A story about the water cycle in nature for children. The water cycle in nature (the story of a cheerful stream) This is interesting to know
HISTORY IN THE POND
(a fairy tale about the water cycle in nature)
Vilitkevich Evgenia
In one huge, enormous lake lived one family: the drop-Mom, the drop-Daddy, the droplet Vera and her sister Hera. They lived amicably, they even felt very good in the clean, transparent lake. Vera was two years younger than her sister Hera. Everyone knows that the water cycle occurs in nature. In this lake, where the sisters lived, it was customary to let their daughters and sons go on this interesting journey when they turned fifteen years old. And now Hera turned fifteen. At dinner, mom and dad told the droplet that tomorrow she would go to her most interesting and amazing trip. Hera was so happy that she immediately wanted to run to her room and pack her things. But then her thirteen-year-old sister asked: “Why are you so happy, because you are leaving us forever?” Hera didn’t believe her and decided to ask her mother again, but her mother said the same thing. The droplet was upset and did not quite willingly begin to pack her things. Hera felt sorry for Vera, since they loved each other very much. AND elder sister Hera decided to secretly take Vera with her. In the morning, Hera said goodbye to her parents and rose to the surface of the lake. Vera told her parents that she was going for a walk, but in fact she went on a trip with her sister. When the sisters reached the surface of the water, it began to evaporate. The droplet sisters turned into air bubbles and began to rise upward. And then high in the sky, together with other droplets, they turned into a small cloud. Then suddenly the cloud burst into tears of rain, and the sisters flew down along with other droplets. Vera and Hera found themselves in a wonderful pond located in a clearing near a small modest house. The girls really liked it here because the pond was similar to their lake where they once lived with their parents. One warm sunny day, the droplets went out for a walk. Vera and Hera climbed onto a low blade of grass and began to jump from it like a springboard into the water. Then a boy of about five came ashore, he sat down on the sand and began to sculpt castles. And the droplets laughed so loudly that the boy heard them and even saw them. The boy approached the blade of grass and asked the droplets: “What is your name?” The girls were scared, but Vera plucked up courage and said: “I am Vera, and she is Hera, we are sisters.” And Hera said: - Let's be friends! The boy nodded happily, and they began best friends. One evening, when the boy went home for dinner, his dad arrived from work in his car and stopped it right next to the pond. He got out of the car, holding an open can of gasoline in his hands, accidentally tripped and spilled gasoline directly into the pond. Drops of gasoline began to fight with drops of water. The benzinki (as the droplets of gasoline were called) wanted to evict the water droplets that lived there from the pond. The fight was stubborn, but still both of them remained in the pond. It was hard for transparent drops of water and gasoline to live, because the gasoline was dirty, smelled disgusting, and kept trying to dislodge the water droplets. All the plants in the pond have withered. The boy was no longer allowed to go ashore. The pond turned into a dirty swamp. The sisters Vera and Gera had little time left to live... But people came to their senses in time and began to clear the pond of gasoline. And they succeeded. People brought a lot aquatic plants, frogs, launched fish. The pond came to life and blossomed. Drops Vera and Hera grew up and started families. They had daughters, just like them, droplets. They grew up and, just like their mothers once upon a time, waited until they came of age to go on a journey.
A fairy tale about the adventure of a small drop and we conduct an experiment about the movement of water in nature
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SCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE FOR CHILDREN "WATER CYCLE IN A BAG"
1. We will need one ziplock bag, water, food coloring of blue color, extra hands and a little imagination.
2. Tint a small amount of water by adding 4-5 drops of blue food coloring.
3. To make it more realistic, you can draw clouds and waves on the bag, and then fill it with colored water.
4. Afterwards, you need to seal the bag tightly and stick it to the window using adhesive tape. You will have to wait a bit for the results, but it will be worth it. Now you have own weather in the house. And your children will be able to watch the rain pour directly into the small sea.
Unmasking the trick
Since the Earth has a limited amount of water, there is such a phenomenon as the water cycle in nature. Under warm sunlight, the water in the bag evaporates into steam. Cooling at the top, it again takes on a liquid form and falls as precipitation. This phenomenon can be observed in the package for several days. In nature this phenomenon is endless
Finding themselves at a sky-high height, the droplets of steam became so numb that they could not touch a tooth from the cold. To keep warm, they huddled closely together, becoming slightly heavier than air, and immediately fell to the ground in the form of ordinary rain. Sick with vanity, the water ascended to the sky, but was expelled from there.
