Flora of the Krasnodar region. Unique plants of the Krasnodar region
Plants of Kuban
Krasnodar region marvelous a nice place with a mild, even climate and plenty of rainfall every year. This creates excellent conditions for growth variety of plants, for the life of many animals. Of course, human activity could not help but make its own adjustments and some plants, like animals, became rare, but others calmly tolerate being in the vicinity of people.
Mighty trees, spreading shrubs, fruit crops or grass
For example, the popular Pitsunda pine - it can be found nearby in Gelendzhik, along the line along the coast. Pine is a resilient tree; it can live even in unfavorable conditions, transfer strong wind or unexpected frosts. A thirty-year-old tree will be 15m tall, and by a hundred years the pine tree will already be 40m tall! Its needles are up to 15 cm long, and its cones are red. A beautiful tree with character.
Blunt pistachio can also be found in, near, in the vicinity of Bald Mountain.
It has ancient roots, and the pistachio itself is small in stature, rather an ornamental plant. Ripening occurs at the end of summer - beginning of autumn. It tolerates dry times well, loves light, and in sunny Kuban there is enough of it even in winter. It grows slowly, 20 years - maybe a meter, no more. It contains up to 75% resin, the remaining 25% essential oils. For wood resin good remedy heal wounds, and a person collects it to treat various surfaces. For example, utensils made of wood to preserve its properties and shape. Resin is also beneficial for enamel. The resin is collected as a useful medical product, added to ointments and gels for rheumatism and the treatment of wounds, various cracks and burns. Some pharmacists find ancient recipes where the resin was used even more actively. Pistachio wood is hard and tolerates moisture well. Therefore, such trees were cut down earlier for the construction of ships and furniture.
Juniper is often found in Kuban. It belongs to the cypress genus, also ancient and famous, which has been growing on Earth for more than fifty million years. He is clearly not afraid of natural disasters, global climate changes and the like. Several types of juniper are found in Kuban.
One is tall. The tree is 15m tall, it has a thick, beautiful crown, and the branches are thin and stretch upward. With dark bark and spherical berries that look like cones. It grows quickly, loves warmth, plenty of light and tolerates dry periods well. Lives up to 50 years.
red juniper - it is also called red cedar. There are 6-7m trees, they have lush branches with prickly protective needles. Why is it called prickly juniper?
There is also stinking juniper! It got its name because of its characteristic, not very pleasant smell. Outwardly similar to the tall variety, only with more large berries and brown color. Juniper is often used in medicinal purposes. They collect ripe fruits that appear at the beginning of winter. They can be stored for several years when dried. Juniper contains a lot of essential oils, 40% natural sugar, the rest is acid.
Krasnodar Region (Kuban) is one of the most unique regions of Russia. Such beauty and purity of virgin nature is worth looking for in the world. Residents of Kuban are interested in preserving the pristine attractiveness of the Western Caucasus. They have such magnificence that many consider it irretrievably lost.
Unfortunately, the nature of the Krasnodar region is under threat of destruction. Negative influence on natural resources had a rapid development of the country's economy, an increase in the number of transport, air pollution from emissions from thermal power plants, as well as a significant increase in population.
The appearance of nature has changed noticeably under the influence Agriculture and developed industry. The virgin steppe and perennial steppe grasses disappeared without a trace. Forest lands have decreased significantly, and small rivers of the Kuban have disappeared.
These factors provided the prerequisites for the creation of a special document implementing and regulating the protection of rare plants, animals and fungi. An analysis of the state was carried out in the Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory wildlife and a forecast of perceived threats to its diversity.
The Red Book is a document for the protection of endangered species of flora and fauna
The Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory was published in 2007. The publication consists of two volumes. They contain information on morphology, biology, geographical location, the threat of extinction and methods of protecting flora and fauna. 353 species of animals and 386 species of plants and fungi are classified as endangered.
Thanks to the creation of the Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory, several dozen new representatives of flora and fauna were described. The document contains descriptions of very rare species that are threatened with extinction.
