How to open a workshop for processing tires into fuel. Recycling of tires, tires, waste rubber goods into liquid pyrolysis fuel, pyrolysis, reactor

For a very long time now, the governments of many developed countries put on the agenda environmental situation in modern cities. Every year, hundreds of thousands of waste polymers are thrown into landfills, thereby polluting environment. But many organic substances, in particular car tires that have become unusable, can be reused. By purchasing new or used processing equipment rubber tires, everyone has the opportunity to build not only a profitable, but also extremely useful business. It is a mistake to believe that every processing plant– this is something large-scale and requiring large investments. Not at all - having a clear plan, you can meet a minimum of funds, while organizing an effective, profitable stable income shop.

Our business assessment:

Starting investments – from 6,000,000 rubles.

Market saturation is low.

The difficulty of starting a business is 7/10.

Opening a mini plant for processing car tires in Russia is not very difficult; the main thing is to know which way to approach the implementation of the planned project. As in any other market segment, there are nuances here that are extremely important to pay attention to. And the initial task of anyone who has seriously decided to organize their own business is to draw up a business plan for processing car tires, which would reflect the important stages of launching a production enterprise.

We can distinguish 2 areas of business - processing raw materials into crumbs and into liquid fuel. Each of these options is good and profitable in its own way. The only difference here is the size of the starting investment and the technological process.

Why is recycling old tires profitable?

Tire recycling as a business has become so interesting to investors and entrepreneurs not even because of the usefulness of the idea itself, but because of the positive aspects that can be noted when talking about this direction.

Why is it profitable to recycle used tires?

• Available raw materials. Material for further processing will be supplied to the workshop either at a very low price or completely free of charge.
• Simplicity of technology. Despite the fact that obtaining fuel from tires, from the point of view of physical and chemical processes, is a rather complex process, modern equipment makes technological scheme extremely simple.
• Huge market. With established sales channels, finished processed products will be immediately shipped to customers.
• Environmental friendliness. It would seem that recycling old car tires should be a very dirty process, but no - in the end, only the final product and some associated components that are not hazardous to human health are obtained. The only one harmful factor– increased noise level.
• Opportunity to receive preferential business conditions. The state today encourages innovators in every possible way and provides businessmen with subsidies and loans with “pleasant” interest rates.

But recycling of used tires is characterized by more than just positive aspects– there are also negative ones. For example, it will be very difficult to find regular wholesale customers. Therefore, in order to avoid equipment downtime, you should launch advertising campaign and begin producing products immediately “for a ready buyer.”

The business idea for recycling used tires is very promising, and all the difficulties that arise when preparing to launch a workshop are completely solvable.

Recycling tires into crumbs: what is needed for this?

Having decided to choose this line of business, the entrepreneur must solve the primary problem - buy equipment for processing tires into crumbs. There are a lot of machines on the market that can perform the task - grind tires into powder and crumbs of various sizes.

This business development scenario is especially good due to its simple technology and huge market.

Tire recycling production line in crumb rubber

Each line operates using a specific technology:

• Removing the seat ring and metal from the tire.
• Cutting tires into strips of a certain width.
• Removing the second seat ring.
• Cutting the tape into blanks.
• Grinding of tapes to obtain crumbs or powder.
• Cleaning up the crumbs.
• Removing textile cord.
• Warehousing of the finished product.

There is another way to grind worn tires - cryogenic technology. It consists of freezing the raw material and further crushing it. And despite the extremely high efficiency of the method, it is not used in our country, since the equipment for carrying out the process is prohibitively expensive - about 30,000,000 rubles.

The equipment presented on the market differs from each other in many respects - configuration, power, degree of automation. But the “average” line for processing tires into crumb rubber consists of the following list of machines and devices:

• Seal ring cutter.
• Seat ring squeezer.
• Tire cutter into strips and blanks.
• Abrasion machine.
• Vibrating sieve.
• Seperators.
• Transporters.

It will be quite problematic to independently assemble such a line from separate machines; it is much more practical to buy a ready-made one. But here the priority for a novice entrepreneur will be the issue of cost, since the price of equipment for processing tires into crumbs is quite high. Even the simplest device with minimum power(up to 100 kg/h) will cost the entrepreneur no less than 1,500,000 rubles. And the cost of more productive (up to 1000 kg/h) lines is much higher - 3000000-10000000 rubles. The following brands of equipment are popular among entrepreneurs: ATR 500, RDK 500, EcoStep 500, Eldan lines.

To equip a “young” workshop, it is hardly worth buying an expensive, high-performance tire processing machine. To start a business, an average power (200-500 kg/h) will be quite sufficient - this way, the equipment will not be idle in the absence of raw materials or customers.

When organizing a tire recycling enterprise, many entrepreneurs are faced with the problem of finding premises. The fact is that the line, despite the absence of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, is very noisy. And therefore, the supervisory authorities have quite strict requirements for the location of the enterprise - away from residential areas.

Recycling tires into liquid fuel: what is needed for this?

The entire technology based on pyrolysis is carried out automatically, and the process is divided into the following stages:

• Sorting of raw materials received into the workshop.
• "Cutting" tires.
• The crushed raw materials decompose in the reactor under the influence of high temperatures.

After all the technological stages, the output is several semi-finished products - gas, steel cord, liquid fuel.

Each product obtained during the processing process finds its own application. The gas is reused during subsequent cycles, thereby saving on fuel. And steel cord and diesel are sent for storage with subsequent shipment to customers.

Processing by pyrolysis is carried out using special lines, the standard equipment of which is as follows:

• food storage containers,
• pyrolysis unit,
• conveyors,
• separators for cleaning steel cord.

Pyrolysis line for processing tires and rubber goods

And the most expensive equipment of all is the pyrolysis plant. This is what the entrepreneur pays for when he equips a workshop for converting tires into diesel fuel.

The price of a line for processing car tires to produce diesel oil, depending on productivity, may be different. On average, to purchase a high-quality line with a capacity of up to 5 tons per day and its commissioning, a minimum of 5,000,000 rubles will be required.

There are few ways to save on equipping a workshop - either get equipment from China or buy used machines.

A powerful pyrolysis plant for tire recycling can operate in continuous mode, showing the following output for final products:

• For fuel – 2 t/day.
• For steel cord – 0.5 t/day.
• For gas – 1 t/day.

Provided the line is fully loaded, the yield of liquid fuel will be 40% of the weight of the original rubber raw material.