The thirsty earth swallowed up every drop of rain. And the water had to serve its punishment in the soil for a long time before it could return to the sea.
Have you guessed what natural phenomena Leonardo da Vinci described?
Analysis natural phenomena described in the fairy tale can be carried out using Fig. 15.
Poems about water
A drop
A drop of water flows out of a tap -
A drop of water we purified,
A drop of tear flows from the eye -
A drop of suffering and pain of the soul.
A drop of rain flows from a cloud -
A drop of hope and rainbow light,
A drop of the river flows from the mouth -
A drop of nature and our victories.
A drop and a drop - it turns out to be a sea,
Sea plus sea equals ocean.
The sea of water rewarded us with pain
For the nightmare we caused her.
Hardworking water
Time to take a bath.
Water is waiting, it won’t wait,
She will have to work -
Wash hands and feet.
Wash your back with brother soap
And with my sister washcloth,
It’s not easy for water sometimes,
If you don't obey her.
The water girl is offended -
Dirt does not decorate the face.
Who wants to become beautiful
Must respect water.
Streams, murmuring and meandering,
And calling out to each other,
They rush to the echoing valley,
And the raging waters
Under white marble vaults
They fly with a cheerful roar.
Looks like they're wearing lace
Trees, bushes, wires.
And it seems like a fairy tale,
But in essence - only water.
The vast expanse of the ocean
And the quiet backwater of the pond,
The flow of a waterfall and the spray of a fountain,
And all this is just water.
Don't wash, don't get drunk
Without water.
The leaf won't bloom
Without water.
They can't live without water
Birds, animals and people.
And that's why it's always
Everyone, everywhere needs water!
Have you heard about water?
They say she is everywhere!
In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean
And in the water tap.
Like an icicle freezes
Fog creeps into our house,
It's boiling on the stove,
The kettle steam hisses.
Dissolves sugar in tea
We don't notice her
We are used to the fact that water
Our companion always!
We can't wash ourselves without it
Don't eat, don't get drunk!
I dare to report to you
We can't live without water!
Proverbs and catchphrases about water
· The tap is a clean spring in the apartment.
· Bread is father, and water is mother.
· If you have bread and water, then it’s no longer a problem.
· Not all water is suitable for drinking.
· Lots of water - lots of grass.
· Water flowed from the mountains and brought spring.
· April with water - May with grass.
· Water wears away the earth and chisels the stone.
· Water is a valuable gift of nature.
· If we don’t preserve nature, there will be no Motherland.
· To save water means to protect the health, life and beauty of our native nature.
· Water is one of the most important resources on Earth.
Puzzles
I am both cloud and fog,
And the stream and the ocean,
And I fly and I run,
And I can be glass. ( Water)
Flows, flows -
It won't leak.
Runs, runs -
He won't run out. ( River)
Without wings - I'm flying.
I'm running without legs,
Without a sail, I'm sailing. ( Cloud)
Trees in white velvet -
And the fences and the village.
And how the wind attacks,
This velvet is falling. ( Frost)
In the middle of the field lies a mirror,
The glass is blue, the frame is green. ( Lake)
Canal water
I ran into the house
And there she ran away
By floors. ( Water pipes)
splashing warm water
On the banks of cast iron.
Guess, remember,
What kind of sea is in the room? ( Bath)
Materials on the topic “An extraordinary miracle - the most ordinary water”
Motto: “Mother Water is the queen of everything”
Target: instilling in students an elementary culture of careful use of water.
Tasks:introduce water resources cities (villages); cultivate a culture of behavior in nature; help students develop a belief in the importance of personal contribution to water conservation.
Equipment: riddles from Vodyasha, pictures for the game “Be Attentive”, paper, colored pencils or markers, paints.
Form of conduct:correspondence excursion
During the classes
Introduction to the topic
Don't wash, don't get drunk
Without water.
The leaf won't bloom
Without water.
They can't live without water
Bird, beast and man.
And therefore always
Everyone, everywhere needs water!
Teacher. Guys, what are we going to talk about today?
That's right, about water. We will also meet another friend of Beregoshi - Vodyasha. What do you think he will teach us?
Teacher. The lesson will not be an ordinary one, but an excursion lesson. We will all go together to the nearest body of water. Before we set off, let's play a game of "Do's and Don'ts." I ask questions, and you, after thinking, answer. If it’s “possible”, clap your hands, and if it’s “not possible”, stomp your feet. Ready?
Ø Is it possible to scream in a meadow or in a forest?
