Russian natural sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, preliminary list, and promising for inclusion. Natural objects of the Russian Federation
Currently, the human environment is changing rapidly and at an increasing speed. The task of humanity is to maintain nature globe in a condition necessary for life, health and well-being. It is also necessary to preserve, as far as possible, at least the most unique places in nature that are of particular value from a scientific point of view, areas that make up the habitats of valuable or endangered species of plants and animals. There are many unique places in nature, the disappearance of which would be an irreparable loss not only for the country in which they are located, but also for all of humanity as a whole.In most countries of the world, networks of so-called “specially protected natural areas” (SPNA) have been created for these purposes. These include the following natural objects:
Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve, Leningrad Region
Wildlife sanctuaries are created to preserve or restore some or all of nature's components and to maintain the overall ecological balance. Some types of economic activity are limited in these territories.
Gladyshevsky reserve, Leningrad region
Natural monuments are small areas, including valuable natural attitude objects: caves, rocks, waterfalls, groves of rare tree species, river valleys, lakes, etc.
Natural monument “Yastrebinoye Lake”, Leningrad region
Natural parks serve to protect natural complexes that have environmental, historical and aesthetic value. They are staffed with special staff.
Natural Park"Vepp Forest", Leningrad Region
B Have you ever been to one of the protected areas? What do you remember about this place?
In these territories, people preserve both rare, unique, and typical areas of forests, swamps, meadows, ponds and other natural ecosystems, rare and mass species plants and animals in their natural environment habitats, bird flight routes, fish spawning routes and other natural objects and processes.
The entire nature of our planet is priceless and unique. Of course, among those subject to special protection natural areas It is difficult to single out some of the most outstanding and valuable corners of nature of “exceptional significance” that are vitally important to preserve for the present and future generations. A special UNESCO program is dedicated to this, constituting the so-called List world heritage.
Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and natural heritage UNESCO came into force back in 1975. Its main goal is to attract the forces of the world community to preserve unique cultural and natural objects. By mid-2012, the total number of countries party to the Convention had already reached 189. Among international programs UNESCO this program is the most representative. To improve the effectiveness of the Convention, the World Heritage Committee and the World Heritage Fund were established in 1976.
The World Natural Heritage consists of mountains, volcanoes, lakes, rivers, islands, forests, caves, reefs, national parks, nature reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries.
Of course, being on a par with the generally recognized world pearls of nature and culture is honorable and prestigious, but at the same time, it is also a great responsibility. To receive World Heritage status, a property must be of Outstanding Human Value and undergo a thorough peer review. In this case, the nominated natural object must meet at least one of the following four criteria:
Include unique natural phenomena or exclusive territory natural beauty And aesthetic value;
Present outstanding examples of major stages of Earth's history, including traces of ancient life, serious geological processes, which continue to occur in the development of forms earth's surface, significant geomorphological or physical-geographical features of the relief;
Present outstanding examples of important ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and plant and animal communities;
Include natural habitats of great conservation importance biological diversity, including habitats of endangered species that represent an outstanding global asset from a scientific or conservation perspective.
The status of a World Natural Heritage site provides additional guarantees of the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes, increases the prestige of the territories, promotes the popularization of objects and the development of alternative types of environmental management, and ensures priority in attracting financial resources.
The first cultural and natural sites were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List two years after the creation of the program. Among natural areas, the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), Yellowstone (USA), Nahanni (Canada) and Simen (Ethiopia) national parks received heritage status. Over the past years, the List has become very representative both in terms of the regions of the planet represented and in the number of objects: by mid-2012 it already included 188 natural objects. Most of them are located in the USA and Australia (more than 10 objects in each country). Under the protection of the Convention are such world-famous natural monuments as the Great Barrier Reef, the Hawaiian Islands, the Grand Canyon, and Mount Kilimanjaro. Video 62.
In Russia, the initiator of adding natural sites to the World Heritage List is primarily Greenpeace. By joining this UNESCO program, a new page was opened in the matter of nature conservation in Russia.