Considering that the standard line is quite large in size, some difficulties may arise when choosing a suitable room.

Where to get raw materials?

Tire processing technology allows the use of raw materials of any degree of wear. But these tires still need to be obtained somewhere. And in the absence of well-established supply channels, a beginner in this business may encounter certain problems.

What are the possible options here?

• Buying tires from auto repair shops, services, and private owners.
• Collecting tires from landfills.
• Organization of collection points for waste tires from the population.
• Removal of used tires from the territory of enterprises.

It turns out that the processing of used rubber tires can be carried out both from free raw materials and from purchased ones. Moreover, free material much more - hundreds of kilograms of raw materials can be collected daily from the city landfill alone. But this is not enough for uninterrupted operation equipment, so buying tires for recycling also has a place. The raw materials are inexpensive - many companies, realizing that a certain type of enterprise is now interested in worn tires, began to ask for them a certain amount, albeit purely symbolic. And accepting used tires for recycling for a small compensation from the private population will not only stock up on raw materials, but also attract the attention of city residents to the environmental situation.

Problems of marketing crumb rubber and liquid fuel

As in any other line of business, it is important to establish distribution channels as quickly as possible. And the priority, of course, is wholesale customers.

In fact, there are a lot of consumers of the resulting products. Crumb rubber is actively used in many production areas– construction, automotive and even textile. And the resulting fuel oil will be taken to production workshops, where recycled technical oil can be used as fuel.

And if you have already found reliable sales channels, know who benefits from selling the resulting products, and have established your own stable enterprise, share your experience of processing tires into crumbs with newcomers who plan to develop in the same direction.

How much can a business earn?

Practice has already shown that mechanical and pyrolysis processing of tires and rubber goods, when done correctly, brings a stable profit.

When calculating expected income, you need to estimate how much initial investment will be required. To organize a “medium” workshop, it is imperative to provide for:

• purchase of equipment and its commissioning,
• preparing the premises for production,
• preparation of the raw material base,
• hiring.

The monetary minimum that you need to focus on when opening a workshop is 6,000,000 rubles.

The price of a mini plant will pay off the faster the sooner reliable sales channels are found. To calculate profits, the following figures are taken: the wholesale price for crumbs is from 15,000 rubles/t, the wholesale price of processed diesel is from 6,000 rubles/t.

It is hard to imagine modern world no cars. Their number is constantly growing, and at the same time the number of car tires which have fallen into disrepair. Their disposal is problematic, since they are highly flammable and do not naturally decompose. Currently, only 20% of old tires are recycled. Therefore, this type of activity is very relevant, especially for big cities, so this is a good and modern business idea.

Why recycle old tires? In addition to the disposal of environmentally hazardous human waste products, this issue is relevant in the field of oil production. It is no secret that natural oil reserves are irreplaceable. And from 1 ton of tires, where the net weight of rubber is about 700 kg, you can produce 400 kg of finished raw materials. When processed, about 30-40% of the raw materials yield pyrolysis oil, used in boiler houses. By processing pyrolysis oil, we obtain high-quality fuel oil, diesel fuel, and gasoline.

A significant advantage of this business is that there are no expenses required to purchase raw materials. And in some cities, authorities also finance the recycling of car tires.

To organize this activity, it is necessary to find a suitable territory located at a sufficient distance from the residential sector (at least 300 m). On the territory it will be necessary to equip a warehouse for raw materials, a site for the preparation and processing of raw materials, and a warehouse for finished products.

Equipment will need to be purchased: a tire shredding unit (hydraulic shears), a reactor - pyrolysis unit, and tanks for the resulting products. The reactor is installed in an open area. It is possible to recycle about 5 tons of tires per day. During processing, gas is released on which the reactor operates. To work on it, two workers who have received special training will be required.

The cost of this installation varies depending on the technical characteristics and ranges from 1 to 10 million rubles. More expensive installations not only make it possible to obtain pyrolysis oil from recycled tires, but also process it further into diesel or gasoline distillate. The installations also differ in their processing capacity - 5-20 tons per day.

The average cost of opening this business is about 5 million rubles: purchase of a pyrolysis unit, hydraulic shears, 2 tanks per 10 thousand liters, other tools and materials, delivery and installation of equipment, and other associated costs.

When the equipment is fully loaded, the output is 60 tons of pyrolysis oil per month. The price on the wholesale market is 9.5 thousand rubles. per ton. With this volume, monthly revenue will be 570 thousand rubles. Business profitability – 50%. Provided the equipment is loaded to full capacity, the initial investment will pay off in 16 months.

Worn tires are almost not subject to natural decomposition, which means that sooner or later they should be disposed of. Tires cannot simply be burned - such “disposal” of even one ton of products is fraught with “enrichment” of the atmosphere with centners of soot and toxic gases. In addition, this is simply a pointless waste of resources, because thanks to modern technologies, waste tires can be profitably processed, for example, into fuel. Let's consider a case of opening a company specializing in the processing of tires into fuel oil.

Tire recycling as a business is a unique type of activity, since virtually no costs for raw materials are required. Moreover, in many cities, municipal authorities even pay for the recycling of tires. As for the resulting fuel oil, this is a product that is constantly in demand.

As a result of the tire recycling process, a dark oily liquid is released (30-40% of the total mass of raw materials). This is the so called pyrolysis oil, his Chemical properties similar to the characteristics of fuel oil and heating oil. It can be used in industrial furnaces, heat generators, boilers. In addition, the pyrolysis liquid is processed to produce higher quality fuel oil, diesel fuel or gasoline.

Potential Buyers

• boiler rooms;
• industrial enterprises;
• owners of private houses.

Equipment

To open this business you will need the following tire processing equipment (basic):

Almost all pyrolysis plants present on the domestic market are of Russian or “post-Soviet” origin. Their cost varies from one million to ten million rubles.

For example, a mini-plant for processing tires "Potram-Avtotiny-Classic", which not only cuts and processes car tires into pyrolysis oil, but also turns it into diesel and gasoline distillates, will cost from 7,500,000 rubles. This plant is capable of processing 15-20 tons of raw materials per day.

From the same manufacturer you can also purchase a conventional installation for producing pyrolysis fuel SHAH (from 2,000,000 rubles), with a capacity of 5 tons of raw materials per day.

The cost of hydraulic shears NS-400, capable of cutting both passenger and truck tires, is 300,000 rubles.