Ø Is it possible to pick flowers, break bushes and trees?
Ø Is it possible to catch insects, birds, animals?
Ø Is it possible to light a fire?
Ø Is it possible to throw garbage?
Ø Is it possible to listen to silence?
Well done! You all answered correctly. Now we can hit the road.
Correspondence excursion into nature
Guessing riddles
To make our journey more fun, Vodyasha sent you riddles about water. By guessing them, you will find out where and in what form you can find water in our everyday life.
Milk floated over the river,
There was nothing to be seen.
The milk has dissolved -
It became visible far away. ( Fog)
No boards, no axes
The bridge across the river is ready.
The bridge is like blue glass:
Slippery, fun, light. ( Ice)
He was born from water and turned into water. ( Snow)
It's interesting to know
The guys are cooking oral journal"That's interesting to know." Magazine pages:
Water on Earth is different. Sea water is salty. Mineral water- the most delicious and healthy. Rainwater is dangerous to drink; it can be contaminated with dust, germs, toxic substances. Clean fresh water is of great value. The main reservoir of fresh water on the planet is glaciers.
Both fog and clouds are made up of tiny droplets of water. The difference is that fog spreads across the Earth, while a cloud forms high above the Earth.
A spring of clear, clean water emerges from under the Earth. This is spring water. Where does it come from? This is groundwater (underground) water that has seeped through the top layers of soil.
At night, especially in the morning, dew appears on the leaves of bushes and on the grass. Dew is droplets of water. At night, the air cools and the steam it contains turns into water.
The largest lake in Belarus is Naroch. Its length is almost 13 km, its width is about 10 km, and its depth in some places exceeds 24 m. The deepest lake is Dolgoye. Its depth in some places exceeds 53 m.
Belarus is called “blue-eyed”, a country of blue rivers and lakes. More than 20 thousand rivers flow through our country. The largest rivers: Dnieper, Western Dvina, Neman, Western Bug.
This is the minimum amount of water (Fig. 16) that is required per person for drinking, hygiene and growing food. This volume is equivalent to two-fifths the volume of an Olympic swimming pool.
In silence dense forest a brook gurgled. Its thin stream, meandering, flowed between the roots of the trees. He made his way to the surface of the earth near a huge stone in the depths of the ravine. It seemed as if some giant had moved it and released a babbling stream from the dungeon. The streamlet loudly informed all living things throughout the forest that it had brought cold and clean water and now no heat is afraid of its inhabitants.
The water of streams (they are also called springs) has healing properties. It not only quenches thirst, but also heals wounds, heals the sick and gives strength to the healthy. You probably noticed? Once you drink some cold spring water, you feel tired as if it never happened at all. Therefore, all the inhabitants of the forest - sick and healthy - came or flew to the stream every day to drink its water.
The birds woke up early, with the first rays of the sun. They chirped and joyfully greeted the cheerful trickle: “Hello, trickle. Such a great weather! Thank you for the delicious water." The stream offered its trickles to them: “Please drink, I have a lot of water, enough for everyone.” Then he, without ceasing, told them how long he had wandered around the world before ending up in their forest. His homeland is huge salty ocean where sometimes they rage severe storms and the waves reach high big trees. There is space there, large ships sail and a lot of fish. In this sea-ocean lives a whale fish, it is so large that all the birds living in their area can fit in its mouth. However, despite its size, the whale feeds on plankton - tiny crustaceans. Brook called the whale a fish out of old habit, although he knew well that this animal, and like all mammals, breathes with its lungs and feeds its babies with milk.
Brook continued to talk. When it was hot, he and his friends climbed the silvery clouds and jumped into their native ocean. It was great and fun. A small droplet jumped out of the water, was picked up by a warm wind, and lifted high up until it reached the clouds. During this time, the drop gradually decreased in size and became invisible. She turned into steam. Where the clouds are, despite bright sun, very cold. The steam turned into water again and fell into the ocean with rain. It's a fascinating spectacle. Huge ships from such a height seem very small, smaller than those boats that boys sail in streams. And it’s even more pleasant to fall down at a breakneck speed. The ship, which was no larger than the head of a pin, rushes towards us at great speed. Finally, the drop falls into the arms of its friends with a splash.
Of course, such a game is very dangerous. Sometimes, out of nowhere, an angry wind would fly in and carry away the clouds with the drops of water that were there. The wind carried them all over the world, and they held tightly to the cloud, hoping that sooner or later they would find themselves in their native ocean, where they would again frolic in its vastness.