Plants that are seriously endangered are included in the second volume. It's called "Plants and Fungi". The purpose of creating this document is:
1. Collection and storage of necessary information about objects of both the animal and plant worlds.
2. Correction and addition of an assortment of taxa of plants, animals and fungi placed in the book.
3. Compiling a list of taxa of animals, plants and fungi removed from the Red Book.
4. Compiling a list of taxa of flora and fauna that require special attention to their condition in the natural environment.
5. Drawing up a forecast of the future state of individual objects of the flora and fauna in a certain area.
6. Creation of specialized centers for the breeding, maintenance and reintroduction of specific species of flora and fauna.
7. Determination of critical areas for the existence of taxa of animals, plants and fungi.
8. Preparation of resolutions for taking under protection the discovered habitat areas of flora and fauna.
There is a large list of protected natural areas:
· Caucasian State Natural biosphere reserve
· Sochi national park
· 11 reserves
· More than 300 natural monuments
Flowers decorating the Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory
Many representatives of the flora are now divided into categories that determine the level of threat of their extinction. Based on the classification adopted back in the USSR (1984), all types of flora and fauna are divided into five categories:
1. Species under direct threat of extinction. To save them, it is necessary to use special measures.
2. Species whose numbers are declining catastrophically quickly, threatening extinction in the future.
3. Rare species- these are those that are found quite rarely and in specific areas.
4. Species that are poorly studied. Their numbers are small, but due to lack of information, they cannot be included in any of the listed categories.
5. Restored species. Those whose population must be constantly monitored. Their condition does not cause great concern due to the security measures taken.
Among the herbs of the Krasnodar region, most are medicinal. As a result of unregulated collections, many plants are threatened with extinction, their numbers are rapidly declining.
For example:
Caucasian snowdrop is quite rare. Its numbers are significantly reduced. Grows in the lower and middle zones of the Krasnodar region.
Caucasian cyclamen belongs to the third category. A medicinal crop whose numbers are decreasing. Grows in deciduous forests, in dense thickets bushes.
To preserve many representatives of the flora, it is necessary:
· Ban on sale
· Cultivation in botanical gardens
· Prohibition of collection
· Creation of micro reserves in forest areas
· Protection and study
The Red Book is an official document containing environmental information. This is a “sort of bible” that should guide every conscientious resident of Kuban. The future of the unique Kuban nature depends only on careful attitude To her.
