The first paddle steamer was his brainchild. steamer

Watt began experiments on the use of a new machine in shipping. The steamboat built by the French inventor Geoffroy can be considered the most successful attempt. In 1781, his steam boat, with the help of a steam engine, could already swim against the current for an hour.

First steamboat

The first steamboat suitable for navigation was invented by Irish engineer and mechanic Robert Fulton. He was born into a poor peasant family, was a brilliant self-taught.

Fulton built and tested his first, still imperfect, steamer on the Seine in Paris. In 1803, the experiment was a success, the ship sailed along the Seine for 1.5 hours, developing a speed of 5 km per hour.

In 1807, Fulton built the Clermont paddle steamer, installing Watt's double-acting steam engine there. The length of the steamer was 43 m, the engine power was 20 hp. s., tonnage - 15 tons. In 1807, the Claremont made its first flight along the Hudson from New York to Albany with a length of 150 miles (270 km). Taking place against the current and with a headwind, the flight took 32 hours. Fulton's Claremont laid the foundation for steam shipping. Since that time, steamships began to be built in other countries.

Following the invention of the river steamboat, attempts are being made to technically improve all types of maritime transport. As early as 1819, the Savannah steamer appeared on the transatlantic line between America and Europe, delivering a cargo of cotton from the USA to England. Savannah was on the road for 26 days. In the same 1819, Savannah came to the port of St. Petersburg. It was the first foreign steamship to visit Russia. In 1825, the English steamship Enterprise traveled from London to Calcutta in 113 days. In 1829, the Dutch steamship Curacao traveled from Holland to the West Indies in 32 days.

Steel hull and propeller - a new stage in shipbuilding

However, maritime shipbuilding until the 40s of the XIX century. developed relatively slowly. The construction of steamships was hampered by design flaws identified during operation, which could not be immediately eliminated. And only a radical change in the design of steamships and engines, as well as the transition to new building materials for the construction of ships, stimulated the rapid development of marine shipbuilding.

The transition to the construction of iron and steel hulls for steamships was of the greatest importance for shipbuilding.

Another very important factor in the development of the navy was the invention of the propeller, which replaced the paddle wheels of the first steamships. Until the end of the 30s of the XIX century. steamships were built with paddle wheels that broke the waves of the sea. They were the most vulnerable place during the battle, their damage immediately put the ship out of action.

In 1838, the English engineer-inventor Smith built the first, quite suitable for practical purposes, steamship "Archimedes" with a propeller. Soon a number of improvements were made to screw steamers, and by the end of the 40s of the XIX century. the propeller began to rapidly replace paddle wheels, primarily in the navy.

From the beginning of the 1930s, the first steamships suitable for regular ocean voyages began to appear. From the end of the 30s of the XIX century. regular shipping was established between Europe and America, and then between Europe and other continents. In 1842, the first round-the-world trip was made by steamboat. Steamship lines, like, ensured the speed and regularity of movement, and also sharply lowered the cost of transporting goods.

Until the 1970s, the steam fleet was not the sovereign master of the expanses of water. There was also, occupying a significant part of the overall water transport system.

Inventors have been trying to adapt steam to move through water since the 15th century. But the first practical benefit of such efforts came in 1807, when New Yorker Robert Fulton set sail his paddle steamer.

For his device, the inventor used a wooden vessel similar to a barge, 133 feet long and with a displacement of 100 tons. On such a "vessel" he mounted his steam engine with a capacity of 20 horsepower. The engine turned two paddle wheels 15 feet in diameter. The wheels were located along the right and left sides. Their blades splashed on the water and pushed the ship forward. Its full name was New Nof River steamboat f Claremont, or simply Claremont. The ship began to make regular flights along the Hudson River (the Americans, however, call this Hudson River) from New York to the city of Albany. Already in 1839, about 1,000 steamboats with one or two wheels on the sides, with the wheels behind the stern, were sailing along American rivers and lakes, so that by this time America moving on the water had become independent of the wind.

Steam engine for a paddle steamer

The steam engine, perfected in the late 1700s by the Scottish engineer James Watt (aka Watt), "ate" wood and coal in its firebox and heated water in a metal boiler. Then steam came out of the water. The steam, compressing, pressed on the piston in the cylinder and set the piston in motion. The rods and cranks converted the reciprocating movement of the piston into the rotational movement of the wheel axle. And already paddle wheels were attached to the axle.

Fulton's extraordinary ship

The figure at the top of the article shows the Claremont - this long "boat", sitting low on the water, made an average of 4 knots, or about 5 miles per hour. The first voyage took place in August 1807, when this ship splashed upstream 150 miles in 32 hours. Regular flights soon began. The ship could immediately take on board 100 passengers who were provided with cabins or berths. Over time, America's first commercially successful steamship was rebuilt and enlarged. In an updated form, he walked along the Hudson until 1814, and then was decommissioned.

The very first paddle steamers

In 1543, the Spaniard Blasco de Gaulle built a primitive steamboat that, after three hours of puffing, traveled 6 miles. However, until the 1700s, self-propelled ships had no practical application.