The streamlet kept telling and talking, although the birds listened to him with half an ear. They loved the talkative brook, but they had no time; they had to feed and water their chicks, and at the same time clear the forest of pests. Not only birds, but also insects flew to the stream. They carefully, so as not to be washed away by the water, lowered their proboscis into the water and drank. Then they flew away to pollinate the flowers, since the plants could not do without their help. Swift dragonflies, fluttering caddis flies and airy mayflies lingered here a little longer. Some of them were in small flocks, others in a whirlwind of fluttering “snow” rushed in a round dance of mating dance, then laid eggs in the water and flew away. After a few days, the eggs will hatch into larvae. They will live in the stream alone, without parental affection and supervision. Some compassionate mothers turned to the stream with a request to look after their children. He never refused anyone.
The plants that grew next to the stream could not praise their neighbor enough, because he gave them water. And plants need a lot of it, since most of it is spent on evaporation and cooling the leaves.
Our little stream has had to go through a lot of troubles in its life. However, despite this, he remained cheerful, cheerful and helped others whenever possible. Moreover, when he did good, he never expected payment for it. If he was praised and thanked, he was happy, and if they didn’t notice, he didn’t lose heart either. A good deed will always be noticed and appreciated. Brook understood that when you do good to others, you first of all do it to yourself, for your own satisfaction.
The animals were also constantly in a hurry, and each time they could only hear a small part of his life story. And since they came to the stream several times a day, they knew it from beginning to end. Although, by and large, most of them understood little of what was said. How could they know all this, since most of the inhabitants of the forest never left it and saw nothing but the forest.
An old and wise deer approached the stream. On his head were such branched horns that they looked like a picket fence. He had seen a lot in his time, was reasonable and calm. Not good forest giant scurry around like a little booger. The deer slowly drank the water and listened to the story of the stream: “It used to be that droplets of water could not stay on the cloud and they fell like rain to the ground, and if this happened in winter, they turned into fluffy snowflakes. The fate of the falling drops was different; some of them became plant juices, others were part of the blood of animals, and others replenished lakes and rivers. Although all of them lost contact with their native ocean, it was not for long. The juices of plants and animals evaporate and turn into steam, and the waters of rivers sooner or later reach the shores of the ocean. It happened that some drops were unlucky. They fell into terrible cold and turned into ice. Others - even worse - ended up underground, in a dungeon. Both of them ended up on land for a long time.”
“It’s amazing how many years I’ve been living in the world, I’ve never heard anything like this,” the deer was amazed. He lived all his life in the forest and could not imagine that the water could be salty and not drinkable. There is so much of it that all the existing rivers in the world can fit in it. He somehow swam across wide river, and for large ships to sail on the ocean for many weeks and months, it did not fit in his head. Birds fly, he knew this well, but water... Streamlet said that in the mountains ice, like water in a river, flows into the valley, that he spent a lot of time underground in a dungeon. “These were most likely the inventions of a cheerful storyteller. On the other hand, where does rain and snow come from? All this falls from above. Where does the water in the stream come from? It flows out of the ground. Maybe the trickle is right? - the deer thought.
Migratory birds were amazed at the stream’s knowledge. They make long flights and have seen a lot in the world, and the stream that flows in the dark forest is well aware of all this. As for the size of the seas, they agreed with the stream, because they had to fly over them several times. Sometimes they fly for many hours, and below there is no end and only water. If the flight occurs during the day, then the water glitters and sparkles under the rays of the sun, and if it happens at night, sometimes the outlines of the water and sky are lost. The stars twinkle not only overhead, but also below. This is a wonderful sight and you can admire all this (which, apparently, is happening), unless, of course, you are tired. It’s good if you come across an island on the way where you can rest, but if there isn’t one, you have to fly non-stop, no matter what. Those birds that cannot withstand the difficulties of flight end their lives in the raging salt waters.
Birds and animals, insects and plants loved the babbling stream for its tasty water, cheerful disposition and stories. Little Brook was so happy about his birth that he never stopped talking about his travels.
Let us, dear guys, sit down on the bank of the stream, drink its cold water and listen to an amazing story.
All water on Earth, regardless of where it is located, on land or in the sea, has a common affinity. It follows from this that the waters of the huge Amazon River, sooner or later, may fall with snow on the territory of our country, during a flood, fall into the Volga and, ultimately, end up in the Caspian Sea. And water from a small puddle, say, somewhere near Ryazan, having evaporated, may end up far from its native places, in the ocean. And she will be there sorting through the coastal sand of some tropical island. On our planet, water is in constant motion, which is called the water cycle in nature. And this giant flywheel is set in motion warm rays our Sun.
