10. (Appendix 4)

To light a fire you need matches and wood.

The teacher takes out the material from the backpack for playing techniques (matches and “firewood” - counting sticks). The students already have “firewood” on their desks.

Each of you has material for the fire (kindling and firewood) on your desk; let’s put it together correctly. And a representative of the campfire squad will help me with this.

(a representative of the campfire squad approaches the teacher’s table). Repeat our actions.

1. first place the kindling

2. Cover the top with a hut.

3. if it's raining, try to cover the kindling with paper.

The most suitable firewood is pine and birch. It is best to find dry wood for a fire. Firewood must be prepared in sufficient quantities. In parallel with the firewood, we also prepare kindling to make it easier and faster to start a fire. For kindling, small and dry, match-thick, pine and spruce branches, folded into bunches, are suitable. We first place kindling on the prepared place and cover it with a hut on top. The hut is formed by thin and dry branches with small gaps between them.

Then we light the kindling with two matches put together on the side from which the wind is blowing. As the fire burns, we first add branches, and then prepared firewood, maintaining the shape of the hut. When the flame is strong and hot coals appear, then you can add thicker firewood, including damp ones. But at the same time, there is no need to increase the size of the fire larger than the place prepared for it.

A big request to you: do not use live trees for fires unnecessarily. Plus they don't burn well.

When lighting a fire in the presence of wind, consider its strength and direction, as flying sparks can cause grass or tree leaves to ignite. Try not to use branches with dry leaves as fuel (it burns like gunpowder), because the fire will scatter not just sparks, but whole smoldering leaves.

Who didn't complete the task? Who needs a friend's help? (if necessary, the student helps his deskmate)

And now I will introduce you to the types and types of fires. Look at the screen.

D) Types and types of fires

Types of fires : Slide 11. (Appendix 4)

fiery;
heat;
smoke

Flame fires are used for cooking and lighting, fire fires are used for cooking, heating, and drying things. Both of them can become smoke if you throw green grass or branches into them. They are used to repel mosquitoes, midges and to send signals.

Fire pits are much safer than flame fires because they have a low flame. We looked at the types of fires, and there are also types.

Types of fires : Slide 12-16. (Appendix 4)

- "hut"- for cooking food.
- "well" or "lattice"- for cooking food.
- "star"- for heating at night and cooking.
- "fireplace"- for heating and drying things.
- "nodya"- for heating at night
- "Polynesian"- settles in a hole in the ground during rain and strong winds, producing a lot of coals and ash. Used for cooking.

Now let’s consolidate the material we’ve covered. The teacher takes a stopwatch out of his backpack.

In 10 seconds you need to build a fire of any type. Time has passed.

Students build a fire. The campfire squad checks the correctness of the actions.

What type of fire did you build? And you? Fine!

I am like experienced tourist, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that it is not possible to make fires everywhere.

We write in our travel diary: Fires are prohibited :

Slide 17. (Appendix 4)

Let's think about where you can't make fires? And I address this question to the rescue squad. Squad responses.

You need to know that fire safety rules prohibit making fires on old fire pits (places where there has already been a fire), young coniferous plantings, or on oil pipelines. Bonfires are especially prohibited in dry weather with strong winds, or near stacks of hay or straw. You should also not make fires on peat bogs, under overhanging branches, or near branches, twigs, trees or old stumps lying on the ground. The fact is that in old stumps, decay persists for a long time. When the wind blows, it swells and then turns into strong fire, which can subsequently cause a forest fire.

And now I will test the resourcefulness and intelligence of novice tourists and propose the following task.

Find the key to the task and solve it.Slide 18. (Appendix 4)

Answers will be accepted in writing in your hiking diary.

You are given 2 minutes. Time has passed.

na protenefdahvo;
on prozovogadah;
under minakro redeevv;
near the hoysu vytra, govsto nase or lomyso, loose stumps;
on fyatorkahni;

Who completed the task? Look into your friend's diary and help him. ( Students write down their answers in a travel diary.)

Test yourself: Slide 19. (Appendix 4)

on oil pipelines;
on gas pipelines;
under the canopy of trees;
near dry grass, hay or straw stacks, old stumps;
on peat bogs;

And in my backpack there is a serious book called “Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses”, an excerpt from which I will read:

Article 15.58. Lighting fires in prohibited places

Lighting fires in prohibited places - entails a warning or a fine of up to twelve basic units.

(One basic value is 35,000 rubles.)