A fuel storage tank with a capacity of 10,000 liters will cost 220,000 rubles.

Example of production organization

Let's consider an enterprise that processes tires into fuel (fuel oil) using a SHAH pyrolysis plant with a capacity of 5 tons. According to her technical specifications from one ton of raw material up to 400 kg of pyrolysis liquid should be obtained.

To start a business you will need an investment of 4.6 million rubles:

• Purchase of the SHAH pyrolysis unit - 3,000 thousand.

  Disposal and recycling of car tires

• Hydraulic scissors - 300 thousand rubles.
• A tank with a capacity of 10 thousand liters - 220 thousand rubles.
• Tools, consumables - 280 thousand rubles.
• Delivery, installation, commissioning - 300 thousand rubles.
• Other expenses (coordination, connection to electrical networks) - 500 thousand rubles.

With an operating mode of 30 shifts per month and 100% equipment utilization, the installation produces 60 tons of products.

The properties of the resulting pyrolysis oil correspond to heating oil. The average wholesale cost of this fuel is 9,500 rubles per ton (current price as of 02/12/2013).

With this option, monthly revenue will be 570,000 rubles, net profitability activities 50%. The return on investment at 100% line load will be 16 months, and at 50% load 32 months.

Equipment | for cleaning and regeneration | Vacuum regeneration unit UVR

Designed

for regeneration (restoring working condition) primarily of mineral oils, hydraulic oils, compressor oils, industrial oils, as well as lighter electrical insulating transformer and turbine oils;

for cleaning, clarification, regeneration, removal of paraffins, removal of sulfur (desulfurization) - heating, diesel and pyrolysis fuels, as well as other fuel liquids.

Business Idea #102: How Profitable is Tire Recycling?

Vacuum regeneration unit UVR

regenerates, clarifies, removes aging processes, filters and purifies: mineral oils, diesel fuel, heating oil, petroleum products, pyrolysis liquid, the installation removes paraffins and sulfur from diesel and heating oil.

The cost of regeneration of 1 ton (depending on the liquid being regenerated) ranges from $6.5 to $35.

Regenerated, clarified and filtered this or that liquid also after the processing process complies with GOST.

This equipment will not solve the issue of oil disposal, but will give and is giving oils a second life.

Installation universal and works on any liquids without any reconfiguration, the only variable parameter will be the performance of the installation, it will depend on the type and viscosity of the liquid being purified.

The equipment is certified and complies with all GOSTs and standards.

Samples of engine oil before and after the regeneration process,
as well as other samples of purified and clarified liquids

Pyrolysis plant for tire recycling. Pyrolysis is a waste-free technology for waste disposal.

Pyrolysis of tires, tires, plastics and other waste allows the disposal and processing of toxic waste into fuel, carbon and steel cord. The pyrolysis plant is simple and effective. Investments in pyrolysis equipment pay off in less than a year; when purchasing equipment on lease, the payback period is reduced to several months. The pyrolysis plant does not require numerous personnel. To service a horizontal pyrolysis installation, 3-4 people are required at the time of loading (3 - 5 hours depending on the volume) and a person on duty during operation. The service life of a pyrolysis reactor made of heat-resistant steel with a thickness of 16 -18 mm is about 7-8 years. The reactor can be supplied from heat-resistant stainless steel. After 7-8 years of operation, the reactor is replaced with a new one. The remaining installation components do not require replacement. The installation uses automation Siemens.

It is possible to lease equipment for 2 - 5 years, down payment 10 -15%, increase in price 5 -12% per year, currency - rubles.

Pyrolysis of waste. Depending on the temperatures and materials, low-temperature pyrolysis and high-temperature waste pyrolysis plants are used.

Low-temperature pyrolysis is a process of waste decomposition without air access at temperatures of 300-600 ° C. This method is characterized by the maximum yield of liquid products. During the pyrolysis process we obtain fuel and other valuable waste. Our installations use a catalytic pyrolysis process to increase the efficiency and speed of the process.

Tire recycling as a business

In the installations at the output we receive heavy and light fuel fractions, non-condensable fractions - gas is used to heat the pyrolysis furnace, therefore only initial heating is necessary for the pyrolysis furnace to operate. After the pyrolysis process begins, the released gas is used for heating. If you purchase 2 units and they work together, the excess gas in one pyrolysis unit is used to start the pyrolysis process in the second unit. There is no need for any additional type of fuel at all. The pyrolysis plant is equipped with a 4-stage gas purification system. Price list for pyrolysis plants.

High-temperature pyrolysis occurs at temperatures of about 1000-1400 degrees and is characterized by maximum gas yield. High temperature pyrolysis - one the best ways processing of municipal solid waste, solid waste, both from the point of view of both environmental safety and the production of synthesis gas, slag, metals and other materials that can be widely used in national economy. High-temperature gasification makes it possible to technically simply process municipal solid waste without its preliminary preparation, sorting, drying, etc.

Waste equipment - advantages of pyrolysis:

• Pyrolysis equipment is the optimal solution for waste processing. Pyrolysis is little sensitive to the type of raw material and is capable of processing unsorted municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, oil residues, paper pulp, mixed plastics and shredded car residues, rubber and tires, wood waste, hospital waste, etc. The plant's automation adapts to changes in the composition of the waste .
• There is no combustion waste, the pyrolysis plant has excellent emissions of harmful substances such as dioxins, the level of which is lower than those established by the relevant legislation.
• The installation does not produce wastewater.
• No highly qualified personnel are required, the installation operates automatically.
• There is a large reduction in the volume of waste for disposal.
• Harmless production residues can be used in the future, in the production of tires, road construction, etc.
• The pyrolysis plant is easy to operate and maintain, and also the fact that the pyrolysis plant provides itself with the energy necessary for operation (required only for start-up), while the excess generated steam and/or electricity is supplied to an external consumer.

Pyrolysis machines are available in 2 versions: vertical and horizontal. From us you can purchase horizontal pyrolysis machines for processing waste tires, etc. and vertical machines for processing waste oil and petroleum products.

Advantages of horizontal pyrolysis plants:

• The material is mixed in the reactor, which accelerates the pyrolysis process.
• No crane beams are needed to unload retorts.
• The workshop may have a smaller height.
• Large dimensions of the installation's loading doors.
• Possibility of automating loading; the loading device can have a diameter equal to the machine door.
• Fully automatic carbon unloading, a device for unloading steel cord, a small number of maintenance personnel (3-4 people), especially high savings are obtained with high installation productivity or the purchase of 2 or more units.