Our planet contains 1.5 billion cubic kilometers of water, and about 97% of it is in the ocean. The rest of the water is concentrated in the ice of Antarctica, Greenland and on land. Fresh water directly suitable for drinking makes up less than 1% of the world's water reserves, most of which is concentrated in lakes and rivers, which carry their waters again to the seas and oceans.
Everywhere on Earth, water flows from top to bottom, and only in gaseous state, in the form of water vapor, it rises. Under the hot rays of the sun, the waters of the World Ocean (which occupies two-thirds of the Earth's surface) evaporate. On average, about 1,000 tons of water evaporate per year from one square kilometer of ocean surface. In the tropics, where the sun mercilessly bakes, this value increases 2-3 times. There, over the vast expanses of the ocean, a huge amount of invisible water vapor collects in the air. From there, winds, hurricanes, typhoons begin, which carry water vapor throughout to the globe, including on land. It is ocean water in the form of steam that provides water supply to the land. Water vapor in the atmosphere is perhaps the only source of water on land.
The higher the air temperature, the greater the evaporation rate. We know this well, since in the summer puddles dry out very quickly after rain. At the same time, evaporation accelerates when the wind increases. The wind carries moist air away from the evaporating surface and replaces it with drier air. The drier the air, the greater the evaporation. Not only water evaporates, but also ice and snow. Ice evaporation rate in humid air is small, but in dry climates it approaches the rate of water evaporation. Now it’s clear why wet laundry dries quickly in the cold?
The heated air, together with invisible steam, rises high. And it's very cold there. The temperature in the atmosphere decreases by 6.5 o C for every kilometer of altitude. On high altitudes the air temperature drops to -30-40 o C or more (let's remember the message from the flight attendant when we fly on an airplane). As the air cools, tiny droplets of water vapor form and become visible. This is how a cloud is formed. It is known from the laws of physics that during steam formation, heat is consumed, and when steam condenses (when it turns back into water), this heat is released and heats the surrounding air, causing it to rise even higher. If the ocean surface continuously continues to supply water vapor to the upper atmosphere, the cloud grows higher. It can reach 10 kilometers or more.
Finally, at some point high altitude this air, saturated with water vapor, cools sharply, releasing large quantity heat. Due to temperature and pressure differences, movement occurs air masses, i.e. wind is formed. Powerful drops lead to the formation of hurricanes. In these cold layers, ice crystals form directly from water vapor. As a result, it is no longer rain, but snow and hail.
Despite their apparent lightness and airiness, the clouds contain large quantities water, from 1 to 10 grams per cubic meter. Since the volumes of clouds are large (tens of cubic kilometers), even one cloud can contain hundreds of tons of water in the form of drops or ice crystals. These gigantic water masses are continuously transported by air currents over the surface of the earth, leading to the redistribution of not only water, but also heat.
Most of the rain (up to 90%) falls here over the waters of the ocean, so our little stream was not deceiving when he said that he and his friends were having fun, rising up in the form of steam, and then falling as rain into the ocean.
Some of the clouds are driven by the wind onto land, where these clouds rain. Here is what M.Yu. Lermontov wrote about them:
“Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!...
...Forever cold, forever free..."
However, cooling alone is not enough to condense the vapor in the cloud (transform it into tiny droplets of water or ice crystals). This requires condensation nuclei - solid particles. And there are a lot of them in the atmosphere - dust, smoke, plant pollen, fungal spores (over land), grains of salt (over the ocean). They are so small that they float freely in the air. Sea air literally saturated with tiny particles of salt. Such air, accordingly, has healing properties. According to the outstanding scientist V.I. Vernadsky, the average salt content in the cloud is about 34 mg per liter of water. So rainwater, while still in the cloud, already contains a certain amount of salts. Even in such an arid territory as the Lower Volga region, up to 47 tons of Caspian Sea salts fall on each square kilometer.
The first tiny droplets of water are deposited on the surface of solid particles. Rising air currents push the droplets upward. In this vortex they collide, stick together and become larger. When the droplets become so heavy that the air flow can no longer keep them aloft, they begin to fall. This is how it starts to rain. In drizzling rain, the drop size does not exceed 0.1 mm, and in heavy rain, drops reach 6 mm. Such rain, accordingly, brings significantly more moisture. It is not surprising that the greedy Signor Tomato, the manager of Countess Vichen, tried to set a rent for rain: for downtime - 100 lire, and for downpour - 200 lire (Gianni Rodari “The Adventures of Cipollino”).