In 1736, Englishman Jonathan Hulls patented the first tug where a steam boiler drove pistons that turned a wheel located behind the stern of his boat.

Williams Symington achieved real success when, in 1801, the steam ship Charlotte Dundes built by him was able to drag two boats for six hours during trials in Scotland.

Heated by burning fossil fuels (coal, fuel oil) to produce steam.

In 1736 English inventor Jonathan Hull proposed a powered tug.

I didn't find anything other than this picture.

In 1783, Marquis Claude François Dorothée de Jouffroy d "Abbans built the experimental paddle steamer Pyroscaphe.

After fifteen minutes of sailing, the boat sank.

In 1785, American inventor John Fitch built a steam rowboat.

Later, he began to operate regular commercial services on the Delaware River, between Philadelphia and Burlington.

Fitch's boat model "Perseverance". Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin

In 1801, Scottish engineer and inventor William Symington patented, and with the support of Lord Dundas, built the Charlotte Dundas steamship.

The most famous steamship builder was an American engineer and inventor.
He also owns the project of one of the first submarines.

About Fulton

Robert Fulton was born on November 14, 1765 in Little Britain, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA. His father was Irish, and his mother was from Scotland, they were engaged in farming. When the child was only three years old, the father died, and the mother and children moved to Lancaster, selling the farm. At school, young Robert did not shine with success, preferring to spend his free time in local weapons workshops, drawing, drafting and making fireworks. At the age of 12, Robert became interested in steam engines, and already at the age of 14 he successfully tested his boat, equipped with a hand-wheeled propulsion unit.

From the age of 17, Fulton lived in Philadelphia, working first as an assistant jeweler, and then as an artist and draftsman. In 1786, at the age of 21, that is, upon reaching the age of majority, Fulton, taking advantage of the advice of Benjamin Franklin, left for England, where he studied the art of a draftsman and architecture with the famous Benjamin West.

In 1797 Fulton moved to France. Here he experimented with torpedoes, and in 1800 presented Napoleon I with a practical model of the submarine "Nautilus - 1".

"Nautilus - 3" project of 1806.
Apparently, thanks to this design, the submarine is called a "boat".

The boat was tested in the harbor of Le Havre, she passed under water 460 meters at a depth of 7.6 m.

The project remained unclaimed, as a result of which Fulton devoted his future activities to the construction of steamships.

In the same year, 1800, Fulton began experiments with steam engines and three years later built a steam ship 20 m long and 2.4 m wide. During tests on the Seine River, the steamer accelerated to 3 knots (knot = 1 nautical mile = 1.8 km) against the stream.

Encouraged by the success, Fulton ordered a more powerful steam engine from the firm. In 1806, the engine was brought to New York, where Fulton also moved to supervise the construction of the ship.

The ship went on its maiden voyage on August 17, 1807. Fulton named it the "North River Steamboat" but was later called the "Cleremont".

The passage carried passengers between the city of New York and the capital of the state of New York - the city of Albany.

Fulton patented his steamboat on February 11, 1809, and built several more steamboats in the following years.

After that, steam engines began to be widely used in shipbuilding.

In 1811, John Stevens built a steam ferry that runs between Hoboken and New York.

In 1812, Scottish engineer Henry Bell built the Comet steam boat.

The ship got its name in honor of the "Big Comet of 1811".

Replica. Port of Glasgow.

In 1825, Bell built a second steamer, the Comet II, which also sank. 62 people died.

The first Russian steamship "Elizaveta" was built at the factory of Charles Byrd in 1815. He made flights between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.

In 1819 The American sailing mail ship Savannah, equipped with a steam engine and removable side wheels, left Savannah (USA) for Liverpool and crossed the Atlantic in 24 days. Most of the way it passed under sail.

From Liverpool, the ship continued its historic journey, heading to Stockholm and then St. Petersburg.

On November 5, 1821, the steamer Savannah was shipwrecked off Long Island. For almost three decades after that, no US-built steamship crossed the Atlantic.

Sirius is believed to be the first ship to travel this route exclusively on steam, it made a transatlantic crossing from the Irish city of Cork to New York in 1938.

Before 1839 paddle steamers were built, and the Archimedes, built by an English inventor, became the first screw steam ship

In modern Russian, there are two small correlative groups of complex terms in which a kind of opposition of the morphemes go and cart has been created: a ship, a steam ship and an electric ship, on the one hand, and a diesel locomotive, a steam locomotive and an electric locomotive with ... ... History of words

STEAMBOAT, steamboat, male. A ship powered by a steam engine. Ocean ship. Sea steamer. Passenger ship. Coastal steamer. Ride on a steamboat, steamboat. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

steamer- waverlay. STEAMBOAT, a ship driven by a steam engine or turbine (turbine steamers are called turboships). The first steamboat, the Clermont, was built in 1807 in the USA by R. Fulton. In Russia, one of the first steamships "Elizaveta" was built in 1815 ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Steam engine, pyroscaphe, steam locomotive, steamboat, steamer, liner, whistle, ship Dictionary of Russian synonyms. steamboat see steam locomotive Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova ... Synonym dictionary