Pyrolysis of rubber and tires.

Pyrolysis of rubber and recycling of car tires is the most popular area where horizontal pyrolysis plants are widely used. Large reactor volume from 12 m3 to 50 m3, large loading doors from 2.2 to 2.8 meters in diameter, automatic unloading of the installation, and a small number of maintenance personnel make horizontal installations the most profitable to use for these purposes.

Pyrolysis of plastic.

• Plastic pyrolysis is another popular area for using pyrolysis machines. What is especially important is that plastic decomposes in a pyrolysis machine without the formation of dioxins. In this case, the yield of pyrolysis fuel is about 65% of the weight of the plastic. When supplied with a dechlorination unit, it is possible to process plastics with PVC impurities.

• Pyrolysis of waste

• In pyrolysis plants it is also possible to process cable residues, leather (pre-treatment equipment is supplied),

• Pyrolysis of waste oil and petroleum products

• It is possible to process waste oil in horizontal pyrolysis units 10 -15% of the unit load volume, in distillation units or in oil regeneration units.
• We offer 2 types of oil processing plants.

A series of distillation plants that allow you to process 5 to 50 tons of oil per day into standard summer diesel fuel and AI 92 gasoline.

Installations for regeneration of oil properties with a capacity from 62 to 2000 liters per hour. These installations make it possible to obtain oil with properties close to the original oil.

• As a result of pyrolysis, the following products are obtained:

The working process:

Raw materials are loaded into the loading inlet, and depending on the volumes and material, a loading conveyor can be supplied. Then, the reactor of the pyrolysis machine is heated with a gas or diesel burner, at the customer’s choice. When the temperature reaches up to 350 ° C to 400 ° C, the pyrolysis reaction begins in the reactor. From the resulting oil gas the light and heavy components will separate. The light component is cooled in the condenser and accumulated in the fuel tank; flammable gases also remain in the system, which cannot be liquefied; they are returned to the heating system for combustion.

The pyrolysis machine is equipped with a gas purification system in the heat supply system of the machine. We can offer you the following size range of Pyrolysis machines with different capacities:

We can offer you the following size range of Pyrolysis machines with different capacities:

№	Name	Power kW.	Volume reactor m3/hour	Volume downloads tons	Volume per day tons	Quantity downloads in a day
1	LL-2200-6000	11	22	5 — 6	9 — 10	3 in 2 days	82000	92000	88000	98000	108000
2	LL-2200-6600	11	25	7	10 -11	3 in 2 days	84000	94000	91000	101000	111000
3	LL-2600-6000	16	32	8	8 -10	1 per day	110000	124000	118000	121000	131000
4	LL-2600-6600	16	35	10	10 — 12	1 per day	120000	134000	128000	142000	154000
5	LL-2800-6000	17	37	10	10 — 12	1 per day	125000	139000	135000	149000	164000
6	LL-2800-6600	17	40	12	12	1 per day	135000	149000	145000	159000	175000
7	LL-2800-7500	22	46	16	15 -16	1 per day	150000	165000	162000	177000	195000

* — price of a pyrolysis unit without adaptation to cold climates. Heating of the installation with coal, wood.

** - price of a pyrolysis unit without adaptation to cold climates. Heating of the installation with multi-fuel burners operating on diesel fuel, pyrolysis oil, and fuel oil.

*** price of a pyrolysis plant with a cooling system adapted to cold climates, without an outdoor pool.

*** price of a pyrolysis plant with a cooling system adapted to cold climates, without an outdoor pool. Heating of the installation with multi-fuel burners operating on diesel fuel, pyrolysis oil, and fuel oil.

**** — price of a pyrolysis unit with a cooling system adapted to cold climates, without an outdoor pool and a cooling system that allows the use of heat generated by the unit for heating the workshop. System supply ventilation. Heating of the installation with multi-fuel burners operating on diesel fuel, pyrolysis oil, and fuel oil.

Standard operating cycle of a pyrolysis machine.

We provide a 1-year warranty on the machine, and a 14 mm thick stainless steel reactor. 3 years, other parts of the machine do not need to be changed throughout its entire operating period, with the exception of wearable components and parts.

The composition of the pyrolysis machine includes

1. Reactor heating system
2. Thermally insulated pyrolysis machine body
3. The pyrolysis reactor is made of stainless steel 14 mm thick.
4. Machine control panel.
5. Catalytic column
6. Container for the heavy fraction of pyrolysis oil
7. Pyrolysis gas cooling system
8. Container for the light fraction of pyrolysis oil
9. Water seal
10. Water cooling system. It is possible to use the heat generated during the pyrolysis process to heat the air in the workshop in winter
11. Built-in fan and valve system.
12. Chimney
13. Smoke exhaust fan
14. Exhaust gas purification system
15. Gas burner
16. Speed ​​reducer
17. Automatic soot removal conveyor
18. Service platforms
19. Roller for unloading steel (cord)

Pyrolysis is the process of decomposition by fire, literally translated. The material of used tires under the influence of heat in an oxygen-free environment is separated into solid, liquid and gaseous substances.

Business for processing car tires and tires into fuel oil

In this case, long polymer chains are converted into liquid components with a significantly lower molecular weight.
The raw material for pyrolysis technology can be not only car tires that have lost their properties,
but also used polypropylene, polyethylene, used motor oil and other carbon-containing waste.

In its apparent simplicity of implementation, pyrolysis has a number of pitfalls. The high temperature of the process (above 500C) requires the absence of moving parts in the reaction zone or expensive construction materials.

The batch process, in addition to a long production period, has an unreasonably high fuel consumption (up to 15% versus 6% continuous), due to the need to heat the cooled retort.

The primary product - pyrolysis oil - has not just unacceptable quality indicators. It has a disgusting smell, a very high content of products unacceptable in fuels, is not stable and does not change during distillation.

Other products obtained from tires by pyrolysis (carbon and steel) require additional costs to bring them to marketable condition.

Due to its low quality and organoleptic characteristics, pyrolysis oil cannot be used as a competitive product - a fuel substitute.

We offer a modern, high-quality technological system for environmentally friendly
highly profitable, waste-free production recycling tires and other carbon-forming waste to obtain highly competitive marketable products.

The technological process is of a two-stage nature.