To artificially induce rain, airplanes spray various salts, solid carbon dioxide, and tiny dust particles into the cloud. As a result, it rains in this place, but more often than not there is no rain further along the path of the cloud.
Finding water droplets in a cloud is somewhat similar to holding a ball in a fun toy with an air current. At the end of the tube there is a small “basket” in which the ball is located. When we blow into a tube, the air flow lifts the ball and keeps it at some distance from the tube. However, as soon as we stop blowing into the tube, the ball falls. The same thing happens with drops. Warm air rising from the surface of the earth, it holds small drops of water in suspension. When the upward flow weakens, the mass of water accumulated in the air falls to the ground. The result is heavy and short rainfall. If the updraft is strong enough, it can support not only water droplets, but also heavy hailstones in suspension.
Snow and hail form in a similar way. In this case, supercooled drops turn into ice crystals, from which snowflakes are formed. Hail is formed in a vortex of powerful updrafts, when drops of water either rise into cold layers of air, where they freeze, or descend into warmer ones, where they are covered with new drops of water. And so many times.
A complete change of water in the atmosphere occurs in just a week and a half, so our little stream was not afraid that the wind would carry it far from its native ocean and it would lose its friends. Some of the water ends up on land, but even in this case, rainwater will sooner or later end up in rivers, which give their waters to the seas and oceans. So, only Amazon in South America carries about 20% of the world's total river flow into the Atlantic Ocean. A large rivers, which give their waters to one or another ocean quite a lot: Northern Arctic Ocean feed the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Pacific Ocean– Huang He, Yangtze, Cupid, Indian Ocean- The Tigris, Euphrates, Ganges, Atlantic Ocean - Congo - on one side, and the Amazon and Missouri - on the other. And it’s impossible to count how many smaller rivers carry fresh water to the seas and oceans.
The most unpleasant thing for raindrops is when they fall in the form of snow in the polar regions or in the mountains. There they turn into ice and lose contact with the ocean for a long time, and, accordingly, with their friends. About ¾ of all fresh water found in the polar caps (Antarctica, Arctic, Greenland) and glaciers high in the mountains. Some of them are hundreds or even thousands of years old. The second trouble is when water gets into the ground and then for a long time it loses connection not only with the ocean, but also with the white light.
Our little stream was unlucky; it ended up high in the mountains. This happened when..." The golden cloud spent the night
On the chest of a giant rock;
In the morning she rushed off early,
Playing merrily across the azure;"
(Cliff. M.Yu. Lermontov)
The cloud floated away, and the stream turned into cold ice. “That’s it,” thought the stream, “now I’ll stay here for a long time and I don’t know when I’ll get home.” However, when he got used to it a little, he learned that there is a way out of every trouble. Brook found out that snowflakes in the mountains are compressed and turn into ice, but it is plastic and fluid. Therefore, glaciers, like rivers, flow in gorges among the mountains. The similarity is so great that along the edges of the glacier the ice moves more slowly than in the middle, just as in a river the speed of the current near the banks is less than at the core of the river.
To check this, let's conduct a simple experiment. Freeze in plastic bottle water, turn it over and cut off the bottom. Place a small weight on top. After some time, ice will flow out of the hole like toothpaste from a tube.
Large rivers flow at an average speed of about 100 km per day, while the speed of glaciers does not exceed several hundred meters per year. Thus, glaciers in the Alps flow at a speed of 180 meters per year, the Fedchenko glacier in the mountains of Tajikistan moves at a speed of just over 200 m/year. The speed of movement of some giant glaciers in Central Asia reaches 800 m/year. Antarctica's glaciers, sliding into the sea, move at a speed of 500 m/year. The speed of movement of glaciers largely depends on the difference in elevation; The steeper the slope, the faster these frozen rivers flow.
Quite a long time passes before the glacier slides into the valley and begins to melt. During the journey, the glacier becomes covered with dust and rock fragments. From below, the glacier carries with it pebbles, sand, and clay. After all, he, like a plow, plows his furrow in the most hard rocks and, like millstones, grinds fragments of rocks. A bed of crushed material facilitates the movement of the glacier, and dust and dirt on the surface contribute to its rapid melting.