Plants of the Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory - full list(385 plants):
DIPHAZIASTRUM ALPINE (ALPINE MOSS), CHISTOSTUM MAJESTY, PTERIS CRETA, FALSE MARANTHA, CRYPTOGRAM CURLY, ADIANTUM VENUS HAIR, SOUTHERN CENTIPODE, FORN FERN, TELIPTERIS B OLOTNY, VORONOV'S KOSTENETS, BLACK KOSTENETS, GREEN KOSTENETS, PHARMACEUTICAL ACUACIRE, VILLAR'S SHIELD, MAGNIFICENT BLADDER, WOODSIA FRAGILE (HYMENOCYSTIS FRAGILE), Derbyanka spica, MARSILEA FOUR-LEAFED, GROZDOVSKY CHAMOMILE-LEAFED, VIRGINSKIY BURNER, YESS BERRY, PITSUNDSA PINE, PALLAS PINE, CRIMEA PINE KAYA, STINKING JUNIPER, HIGH JUNIPER, COSSACK JUNIPER, GEORGIAN KIRKAZON, KIRKAZON SHTEIPA, WATERLIA WHITE, YELLOW BUDDLE, TENDER ANEMENSE, FOREST ANEMEMUM, SPRING YELLOWFLOWER, DONE SPRING, LARKSKY, CAUCASIAN WINTER GROWER, WHOLE-LEAF CLEMAPHUM, CLEMETALIA, HELENA BUTTERCUPLE, MEADOW BLOOM, KOLKHID HORN WEED SKAYA, CORYDA EMANUEL, PEONY WITMAN, PEONY CAUCASIAN, PEONY THIN-LEAVED, ORIENTAL POPPY , YELLOW POUMY, CALVE ACANTHOLIMONA-VIDAN, SOAPYWOKE, POLYCYCLE CAPITATE (PARONYCHIA CAPTITATE), BOX BOXHUT, LAPINE PTERENFRUIT, OAK LARGE-ANNUMERED, OAK PUNICOLUM, HOP-HOBBERAB COMMON, HAZEL HAZEL, HILARIOUS, HYPERORT, BUSH HILVER, MALEEV'S HILVER, HYNORMAL'S WORT , COMMON PERSIMO, SHALLY BREAKER, ALBANIAN BREAKER, SREDINSKIYA BIG, CYCLAMEN KOSSKIYA, KOKTEBEL'S KATRAN, STEVEN'S KATRAN, LARGE-FLOORED KATRAN, SEA KATRAN, STRANGER'S LEVKOYA, JELLOWERE BEAUTIFULLY, MUSTARD CA MARINE EUXINE, PHYBIGIA VILLY FRUIT, STEVEN'S EVENERUM, IBERIAN CRIMEAN, CRISUS CRIMEAN, CISTUS SAGE, SOUTHERN FRAME, PLANCHON FRAME, SMOOTH FRAME, COMMON FIG, LEPTOPUS COLCHIDA, EPRIGUE MYRTOLYA, EPRIGUE BUTERLAK, EUSTRIE EUGENIYA, EPRIGUE HARD, EPRIGUE ALMOND, MILVERY AY COASTAL, ALBOV'S wolf-grass, FALSE-SILKY wolf-grass, VORONOV'S wolf-grass, CHERKASSIAN wolf-grass, SAXIFRAGY MUSACHRAGA, SAXIFRAGA SERIDOGAN, ALDROVANDA BLESSED, COTERAN SOCHAVY, MAGALEB CHERRY, CAUCASIAN ROWAN, FEDOROV'S ROWAN, COLCHIDA ROWAN, CRIMEAN ROWAN, BUSH'S ROWAN, HAWTRISH NICK KRIMSKY, CAMILLA’S cinquefoil, WONDERFUL cinquefoil, cinquefoil cuneifolia, CRIMEAN cinquefoil, shrub cinquefoil, LOW ALMOND (BOBOVNIK), MARSH CANCEL, CROVE'S BEAUTIFUL, COMMON POMEGRANATE, AZOV WATER NUT, ASTRACANTHA SPINIOUS, ASTRAGALUS BUBBLY, ASTRAGALUS SUBULINE, HORSE ROOF EMERIAN, WHITE BURSE, SPREADING BURSE, SVANETIAN BURSE, ABKHAZIAN BROSE, CHALK FENUSURE, PALE KOPEECHNUM, VOLGA MAYKARAGAN, PALLASA'S HOLYCOASTUS, WULFF'S SMALL CAMERA, MONTPELIAN FALSE HOLDER, FERROUS ALFALFA, COLCHIDA FLAX, PINNANAUS MUCK, SOSNOVSKY MAPLE, BLUP-LEAFED PISTACHIO, WOOLLY FLAX, CRIMEAN FLAX, STEVEN'S CRANE, JESTER AND MERETINSKY, JESTER OF PALLAS, SVIDINA KONIG, DOGEL KONIG, COMMON GRAVE, VOLODUSHKA RISHAVI , CRITHUM MARINE, BLUE SEA, STEPHEN'S HORGE, ETRUSAN HONEYSUCKLE, SCABIOSA OLGA, RADIC CUCUMBER, UNUSUAL GENTIAN, CILATE GENTIAN, COMASTOMA DECHY, THREE-LEAF