1. Pyrolysis stage. But this is a “light” version - a low-temperature analogue of pyrolysis. Our specialists have developed promoters that allow the pyrolysis process to take place at low temperatures, while the output of pyrolysis oil occurs with better characteristics.
2. Reaction rectification takes place in the presence of catalyst systems of a unique structure, which makes it possible to obtain a commercial product from the product of low-temperature pyrolysis.

To date technological process passed the stage of laboratory testing, pilot installation and industrial prototype. IN this moment The installation of an industrial design is underway in the Krasnodar region.

A series of tests (carried out in ROSNEFT laboratories) of products produced using the new technology showed both the high quality of the product itself and the high efficiency of the catalyst.

The results received the highest praise from oil refining industry specialists.

The essence of the technology is the use of a field-promoted catalyst system that has no analogues. The use of field promotion makes it possible to reduce energy costs for carrying out the pyrolysis process and reactions on a catalyst. As well as a product of commercial quality, corresponding to 4-5 environmental class motor fuels of the Russian Federation, and as a result, an increase in the cost of selling one kg to 30 rubles, while the cost of raw materials (tires) at a landfill is 0 rubles.

A new technological approach will make this production highly profitable due to the following factors that are inherent ONLY to our technology:

1. The occupied area is very compact, which makes it possible to locate production at a waste tire collection site or in close proximity to it.
2. The required electricity to put production into operation is minimal. Energy costs for the technological process itself are covered by the use of hydrocarbon gas generated during production.
3. The quality of the resulting finished product makes it in demand on the market of high-octane motor fuels (EURO-4 and EURO-5), with a selling price of over 30 rubles per kg.
4. Waste-free production, which allows us to talk about its environmental safety.

Pyrolysis of tires and tires

The problem of household waste disposal is quite acute today all over the world. Moreover, if with household waste While organic origin can be relied on by nature itself, it is the person himself who needs to worry about the issues of recycling polymers. The thing is that most of them, for example, car tires, do not decompose on their own, which means that if they are not destroyed, they will soon turn our planet into one big landfill.

Disposal of car tires is currently carried out in several different ways.

Processing into crumbs. Recycling tires using shredding is the simplest and most common method in our country. It allows you to preserve the chemical and physical-mechanical characteristics of rubber. After grinding, rubber can be used in the construction of roads and structures. Also, grinding rubber allows it to be compactly stored and transported until further processing by pyrolysis.

Disposal of tires by burning. This method recycling was invented back in the days when humanity had not invented any alternatives to the destruction of rubber. Tires were burned mainly at cement industry enterprises, where they partially replaced fuels such as fuel oil and coal. Burning tires looks simply barbaric from an environmental point of view, since many harmful substances in the process of burning rubber do not disintegrate, but enter the atmosphere. Among these substances the most harmful are:

• benzopyrene
• furan
• dioxins

In addition, one ton of tires contains approximately 700 kg of rubber, which, thanks to new technologies, can be reused to produce fuel. Thus, it becomes clear that burning tires is a completely unjustified method, both from an environmental and economic point of view. A more correct method of recycling tires is pyrolysis. How does it happen?

Tire recycling by pyrolysis

Today, the pyrolysis method is used to obtain fuel from tire recycling. It is a process of thermal decomposition of organic compounds contained in tires without access to oxygen. Pyrolysis of tires today is the most economical and environmentally friendly method of their disposal, since it not only solves the issue of recycling recyclable materials, but also allows you to obtain fuel literally from garbage.

Low-temperature pyrolysis allows tires to be decomposed into their constituent components, each of which can be used for specific purposes.

Tire recycling business pays for itself in 6 months

Recycling of tires by pyrolysis has been used for a long time in European countries, since in addition to environmentally friendly disposal, this type of recycling can bring very good profit. So, what products can an ordinary tire recycling plant produce:

1. Carbon black, which is used as a filler in the production of non-responsible rubbers, conveyor belts, technical plates, and much more. It is also a pigment for the production of paints. Lower quality carbon black is widely used in construction (it is used to make paving slabs, concrete products and bricks).
2. Thermolysis gas, which is an analogue natural gas. This gas is quite clean and can be freely used in mini-boiler houses to generate heat and electricity.
3. Pressed steel cord used for the needs of the metallurgical industry. It can be sold as scrap metal or as binding wire (subject to additional firing)
4. Synthetic oil, which is almost identical in composition to natural oil. If it is purified, it can replace many petroleum products.

All these products from a process such as tire pyrolysis are in demand in a variety of industries, so tire recycling is a fairly profitable business.

Pyrolysis of tires.

Disposal and subsequent recycling of tires is carried out in several stages:

1. Tires intended for recycling are sent to a raw materials warehouse.
2. Using a bead cutter, tires are cut into tread and beads (for maximum compact packing).
3. The retort is loaded with raw materials, then it is closed with a lid and placed in a pyrolysis oven, where it is heated to 450°C. During the thermal decomposition of rubber, pyrolysis gas is formed, which passes through the refrigerator, where it condenses into pyrolysis oil. To maintain the pyrolysis process, part of the resulting gas is supplied to the furnace burner.
4. Upon completion of the pyrolysis process, the retort is removed from the furnace, and the next retort with raw materials is loaded in its place.
5. After cooling, the retort is unloaded, and the metal cord is separated from the pyrolytic carbon.
6. Finished pyrolysis products are sent to a warehouse, where they are stored until direct shipment to the end consumer.

The advantages of pyrolysis of car tires are simply obvious to the naked eye:

• This recycling process is safe from an environmental point of view, and the processed products do not contain highly toxic substances.
• No waste during production - absolutely everything that is generated during the processing of tires is a liquid product.
• This processing of solid waste does not require significant energy consumption, and in general, it is very economical;
• It is possible to use the fuel obtained from rubber processing for internal technological processes.

Summarizing everything written above, we can say that tire pyrolysis is the only correct solution for recycling rubber for all those who think about the future of their children and care about the environment. And from a business point of view, pyrolysis is the most profitable method recycling old car tires.

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Number of cars in Russia increases every year, at the same time the number of worn tires increases.

The main recycling method does not cover the full volume of secondary rubber-containing raw materials.

And although in recent years the pace of production from tire crumbs has increased significantly, large volumes of used tires remain unutilized.

What happens to the rest of the raw materials? Basically, rubber simply accumulates in landfills, increasing their already overwhelming volume.

Processing by pyrolysis – modern way recycling of tires and other rubber goods. It is successfully used abroad, but is not very popular in Russia yet.