And so, far below, in the valley, from under a frozen block of ice, cold streams of water begin to run, murmuring merrily. They gradually gain strength and turn into formidable mountain streams that crush and sweep away everything in their path. Remember the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “Gifts of the Terek”?:
“The Terek howls, wild and angry,
Between the rocky masses,
His cry is like a storm,
Tears are flying in splashes."
IN temperate climate Snow melting begins in the spring and at the same time there is a flood. The melting of high-mountain glaciers occurs in the summer, so the flooding of rivers that are fed by melted glacial waters most often occurs in the second half of summer.
So, our “stream” rushed menacingly into the valley, carrying with it boulders, pebbles and sand. “Finally,” he sighed joyfully, “soon I will be home and see my family.” A little more and he will meet sea waters. However, fate once again played a cruel joke on him.
The current slowed down in the valley. The boulders, which the waters mercilessly crushed and rolled from place to place, were left far behind. The river had calmed down, and there was nothing to indicate its once violent temper. The clay particles in its waters alone gave it away. When there was very little left to the sea, the stream fell into the diversion channel, from which water is taken for watering the plants. They try to use this water as sparingly as possible so that most of it goes to the plants. However, despite this, a lot of water is lost - evaporates or seeps into the soil.
Once in the drainage channel, our stream assumed that it would fall into the plant and become its juice. This suited him, since he knew that about 90% of the water consumed by plants evaporates and ultimately ends up in the cloud. However, this time he was unlucky, he began to gradually seep into the soil...
And now we will leave our stream for a while and tell you how water gets into the ground, into the dungeon. Most often this happens with rainwater, and with such unlucky ones as our stream. To do this, we will have to travel with her, go down underground, where there is constant darkness, and then we will see a lot of interesting things, if, of course, we are not afraid of it.
Most of the water that falls with rain evaporates or flows over the surface of the earth, forming large and small rivers, lakes, and ponds. The excess (and this is the smallest part of it) seeps deep into the earth through cracks and cracks.
The soil is replete with voids, which represent a kind of labyrinth. They are like caves with dark overhanging arches and gloomy dead ends, intertwined in a complex pattern and diverging in different directions. In addition, the soil is permeated with passages of earthworms and other soil animals, which facilitate the penetration of moisture into it.
Water seeping into the soil promotes soil respiration; it fills voids and displaces stagnant air rich in carbon dioxide, methane and other gases. This is an exhalation. When the soil dries out or soil moisture drains downward, fresh, oxygen-rich air rushes into the voids. This is a breath.
Soil is a kind of vessel, although it has neither walls nor bottom. However, despite this, it can only hold a strictly certain volume of water, not a gram more, not a gram less. This property, called soil moisture capacity, depends on the type of soil and its composition. You've probably noticed that sandy soils easily absorb water, while clay soils absorb water much worse. Before the rain has time to fall, the sandy soil is already dry, and where there is clay, puddles remain for a long time.
Small drops of water (in the form of drizzle or irrigation) easily seep into the soil and moisten it, while heavy rain(or a stream of water from a hose when watering) compacts the soil, forms a dense crust on its surface, which prevents water from seeping into it. Dense soils accumulate little moisture, while in well-loose and structured soils the amount of moisture is much greater and it is well absorbed by plants. The accumulation of water in the soil is facilitated by the humus present there. It absorbs water, then gradually releases it to the roots of plants.
Water does not have to find its way through the tangled labyrinth of soil voids. The slope serves as a kind of compass for her. Somewhere seeping into narrow cracks, somewhere freely flowing in a small stream, somewhere breaking off and falling into bottomless abysses, the drops slowly and ceaselessly move deeper into the soil.
First the water fills upper layer soil. If there is a lot of it, it penetrates deeper and deeper into the soil until it reaches waterproof layers of clay or rocks. This dense layer does not allow water to penetrate deeper. Further on, water begins to flow along the slope above this impermeable layer in a more or less wide front. Moving further and further, it merges with other drops, streams, and gradually stops into a kind of stream.
How does water flow down this slope? Let's do a little experiment. Place a sponge on an inclined board and gradually pour water onto it. The sponge will first absorb it, and only then, as it becomes saturated, the water will gradually flow down the inclined plane. Groundwater flows in a similar way. This is how underground streams are formed, and if there is a lot of water, then rivers. If on their way they encounter a kind of bowl bordered by waterproof rocks, then an underground lake is formed.