WATCH, KEN SARMATIAN HOLE, CREAKY WARRIOR (CRIMEAN WARRIOR), LIPSKY WARRIOR, CAUCASIAN BELLADELLA, CRIMEAN BIRDFOLD , SOLDANELIVA RESERVOIUM, ONOSMA MULTIFOLIA, RINDERA tetra-stamen, OMPHALODES LOIKI, Veronica telephiumolifolia (VERONICA SMALL), Veronica nitelefolia, PEDEROTELA PONTIUS, SANDY FLADLOAD, DIFELIPEA RED, FAT NKKA VULNARY, VITEX, SACRED VITEX (ABRAHAM'S TREE), CRIMEAN IRONITSA, RUISH'S SNAKE CAP , BEAUTIFUL THYME, MARKOTKH THYME, MAIKOP THYME, GELENDZHIK THYME, ABKHAZ LITTER, NOVOROSSIYSKIY SKULLMAN, CRIMEAN ZOPNIK, OPENED SAGE, OTRANA BELL, KOMAROV BELL, K ALBOV'S BELL, KLUKHORSK'S BELL, DROPPING BELL, HARD-LEAFED BELL, WORMWORM SOLYANKOVID, TsMIN SANDY (IMMORTELLA ), Sicklecap, PSEPHELLUS INCLINED, PSEPHELLUS BARBAYA, Cornflower KRASNODAR, CAP LAVANDOLIA, CAP LEVIE, PONTIAN SOLAR, GROSSGEMIIA MULTIFOLIA, KEMULARIELLA ABKHAZIAN, CRE STOVNIK CORREVON, KOZELETS TURKEVICH SUBSPECT KUBAN, KOZELETS KOMMATOOBERTUKOVY, DANDELION BESSARABIAN, COMMON AQUARIUS, KANDYK CAUCASIAN, LILY CAUCASIAN, KESSELRING LILY, LAGODEKH FILLIUM, GESNER TULIP, SQUAT TULIP (LIPSKY TULIP), BIEBERSTEIN TULIP, TWO-FLOOR TULIP, COLLECTIUM MAGNIFICENT, COLCICUS SHADOWED, BEZVRE BRIGHT MENNIK, BEAUTIFUL SAFFRON, NECK SAFFRON, CRIMEAN SAFFRON, VALLEY SAFFRON, SALT-LOVING IRMUNG, FAKE IRMUS , IRMUS Dwarf, IRMUS LEAFLESS, IRMUS COLCHESIAN, THIN ESKEEPER, CRIMEAN ASPHODELINA, THIN ASPHODELINA, EREMURUS REMARKABLE, EREMURUS CRIMEAN, CHERKASSIAN ONION, SUMMER BLOWER, MARINE PANCRATIUM, POD SNOWDROP VORONOV, SNOWDROP ALPINE, SNOWDROP FLAT-LEAFED, FOLDED SNOWDROP, SNOWDROP RIZENSKIY, STERNBERGIA COLHICOFLOWER (STERN
(edited on May 29, 2014)
Vegetable world The region is represented by broad-leaved (beech, oak) and dark-coniferous mountain (fir, spruce) forests, subalpine and alpine meadows. More than 3,000 plant species are found here. Due to the terrain and climatic conditions The latitudinal and vertical zonation of vegetation is expressed. The main types of vegetation in the region are lowland and mountainous.
A vast part of the territory in the northern part of the region is occupied by steppe vegetation. It stretches from the borders Rostov region to the banks of the Kuban River. Now, in places where steppe feather grass, wheatgrass, vetch, and timothy used to grow, wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, barley, sorghum, castor beans, essential oilseeds and vegetable and melon crops are grown on plowed lands. Herbs that have medicinal properties, are specially grown in fields as raw materials for the medicinal industry. In the past, along the banks of rivers there were hazel trees and wild almonds, and thorny thorns formed impenetrable thickets. Constant felling, forest fires destroyed a large number of woody vegetation. Now on the watersheds of the plains one can find oak, elder, thorn, rosehip, blackberry, etc.; along the river valleys - willow, willow, black and white poplar, alder.