We have an overnight stay ahead. Sit closer to the fire. And quietly sing along to the song that tourists love. The verse of the song sounds

Slides with beautiful photos during hikes. (50 sec)

Slide 20 – 26. (Appendix 4)

D) Watch around the fire. Putting out the fire.

To avoid accidents and a fire in the forest, it is necessary to organize a vigil around the fire. The duty officer must constantly monitor the fire.

When leaving a resting place, be sure to put out the fire. To do this, fill it with water or sprinkle it with earth. Do not leave until you are sure that there are no smoldering coals or firebrands left. If the turf was previously removed, then lay it in its original place.

If dry grass, leaves or branches catch fire near a fire, the fire must be extinguished as soon as possible.

And now I propose to conduct a physical training session .(2 options)

1. While sitting in your seats, stretch your legs. Raise your arms up and shake your hands. Put your feet back in place. Take your starting position. Lean to the left and touch the floor. Take your starting position. Lean to the right and touch the seat (bottom) of your chair with your hand. And get the hidden information.

2. We sat and wrote

The muscles of the body are all tired

Stretched and yawned

The backs all bent together,

Turned right, left -

Our body has become flexible.

Legs extended forward

Left, right, turn,

And they were put in their place.

The body is tilted to the left

And then to the right,

Where did we get it by hand?

Hidden information.

(On the seat (bottom))

Students take out cards different color with texts. (Appendix 2.)

Familiarize yourself with the contents of your card, what color it is and what its number is. Students who had cards on their desks of blue color, I ask you to read the rules clearly and loudly in order. So,

While parked:

(students read the rules on blue cards)

Leaving the parking lot:

(students read the rules on orange cards)

1.) the fire must be carefully extinguished, filled with water or sprinkled with earth.

2.) cover the fire with previously removed turf,

3.) When you finally remove yourself, you need to make sure that the fire has gone out and will not ignite some time after you leave.

4.) pick up the trash after yourself, leave things in order, and have a good trip.

Now, let's make an entry in our hiking diaries. We look at the screen. Slide 27. (Appendix 4)

(students write down the points on slide 27 in their hiking diary)

Tricks for the campfire.Slide 28. (Appendix 4)

And the fireman has his own little tricks. Attention to the screen.

E) Prohibition of making fires in dry weather. What to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.

Guys, it’s not always possible to make fires! Who has the red cards?

(students read the rules on red cards)

It is known that forest fires in most cases are caused by human fault. In this regard, in the summer, when the weather is very hot, dry, local authorities adopt special regulations to limit access to the forest . During this time, it is generally prohibited to make fires in forests due to the increased fire hazard. Less dangerous areas may be allocated for mass recreation of the population. Therefore, when going to the forest at this time, you need to call the local executive committee or the Ministry of Emergency Situations and get the necessary information.

What to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.

Smoke flies up into the transparent sky:

Tourists lit a fire in the forest,

And the song with smoke rushed into the heights

About sparks that sometimes go out on the fly.

The tourists left - the coals did not go out.

Then the wind blew from a neighboring field,

He fanned the sparks - the grass caught fire -

And the forest burned like dry firewood.

(While reading poetry, the teacher reinforces 3 drawings of a fire in the forest on the board.)

If you notice an incipient fire near the fire in time (dry grass, leaves, branches have caught fire), and the fire is of a small area, you can decide to put it out yourself. If there is a body of water nearby, pour water on the fire; you can knock out the flames with a wet cloth (clothing). Burning grass can be extinguished using a “broom” made from broken hardwood branches. In this case, you need to strike with sliding movements, as if sweeping, towards the source of the fire. The “broom” must be turned in your hands after every few blows so that it does not catch fire and its heated side has time to cool down a little.

(During the explanation, the teacher covers the picture of the fire with another picture, which shows a fire extinguishing agent: a bucket of water, a wet cloth, a broom)

To prevent a fire in the forest, it is necessary to follow fire safety rules.

Consolidation of program material.

In order to check how well you have mastered today’s material, I suggest watching the following video, the heroes of which are students from our school and point out the mistakes.

Video "Rest in the forest." Consists of two parts. In the first part (find errors) ( student answers). In the second part (check yourself).

5.Reflection.

Task: initiating feedback with students aimed at clarifying their attitude to the lesson.

There are a few minutes left until the end of the lesson and now we will summarize. Today in class we learned: about the function of a fire; about choosing and preparing a place for a fire on a camping trip; about the rules for making fires; about the types and types of fires; about being on duty at the fire; how and with what you can put out a fire; about the prohibition of making fires in dry weather and what to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.