When we talk about groundwater, we sometimes call it rivers, streams, or lakes, but we must keep in mind that these are not just ordinary rivers and lakes. They are completely different from those we are used to, although they have many general properties. Underground rivers have a bottom made of waterproof layers of clay and rocks, they have banks, and they flow along an inclined plane. Speed largely depends on the difference in altitude. There are no fish in them, but living creatures live - bacteria, protozoa, primitive worms, crustaceans. All of them are small in size in order to be able to “squeeze” through the pores among the grains of sand.
Underground rivers are filled with sand, pebbles, and boulders, through which water slowly seeps. Water is literally filtered through them. Therefore, the flow speed depends not only on the inclination of the plane, but also on the nature of the soil. Loose river and glacial sediments are the most permeable to groundwater. The size of soil particles determines the volume of pores, which vary greatly in sand, pebbles or among boulders. In porous soil, such as gravel, water flows faster, in sand it flows slower, and in clay it remains almost motionless.
What is the speed of groundwater flow? It can be measured using the village well. Let's drain it completely; after some time the well will fill up again. If the underground flow rate is high, the well will fill quickly, and if it is low, it will fill slowly. Using several such wells, scientists determine the flow speed of underground rivers. Village wells are cleaned every few years to remove turbidity, which clogs the pores and prevents water from freely seeping through the aquifer.
Scientists have found that underground rivers flow very slowly - from a few millimeters to ten meters per day. In pebbles the flow rate is about 10 meters per day, on sandstones and sandy loams it is 0.1-1 m/day, and in clays it is less than 1 mm/day. If water ends up at a depth of 1-2 km, then it remains there for almost ten thousand years; its flow speed does not exceed one meter per year. Experts believe that such deep water accumulates over centuries and is renewed (i.e. exchanged with surface waters) no earlier than in 8-10 thousand years. Now it’s clear why our little stream became sad when it found itself in the kingdom of Hades.
If deep in the earth aquifers intersect and connect, the pressure in one of them increases. This is how pressure is formed groundwater. If you drill a well to their level, water under pressure will rise to the surface. This is an artesian well. A similar thing happens with an ordinary village well. The pressure in the well is slightly lower than in aquifer, therefore the water level in it is higher than the depth of the aquifer itself. Change atmospheric pressure affects the filling capacity of the well. During bad weather (and this is brought by a cyclone), atmospheric pressure, as a rule, decreases. Because of this, the water level in the well rises. At low atmospheric pressure, gases accumulated there are released from the soil, swamps, and reservoirs. So the change in atmospheric pressure helps to ventilate the soil.
If an aquifer emerges on the side of a hill, ravine or cliff, a stream flows out of it, which is what happened with our stream. The groundwater most often well filtered and in most cases distinguished by crystal purity and pleasant taste. And the quality of water largely depends on the soil in which it flows.
A.P. Sadchikov, professor at Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov,
Vice President of MOIP (
Droplet's Adventure
Once upon a time there lived a Droplet. She had neither a mother nor a father. She dreamed of flying on a cloud. She really wanted to find her home. One day, she asked the sun to turn her into steam.
When she was flying, she saw EVERYTHING around her. EVERYTHING was very beautiful. When she flew onto the cloud, she saw more droplets looking for their home.
They became friends. And then they fell to the ground. It was a forest. And where they fell, a river formed.
Then they evaporated again. And again they formed a cloud. And then they fell to the ground again.
Only now, where they fell, there was no longer a forest, but a field. Then they evaporated again and formed a cloud again. But now they have fallen into the steppe.
The droplet got tired and decided to find out if anyone needed rain.
And first she met the Hare.
- Bunny! Do you need rain?
- Of course, without rain my carrots wouldn’t grow.
The droplet decided to go on a journey again. And she turned into steam again. There, she met her friends. And together they fell as rain. And this time they formed a lake.
So, Droplet found her home.
Reviews
Well written!!! Nice fairy tale!!! I liked her!!!
The only remark, perhaps it should have been instead of the third question:
Seven-flowered little flower, do you need water?"
Write the same as in the first two questions:
Little flower of seven flowers, do you need rain?
DO YOU NEED RAIN? - A question asked three times...
With respect, and wishes for success and good luck in literary creativity, King Tiger.
PS: The droplet in the picture is also well depicted!!!
Hello!
I wrote this fairy tale a long time ago, when I was only in 1st grade. It was my mother who reminded me that I was in the 1st. And I thought it was in the 2nd!
And the question is about water, and not about rain, because the seven-flowered flower grew in the garden and was watered with water. He didn't know any better.
But in general, now I would write this fairy tale completely differently. But it is what it is.
Thank you very much!
And thanks for the drop too! :-)
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