A ship propelled by a steam engine or a turbine (turbine steamers are usually called turboships). The first steamship Claremont was built in 1807 in the USA by R. Fulton. In Russia, one of the first steamers Elizabeth (for flights between St. ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

STEAMBOAT, see par. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dal. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Steamer) a ship of more than 100 tons displacement, driven by a steam engine (steam engine or turbine). The first steamship was built in Sev. America by Fulton in 1807. Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. M. L .: State Military ... ... Marine Dictionary

STEAMBOAT, see SHIP ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

STEAMBOARD, a, husband. Steam powered ship. | adj. steamboat, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

STEAMBOAT- a self-propelled river or sea vessel, the main engine of which is steam-powered (see). The propeller is propelled by a propeller or paddle wheels. In the modern fleet, the main type of self-propelled vessel (see), the main engine of which is ... ... Great Polytechnic Encyclopedia

Books

• The steamboat goes to Jaffa and back, Gekht Semyon. Semyon Gekht's book includes short stories and a story "Steamboat goes to Jaffa and back" (1936) - works that most clearly represent this writer of the Odessa school. Close attention to…
• Steamboat to Argentina, Alexey Makushinsky. "Steamboat to Argentina" is the author's third novel. Its action covers the entire 20th century and takes place in the space from the Baltic States to Argentina. The focus of the novel is the story... electronic book

By the middle of the XIX century. it becomes clear to the main shipbuilding powers that the times when the movement of merchant ships and warships of the sailing fleet depended entirely on the direction and strength of the wind are fading.

By that time, a number of inventions had appeared (for example, Denis Papin's steam engine, Robert Fulton's steamship model, which he demonstrated to Napoleon Bonaparte), providing for the construction of ships driven by steam power.

If the first such inventions were significantly ahead of their time and appeared in an era when the relevant technologies were still absent, then by the time of the Crimean War (1853 - 1856), the first steamships appeared in the fleets of the main powers of Europe and Russia.

The first known successful test of a model steamboat called the Pyroscaphe took place in 1784. But the double-acting steam engine that turned the wheels of the steamboat quickly broke down.

The first successfully operated steamboat was Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat, which sailed from Albany to New York along the river. Hudson.

The benefits of steam-powered ships, independent of wind and weather conditions, able to sail quickly against the current, quickly became clear. And similar ships began to appear in the fleets of the main shipbuilding powers of Europe.

By 1853, steamboats were becoming a common type of river water transport.

Steamboats on rivers, as ships for navigation on inland waterways (IWW), quickly gained worldwide recognition. Repair of equipment and steam engines for river transport did not present any particular difficulties. The propellers of such steamers were wheels, and such steamers were called paddle wheel boats. Paddle wheels could be located on the sides or in the stern of the ship. As a propeller for river boats, the paddle wheel continues to be used in our time, especially on pleasure or tourist boats.

With the first steamships in the navy, the situation was much more complicated. Due to the unreliability of the first engines - steam engines - steamships were combined - sailing-steam ships and had masts with spars and sails. In the event of a breakdown of the machine, the steamer could reach the port.

At the beginning, a paddle wheel also served as the mover of a sea-going steamer. However, the unreliability of the paddle wheel as a mover and its low efficiency led to the need to maintain sailing equipment on the passages of sea navigation. The engine on the first steamships was a steam engine, such as the one shown in Fig. five.

Rice. 5. Steam engine for a steamer built in 1849, installed on the sea liner "Atlantic".

Furnaces - furnaces; boiler - steam boiler; steam pipe - steam pipeline; second engine - second engine (second steam engine); crankshaft - crankshaft; hot well - hot water tank; parallel motion linkage - parallel motion mechanism; cylinder - cylinder; side lever - side lever.

The wheels of the steamer were 11 m in diameter with 36 blades. The vessel was propelled by two 600 kW side-lever steam engines, one of which is shown in fig. 5. Each steam engine had one cylinder with a diameter of 241 cm, steam entered the cylinder at a pressure of 120 kPa, which was then considered a model of expensive innovative technology. When the steamer was moving with the operation of two cylinders of both steam engines at full speed, the speed reached 16 rpm, and with the additional help of sails, the speed of the Collins liner reached 12-13 knots.

The consumption of fuel (coal) was 1 ton for every 265 revolutions of the steamer wheel, or 85 tons for 24 hours. During the voyage, the steamer consumed an amount of coal almost equal to the weight of the steamer itself.

The Atlantic liner set off from Liverpool on its maiden voyage on April 27, 1850. It reached New York in a record time of 10 days and 16 hours. That is, during this time he made a transatlantic voyage. Such was the ship technology of that time.

The first warships of that time were steam frigates. On the eve of the Crimean War, the last battle of sailing warships was the destruction of the Turkish fleet at Sinop by the squadron of Admiral Nakhimov. During the siege of Sevastopol, the sailing ships of the Russian fleet were flooded in the fairway to block enemy ships from entering the Sevastopol Bay. Steam frigates participated in the Crimean War in the fleets of both belligerents. The first battle of steamers was indicative: the battle of the steam frigate "Vladimir" with the Turkish steamer "Pervaz-Bakhri".