Within the Taman Peninsula, steppe vegetation with the presence of sage and wormwood is also found. Licorice, eryngium, alfalfa, timothy grow on the sandy shores, and sometimes you can even find camel thorn. In some places there are sparse thickets of trees and shrubs. On the vast plains, mostly cultivated vegetation grows. The Azov region consists of floodplains and meadow-marsh complexes. Due to sufficient moisture, the estuaries of the Azov region are rich in aquatic vegetation. For example, these are lily, nymphea, water chestnut, duckweed, salvinia and varieties of algae. The banks of the estuaries are overgrown with reeds, cattails and kuga, which is also called marsh wormwood. Not far from the city of Primorsko-Akhtarsk, near the Sadki hunting reserve, there is one of the unique places where lotuses grow. This medicinal plant, and in Egypt and India its fruits are eaten. A significant part of the swamps and small estuaries has now been drained and used for growing rice. Sites forest plants in the Azov region they are found near the village of Maryanskaya, in the protected hunting area Red Forest. Maple, apple, pear, poplar, willow, viburnum, etc. grow here. Sometimes you can find oak trees with 5 girths. Along the bed of the Kuban River and its left tributaries there are floodplain meadows with trees and shrubs. Remains of forests in the Kuban floodplain are also preserved in forest park areas. Among them are the Pavlovsk and Kyrgyz plavni, the Krasny Kut forest park, located in the microdistricts of Krasnodar.
The vegetation of the Trans-Kuban Plain before human intervention was deciduous forests from oak, beech and shrubs. Currently, the valley consists of cleared, gentle slopes. The main part of the Trans-Kuban Plain consists of agricultural landscapes. Along the valleys of the Kuban, Laba, Belaya rivers and their tributaries grow alder, willow, hawthorn, viburnum, buckthorn, blackthorn, elderberry, rosehip, and in some places there are thickets of sea buckthorn. In the section from the Krasnodar reservoir to the city of Krymsk, south of the Kuban River, there is a strip of Trans-Kuban flood plains, which is almost completely occupied by rice paddies and fields for growing other agricultural crops.
Forests occupy an important place in Kuban, as they are of great environmental importance and are the main source of wood. valuable species Russia. The total forest area of the Krasnodar Territory is over 2.1 million hectares (22% of the region's area). Oak and beech tracts of industrial importance occupy 49 and 19% of the area of all forests in the region, respectively. Most of the forests are located in the mountainous part of the Krasnodar Territory.
In the lowlands the most common forests are various types oak Large area wild fruit trees occupy here, especially pear and apple trees. In the mountains, forests form a mountain forest belt. Within it there are four sub-belts. Broad-leaved oak forests with stands of pedunculate oak, Gartvis oak, sessile oak, Caucasian hornbeam, tall ash, red and field maples, Caucasian linden, and chestnut extend to an altitude of 500-600 m above sea level. There are tracts of wild pears, apple trees, and cherry plums; in clearings there is aspen. On the border of the forest, along mountain rivers trees grow often walnut. The undergrowth is formed by dogwood, chickweed, and tree-tree. At altitudes from 600-700 to 1200-1300 m there are beech forests with a predominance of eastern beech, as well as hornbeam, sessile oak, and sycamore. In the upper part of the sub-belt, Caucasian fir is mixed with the beech. 
At altitudes from 1200 to 2000 meters they grow dark coniferous forests, consisting of Caucasian fir (Nordmann) and eastern spruce. Koch pine is found in open sunny areas. Above 2000 meters there is a subalpine crooked forest with a thick grass cover. Here, hooked pine and Caucasian fir alternate with areas of crooked birch, beech, rowan, alder, juniper and Caucasian rhododendron. Relict plants grow here. At an altitude of 2300-2500 m above sea level there is a belt of alpine meadows. Due to the severity of the climate, the grass vegetation here is lower and less diverse. Maximum height herbs reach 15 cm. Among them there are some types of bells, skullcap, gentian, Panyutin's mytnik. Many plants are listed in the Red Book.