Pyrolysis is the most cost effective way processing rubber from used tires and other rubber goods, while non-polluting combustion gases environment.

It goes like this:

1. The tires are pre-separated into front and side tires using a bead cutter.
2. The cut tires are loaded into a special container (retort), which is sealed and placed in the oven.
3. The furnace heats up to 450 0 C and the pyrolysis process begins, during which gas is released. When the decomposition of the raw material ends, the retort is removed and replaced with a new one.
4. After cooling, which takes several hours, the container is unloaded, separating the carbon residue from the metal cord.

The procedure differs from conventional combustion in the absence of oxygen, which is necessary for combustion.

Under such conditions, chemical reactions occur, resulting in tires gases are released oil fractions , and carbon powder and cord remain in the oven.

The production is waste-free, since all pyrolysis products are used in industry, bringing good profits.

Output products

There are several output products. This:

• liquid fuel;
• carbon-containing residue;
• pyrolysis gas;
• metal cord tires.

Each of these products can be used beneficially.

Liquid output

The output liquid obtained during rubber pyrolysis is synthetic oil , similar in composition to natural.

With additional processing it can replace many fuels and lubricants– gasoline, diesel fuel, oil, etc.

In the US, more than 100 million used tires are turned into diesel fuel every year, and one tire is equivalent to 30 liters of oil.

In a pinch, unprocessed pyrolysis oil obtained from tires can be used as fuel for furnaces and boilers.

Solid carbonaceous residue

Used in various fields:

• in the manufacture of certain rubber products (for example, conveyor belts, or new tires);
• in paint and varnish and cement production - as a dye;
• used as a sorbent instead of activated carbon;
• can serve as solid fuel or as a component for liquid fuel.

Pyrolysis gas

This volatile component is similar in composition to natural gas.

Its main part is during the operation of pyrolysis equipment converted to liquid fraction, and the non-condensable residue is used to maintain the combustion of the furnace.

Metal cord

This is the tire core, the only component that does not undergo changes during pyrolysis.

The reinforcing material of car tires is high-quality steel, which, with additional processing, can be successfully used as binding wire or melted down.

Find out more about steel cord and how it can be used.

Boiler design

The composition of the simplest pyrolysis installation is as follows:

• retort(crucible) into which raw materials are loaded - tires;
• combustion chamber where heating occurs;
• heat exchanger, in which pyrolysis gas is condensed into liquid fuel.

Is it possible to make the equipment yourself?

The design of such a pyrolysis plant for rubber processing is simple; it can be made with your own hands.

This will require pipes of various diameters, shut-off valves and a thermometer.

You can take an iron barrel as a heating chamber, and use a can for a retort.

This equipment will function, but only for scientific and educational purposes. Output the product is unsuitable for use and requires further purification and processing.

The volume of such “home” production does not allow us to talk about serious benefits.

To independently build a plant that processes an acceptable volume of raw materials, you will need up to 10 million rubles, which is comparable to the price of an average factory-made pyrolysis line.

Pyrolysis is an unsafe process. If air enters a home-made retort during operation of the installation an explosion may occur, which could result in serious injury.

If we talk about starting a business for converting tires into fuel, it is better to purchase ready-made equipment manufactured by specialists.

Pyrolysis lines of various capacities are now available on the market. Such installations include various additional nodes to speed up the process, increasing the quantity and quality of output products:

• scrubbers– devices that cool pyrolysis gas with a special reagent and partially condense it into a liquid fraction;
• separators– designed to reduce the moisture content of the remaining gas before feeding it into the furnace;
• capacitors– they undergo the final transformation of the gaseous fraction into liquid after the scrubber;
• filtering structures for additional purification of gases emitted into the atmosphere.

How does the stove work?

The technological process on a factory production line goes like this:

1. The heated gas is supplied from the furnace through a pipeline to the scrubber, where cooling and partial condensation take place.
2. It then passes through special piping, which provides additional cooling, to condensers for final conversion into liquid fuel.
3. The remaining gas, which cannot be converted into liquid, is sent for drying to a separator, from where it goes to a pyrolysis furnace for further processing.

The most advanced technological lines pyrolysis are equipped with installations for catalytic cracking, distilling pyrolysis oil into different kinds fuel. But such equipment is already a whole plant, both in area and in cost (up to several million euros).

Despite the fact that the tire pyrolysis business is not yet very widespread in Russia, there are good examples of equipment for pyrolysis tire processing on the market domestic production.

Suppliers of pyrolysis plants

Tekhnokompleks LLC (Rostov-on-Don) offers PIROTEX equipment, which provides the maximum volume of high-quality liquid fuel.

Prices vary widely depending on the performance of the equipment and the degree of automation: from RUR 2,870,000.00. for an installation with a capacity of 2 tons per day up to 35,900,000.00 rub. for a monster with 32 retorts, capable of absorbing 28 tons of raw materials per day.

More details all models and prices are presented in the price list on the company website.

The company also supplies additional equipment that facilitates work with the installation: monorail tracks with electric hoists and hydraulic tippers for crucibles.

The installation for processing tires "ROSEKO" manufactured by LLC "RM" (St. Petersburg) is capable of producing gas and diesel fuel.

The equipment is compact mounted in a single container and is capable of recycling 2.5 tons of raw materials per day.

The cost of installation is 9 million rubles.

Pyrolysis line T-PU1 manufactured by PTK Pyroliz-Ekoprom LLC (St. Nizhny Novgorod) costs only 2.5 million rubles - in the basic configuration with one retort.

It is better to purchase one or two more loading containers for continuous operation. The installation is capable of processing up to 6 cubic meters of raw materials per day, consuming only 1.1 kW/h of electricity.

Video on the topic

In this video you can familiarize yourself with the process of obtaining fuel from rubber through pyrolysis processing:

Results

So, what is good about pyrolysis:

• compared to burning emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are minimal, in addition, they undergo additional cleaning;
• all products, obtained during the process, marketable in industry, no need to spend money on disposal of any leftovers;
• low energy consumption– installations generally consume from one to several kilowatts of electricity per hour;
• equipment actually provides itself with fuel using the generated gas.

In light of such advantages, recycling tires by pyrolysis seems to be a profitable activity.

Of course, Russia has large reserves of natural oil and gas, but they are not endless.

In addition, in addition to the purely commercial side, pyrolysis is a real salvation for the environment, so for those who think about the future, this method of recycling hazardous waste cannot but seem attractive.