Students are asked to record their state during the lesson and express their attitude towards the lesson.

I propose to play a blitz tournament. For each question you must give 3 answers. I will collect all your answers in a backpack so that, together with yours, good mood pass it on to students in other classes. So…

1. Name 3 places where you can make a fire?

2. Name 3 places where you can’t make a fire?

3. Name 3 ways to extinguish a fire?

4. Name 3 actions if you saw that the fire had spread to dry grass?

5. Name 3 useful skills that you learned during the class?

6. What are the 3 things you liked most about the lesson?

6. Summing up.

Objective: to provide a qualitative assessment of the work of the class and individual students.

Guys, thank you so much for Good work in class.

(The teacher analyzes the work of both the class as a whole and individual students.)

Our trek has safely come to an end. You and I have achieved our goal. And before I close my backpack as a sign of gratitude, I want to give each of you a reminder with fire safety rules in the forest. ( Appendix 3)

On the background slide 29. (Appendix 4) and the song “It’s great that we are all here today” …» Reminders are given.

Well done everyone! Goodbye!

Literature

Methodological manual for teaching schoolchildren fire safety rules of the Ministry public education Republic of Belarus, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. – Minsk, 1992.
Fundamentals of life safety: grades 5-8: educational method. teacher's manual educational institutions from Belarusian and Russian language training / N.N. Yakovleva (etc.); under scientific ed. N.N. Yakovleva. – Minsk: Adukatsiya i vyhavanne, 2007.
Programs for institutions providing general secondary education with Russian (Belarusian) language of instruction with an 11-year period of study. - Minsk, 2008.
Fundamentals of life safety. Grades 7-8: a manual for students of general education institutions with Belarusian and Russian languages of instruction / M.K. Mishkevich. - Minsk: National Institute Education, 2009.
Take care of the forest! Gomel regional administration Ministry of Emergency Situations / Center for Propaganda and Training.
Life safety /Auth.-compiled by I.N.Kuznetsov. – 2nd ed. – M.: Publishing house business and educational literature– Mn.: Amalthea, 2004.

Annex 1

Functional responsibilities of a tourist during a hike:

1) campfire squad – 4 students

2) rescue squad – 4 students

3) fire brigade – 5 students

4) cook – 3 students

5) caretaker - 1 student

6) doctor – 1 student

7) medical assistant – 1 student

8) environmental squad – 3 students

9) photographer – 1 student

10) journalist – 1 student

11) squad leader – 1 student

Appendix 2

While parked:

(students read the rules on blue cards - one rule on a separate sheet)

1) never leave a fire unattended!

2) at night you need to organize a vigil around the fire.

3) fuel prepared in reserve must be kept three to five meters from the burning fire.

4) you cannot build a very high fire unless some special need requires it (a signal fire, for example).

5) it is necessary to ensure that the fire produces as few sparks as possible, especially in windy weather.

6) you need to stock up on water if there is a body of water nearby.

Students who had cards on their desks orange color, I ask you to read the rules clearly and loudly in order. So,

Leaving the parking lot:

(students read the rules on orange cards - one rule on a separate sheet)

1) the fire must be carefully extinguished, filled with water or sprinkled with earth.

2) cover the fire with previously removed turf,

3) when filming completely, you need to make sure that the fire has gone out and will not ignite some time after you leave.

4) pick up the trash after yourself, leave things in order, and have a good trip.

Prohibition of making fires in dry weather.

(students read the rules on red cards - one rule on a separate sheet)

1. In summer, during very hot, dry weather, it is prohibited to light fires in forests due to the increased fire hazard.

2. Less dangerous areas may be allocated for mass recreation of the population. To do this, you need to call the local executive committee or the Ministry of Emergency Situations and get the necessary information.

Appendix 3

How to prevent a fire in the forest? (memo)

2. For a solo trip (not only because of the risk of fire), it is recommended to purchase a folding mining shovel with a cover and sharpen its edges. Thus, it will serve you as both a shovel and an ax.

3. When making a fire in the forest, all safety precautions must be strictly observed. These measures include everything related to fire in general.

Under no circumstances should a fire be lit under trees, especially under those whose lower branches are at a low height.
You should not make a fire where there is a lot of dry grass or dry stumps nearby.
The fire should be protected from strong winds by branches and a wall of stones.
Remember, a fire lit in a shelter emits carbon monoxide.
You need to know how to choose a place for a fire or try to use an old fire pit you come across.

Appendix 4

Presented in the presentation.

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