In the flora of the coast, juniper (often with an admixture of pistachio obtufolia) woodlands are of particular value. They are distributed from Anapa to the mouth of the Mezyb River (beyond Gelendzhik) and serve as a haven for ancient Mediterranean flora. The main species are pistachio blunt-leaved, tall juniper, stinking juniper, Etruscan honeysuckle.
The Taman Peninsula is located in the plavnevo region. Therefore, there are practically no forests there, but this does not mean that vegetable world the area is poor. The estuaries and floodplains are densely overgrown with reeds and other aquatic plants. Indian lotus is grown in some lakes.
The flora of the Krasnodar region is truly rich and diverse. Especially in the spring, looking at the blossoming plains, dense forests, vineyards, it is easy to imagine what Paradise would look like, what it could be. An amazing combination of modern cities with developed economies and wild corners of nature, of which, unfortunately, there are fewer and fewer left. Human activity cannot but affect the life of the region. Many plants are already marked as an endangered species, forests are regularly cut down, cities are growing, villages are developing, and the population of the Krasnodar Territory as a whole is increasing. Therefore, conservationists never tire of repeating: if a person considers himself the “king of nature” and its conqueror, he must take care of it. After all, everything is interconnected and when one of the components of the chain of events is disrupted, the others also suffer.
Steppes, forests
There are extensive steppe zones, where you can find bushes and individual plants typical of plains and hills. This includes vetch, timothy grass, and steppe feather grass. Reeds are found along the banks and swamps. Agricultural crops are grown annually on the plowed plots: wheat, corn and barley, as well as sugar beets and castor beans. There are vegetable gardens where vegetables grow on fertile soil. The medicinal industry is also developed, for the needs of which medicinal herbs are grown separately.
In the forest zone you can see broad-leaved oaks, mountain firs and beautiful spruce trees, and if you climb high, you will emerge into alpine meadows. Only mountain goats and sheep roam there, for which the high altitude zones are their home.
It is curious that in the area of the Taman Peninsula you can also see steppe vegetation, for example, the same sage or wormwood. The sandy shores are full of licorice and eryngium, alfalfa and timothy grass, and sometimes camel thorn. Here and there thickets of trees and shrubs add variety to the steppe picture. Vast plains have been taken over by cultivated vegetation and are increasingly being adapted for fields.
The humidity level is high enough that it is not afraid of even droughts, when the water level drops, but is then replenished with the arrival of rains. aquatic plants don't feel severe lack water. Here you can find lilies, water chestnut nymphs, duckweeds with salvinia, and other varieties of algae. The banks are densely covered with reeds, kuga, cattails are found, and swamp wormwood can be found. And next to Primorsko-Akhtarsk there is unique place where you can find real, beautiful and useful plants.
All of the plants listed below that grow in the Kuban are listed in the Red Book and they are all protected plants of the Krasnodar Territory.
So this:
Herbaceous perennial up to 20 cm in height. Leaves 2, directed upward, obtuse, covered with a waxy coating. The stem is cylindrical, one flower. Flowering period: February-April. Decorative, honey plant, poisonous.
It grows in the Caucasus, in the mountains, on the edges, in thickets of bushes, and deciduous forests. Disappears due to collecting flowers in bouquets and unregulated walking of livestock.
Herbaceous perennial. The flowers are red-violet, less often pink or almost white. Blooms in February-March. Fruits in May-June. Propagated by seeds. Decorative, medicinal. The number is rapidly declining due to mass destruction for winter and early spring bouquets, and digging up tubers for medicinal purposes.
Near the Krasnodar-Dzhubga highway there is the Psekupskoye tract, where a real miracle of nature grows - summer whiteflower - Mediterranean look, listed in the Red Book of Russia. This place has no analogues in the Western Caucasus in terms of density and number of white flowers. Beautiful spring Flower It is actively collected by local residents and sold in markets. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, which itself harms a rare population.