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Each of us knows that a vehicle cannot do without tires. However, not everyone thinks about where worn-out tires go. There are two ways: either the tire is sent to a landfill and thereby pollutes the environment, or it is recycled. It is safe to say that rubber is a dangerous pollutant, which is why they always try to recycle it. For this simple reason, there are all the prerequisites for creating your own small plant, where tire processing will be carried out.

What everyone should know

Every year the number of cars on the roads increases by about 5-10%. Based on this, the volume of worn rubber increases by approximately 1 million tons. In many countries, the issue of recycling is very acute. This problem can be partly solved by setting up your own small production. You have several options for business development. For example, this could be the processing of car tires into fuel oil or crumbs. If you want to receive fuel, you will have to spend a little more money, since the production line is quite serious. Please also note that you can work not only with tires, but also with plastic products, which will slightly increase the profitability of the enterprise. This business has several undeniable advantages, now we will look at each of them.

Firstly, you do not need to invest a lot of money in purchasing raw materials. This is due to the fact that worn tires are thrown away. Local authorities, if, of course, they are concerned about the ecology of their city, will deliver everything to you themselves. But that’s not all, since the municipality is ready to pay for your company to process car tires. Agree, getting practically free raw materials, and even making a profit from doing this business, is not at all bad. Of course, it doesn’t end there, since our main goal is not only to save the environment, but also to make a net profit. The main funds will come from the sale of the same fuel oil, which is an extremely popular type of fuel in agriculture. By the way, you can also get free raw materials at tire service points, which are more than abundant in big cities. The thing is that service station employees, etc., pay additional money for the removal of old tires and their disposal.

Recycling rubber tires: pros and cons

It is impossible not to say a few words about the fact that this niche has not yet been fully filled. The number of entrepreneurs in this area is relatively small, approximately 20% of the optimal figure. This means that only a fifth of worn-out rubber is disposed of and recycled, the rest is sent to a landfill. You must understand that 1,000 kilograms of burned tires means 450 kg of various toxic gases, as well as 250-270 kilograms of soot. But if the same amount of rubber is properly disposed of, then about 700 kilograms of full rubber can be obtained from the waste, which can be used to make fuel and rubber products. Here it hardly makes sense to talk about the industrial scale of the enterprise, but it is very possible to set up a small tire processing plant.

The complex itself is relatively small, but its size directly depends on production volumes. So, to process 5 tons per day, you need a room of 18 square meters and 10 meters in height. There should be a warehouse on the site where you will store tires, plastic, etc. There must be an area for preliminary preparation of raw materials (cleaning, cutting rubber). You can’t do without a storage room for finished products. In this case, it all depends on what exactly you are getting. It could be fuel and so on. For example, for fuel oil you will need to purchase several large-capacity tanks. They don’t have to be new; it’s even better to buy used ones, it’s much cheaper. Please note that recycling rubber tires is difficult and dangerous. Therefore, technology must be carefully followed. Let's talk more about this.

Technological process

In essence, there is nothing complicated here, but it is necessary to control the process at all stages of production. At the very beginning you have to start collecting tires. Next, you must take them to your company’s warehouse for further processing. In order not to damage the scissors, which, by the way, are not cheap, it is necessary to inspect all raw materials for the presence of metal objects, such as disks or rings. As for the cutting tool, ideally it should be hydraulic scissors, but this is not at all necessary, we will talk about this a little later. Next, the crushed rubber is sent to the reactor - a special installation for processing tires, which operates at a given temperature, most often 450 degrees Celsius. Decomposition leads to the fact that we obtain several semi-finished products, for example gas, steel cord, and fuel fraction.

The same gas is used to support combustion in the furnace as a by-product fuel. Its waste is released into the environment. This cannot be called a good solution, but the emissions resemble exhaust gases from a truck. As for the remaining mass, it passes through a magnetic separator, so to speak in simple words, then sifted through a sieve. Metal elements are screened out and sent to the warehouse. Fuel oil is transported by conveyor to tanks, in which the fuel will be stored until dispatch. It should be noted that the tire processing plant, which produces pyrolysis fuel, is quite expensive - approximately 2 million rubles. Its productivity is about 5 thousand tons of raw materials per day, which is quite a lot.

Making crumb rubber

Here's another one is enough interesting idea, which has not received proper distribution to date. The essence of such a business is that you will sell crushed and processed rubber, which can be used for various purposes. In order for you to roughly understand what we are talking about, it is necessary to provide general indicators in numbers. So, a ton of crumb rubber on Russian market will cost no more than 20,000 rubles. As for the main consumers, these are construction companies, manufacturers of rubber products, roofing materials, coatings for construction and sports tools, etc. In principle, it is quite easy to find a sales point.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that approximately 700-800 thousand tons are thrown away every year on the territory of the Russian Federation. worn tires. Approximately 20-25% is disposed of properly, the rest either just lies in landfills or is burned. So, processing tires into crumbs can bring in 5-8 billion, but this is already on an industrial scale. If you will be engaged in this kind of recycling at your plant, then you will need a mechanical crusher. will have to be changed very often, which leads to high costs. Another disadvantage of this idea is that a lot of electricity is consumed, approximately 500 kilowatts per ton of finished product. Nevertheless, recycling tires in this way will be profitable. But only if you receive appropriate support from the state.

Tire recycling equipment

Separately, we need to talk about what our production line will consist of. In principle, there is not much equipment, and it is not complicated at all. However, the price is steep. The main unit is a tire processing unit (reactor), 10 meters high, 3.5 meters wide, 5 m long. This unit must be installed only in an open area, that is, in the open air. You, as a future entrepreneur, must understand that you will have to pay quite a lot of money for electricity. The reactor itself consumes about 6 kW per hour. In addition, there are also scissors - 7-8 kW/h. In principle, this is practically all the equipment that is needed to start production. What else is needed is several crucibles for unloading the resulting material.

As noted above, the reactor has a capacity of about 5 tons per day. But of this mass, approximately 40% will be liquid fuel. The fact is that as a result of decomposition you will get gas (about a ton) and about 0.5 tons of steel cord. We must not forget about the solid residue (carbon-containing materials), this is approximately 30% of the total output. It is worth drawing your attention to the fact that the processing of old tires in the reactor is carried out in a continuous mode. All you have to do is add tires. Combustion is supported by gas produced inside the firebox. The reactor must be maintained by two specially trained specialists. In principle, training courses can be completed fairly quickly. Now let's go ahead and look at a few more important points.

How much money do you need to start?

This is one of the main aspects that interests absolutely all beginners. There is no need to spend a lot of money here. If you are going to purchase used equipment (reactor, scissors), you can save up to 20% of the total amount. Whether to take such a step or not is up to you to decide. There is no guarantee that a used reactor will not fail after the first melting. In this case, no one will compensate you for the damage. One million rubles should be enough for you to do everything. This includes the cost of a reactor with a capacity of 5 tons/day, as well as scissors. In addition, you will need to purchase several tanks (60 tons). If these are used containers, then you will have to pay about 25,000 rubles per unit. Decide for yourself how many pieces you need, but you don’t need to limit yourself to one or two tanks. The fact is that processing tires into fuel is a seasonal business.

During a period of decline in fuel prices, it is better not to sell it, but only to accumulate it. When the period of promotion comes, and this will definitely happen, you can get good income, selling all the fuel oil at once. This tactic works and is considered quite effective. But this does not mean that you should completely freeze sales; it is enough to reduce them by 50-75%. You still need to pay your employees. Four specialists will cost approximately 60,000 rubles per month, and tools and workwear will cost another 50 thousand. There are also regular monthly costs: electricity, taxes, rent, etc.

About enterprise income

As you may have noticed, the technology for recycling tires is quite simple. There are no fuel additives, complex chemical reactions or other issues. Moreover, as noted above, the raw materials are completely free. Sometimes you can even earn some money by collecting tires, which will cover your monthly electricity costs. If you live in the outback, then you are unlikely to be paid for recycling, but in big cities the situation is completely different. There are many industrial enterprises who pay good money for recycling rubber. This is due to the fact that many city landfills refuse to accept such waste. For recycling a ton of tires you can get a different amount, from 2 to 5 thousand rubles.

It is safe to say that even recycling tires at home will bring good income. Thus, for a ton of low-quality carbon, consumers are willing to pay 3 thousand rubles. Scrap metal is accepted at the rate of 4 thousand rubles per ton, and fuel oil - 3-4 thousand rubles per ton, depending on the period. By simple calculations, you can come to the conclusion that in a month you will earn approximately 350,000-400,000 rubles. Approximately 50% must be paid for electricity, paid to workers, etc. With such intensity, the tire recycling line will pay for itself within six months, which is quite fast. As you can see, the idea is very interesting and promising, but not everything is so simple. In such a business, as, in fact, in any other, there are a lot of pitfalls. Let's see how not to make mistakes.

Problems when starting a business

It happens that you simply cannot find a free plot of land. This is due to the fact that it is necessary to maintain a safe distance to residential buildings, which is 300 meters. The further the plant is from the city, the higher the cost of delivering raw materials, do not forget about this. Remember also that not everyone wants tires to be recycled outside their windows. Feedback from ordinary residents will be negative, even if the reactor is located 400 meters from residential areas. For this simple reason, look for a location on a production site. Chances are you'll find one, as quite a few of the sites are empty. All you need to do is negotiate directly with the company; as a rule, this is not so difficult to do. At least, it’s much easier than concluding an agreement with firefighters and the sanitary and epidemiological station.

Do not forget that you need a license. It is not difficult to obtain a permit, since tires are classified as non-hazardous materials (group 4). But the catch is that your production officially pollutes the atmosphere. Most likely, you will be asked (forcibly) to buy a treatment plant. Its price is usually several times higher than the entire plant. But there are several ways that will help you postpone the purchase for a certain time. Experts say that it is not advisable to open a plant for processing any one material. Whether this is true or not, decide for yourself. In any case, you can always expand your workshop and melt glass, plastic or metal there. According to statistics, 75% of entrepreneurs encounter environmentalists who are wary of this type of production.

A few important details

As noted a little above, you will encounter a “contingency” clause in your business plan. This is due to the fact that it will be necessary to resolve issues with environmentalists and firefighters. For example, to store fuel oil in new tanks, only a protective shield is needed, but used tanks require additional protection. There are special lines for fuel and gas, fire safety instructions for personnel, and much more. In any case, you need to have a reserve in your budget of several hundred thousand rubles. This will save you a lot of trouble. The expense items are quite large, but we have already covered them, and you probably know what you will be dealing with.

Don't forget that you, as a manager, must not only monitor how your employees work, but also perform a number of other equally important tasks. Among these: constant development and growth of the boundaries of the enterprise, accounting and tax accounting, as well as adjustment of goals and plans for the near future. This article did not mention one important point - advertising your product. There are several options here. One of them is to create your own thematic website where you can offer fuel oil, etc. No one has canceled the advertisements on poles, stops and stands. Until now, this is a good and effective method to loudly declare oneself. In addition, for a nominal fee you can rent a billboard and place your advertisement there. By the way, you need to do this wisely. It is important not to overload with unnecessary information, but also to attract the attention of a potential audience.

Conclusion

So we talked to you about what tire recycling is and how to open such a business. As you can see, everything is quite simple, but there are a lot of important points. Sometimes it happens that it is difficult to find a supplier, or the latter refuses to just give away old tires and demands money for them. In principle, you can find another, more acceptable enterprise, where they will be happy to get rid of excess garbage, and they will even give you money for the trip. Sometimes it makes sense to enter into a full-fledged long-term supply agreement. This way you can eliminate downtime in your business and increase your income. But all these points must be discussed directly with the supplier. Remember that it is much more difficult to find a point of sale for tires than to find a businessman who is ready to buy this garbage. This is due to the fact that in some cities there are no tire recycling reactors at all.

If you get good fuel oil, then aim for city or private boiler houses. There you will be happy to purchase fuel, which is vital for heating water. If you are going to get crumb rubber, then you will need a machine that costs about 500,000 rubles. Electricity consumption per 1 ton of product is 90 kW. The disadvantage of this approach is that a group of knives (40 pieces) wears out after processing hundreds of tires, so they often need to be replaced. In principle, you only need to pay 30 rubles for one knife, which is relatively little. Thus, a unit with a productivity of 20 tires per hour pays for itself in about six months. The results are the same as in the production of fuel oil. But in the first case less problems with environmentalists and firefighters, since we deal neither with waste into the atmosphere nor with liquid fuel. Well, that’s basically all on this topic. The most difficult thing is to start, and then it will be much easier.