World Natural Heritage Sites of Russia
There are inaccuracies on the map, since currently 11 objects are already included in the list, including the Putorana Plateau and the Lena Pillars Natural Park. It was the first in our country to receive the status of a World Natural Heritage Site in 1995. natural complex called “Virgin Komi Forests”.
The territory of this site is the largest of the remaining tracts of primary forests in Europe, the appearance of which is almost unchanged by human impact. Video 63.
The virgin forests of Komi are a real taiga treasury. There are more than 40 species of mammals here (including Brown bear, sable, elk), 204 species of birds (including the white-tailed eagle and osprey listed in the Red Book of Russia), 16 species of fish, the most valuable of which are considered glacial relics - palia char and Siberian grayling.
This territory stretches along the western slope of the Subpolar and Northern Urals for more than 300 km. The Ural mountain system has a significant influence on the climate. Natural complexes in some places form a complex mosaic: along narrow river valleys taiga vegetation climbs high into the mountains.
Main tree species- spruce and fir are accompanied by Siberian cedar. Here the crystal clear tributaries of the Pechora originate and receive. Currently, the territory of the World Heritage Site “Virgin Komi Forests” is in danger due to illegal gold mining taking place here (1).Greenpeace Russia and other non-governmental organizations will fight to stop any environmental destruction activities on its territory.
Lake Baikal
Baikal is one of greatest lakes planets, lake " superlatives": the deepest (1637 meters), the oldest (about 25 million years old), with the most diverse flora and fauna among fresh water oemov. Video 64.
The lake has a unique supply of fresh water in terms of volume and quality - more than 20% of the world's reserves). The Baikal depression is the central link of the Baikal rift zone, one of the largest on Earth ancient system faults. The lake, together with its entire basin, is a unique and very fragile natural ecosystem, which ensures the natural process of formation purest waters. For Siberia, the climate of the Baikal coasts is relatively mild. For example, the number of sunny days per year here is higher than in many Black Sea resorts.In the anciently isolated Baikal depression, one of the richest and most unusual freshwater fauna in the world was formed, which is of exceptional value for the study of evolutionary processes.
Of the more than 2,630 species and subspecies of animals and plants found in the lake to date, more than 80% are found nowhere else in the world. Who hasn't heard of the famous Baikal omul or Baikal sturgeon? Two unique species of viviparous fish, representatives of a family endemic (2) to Lake Baikal - large and small golomyanka - are known to ichthyologists all over the world. The pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a typically marine mammal of origin - the seal, or Baikal seal.
Unfortunately, the unique nature of Lake Baikal is under threat (3).
WITH Have you heard about the actions that the public is taking to protect Baikal from pollution from the pulp and paper mill?
Another danger for Lake Baikal is posed by planned mining, illegal logging, forest fires, poaching, and oil spills.
Volcanoes of Kamchatka
The Kamchatka Peninsula is located at the junction of tectonic plates in a zone of active volcanism, where modern natural processes and the history of our planet are inseparable. Video 65.
Here on limited area concentrated 30 active and about 300 extinct volcanoes, as well as more than 150 groups of thermal and mineral springs. Dozens of geysers, hot springs, fumaroles (4), cascades of waterfalls, sharp peaks of ridges, mud pots and turquoise lakes, carpets of colorful algae give the fabulous appearance of the famous Valley of Geysers
The richest life is represented in the seas washing the coast of Kamchatka. Here are the growth zones for Kamchatka crab larvae and spawning grounds. salmon fish and rolling their young into the sea. From summer to early winter, an amazing natural phenomenon can be observed on the rivers of the peninsula: millions of salmon in a continuous mass move along the rivers against the current to their spawning grounds.
Golden Mountains of Altai
The nature of this mountainous territory, located at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia, is distinguished by its striking originality. There are few places in the world with such a contrasting combination of different landscapes in such a small space. Video 66.
The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and in many ways unique. Here are the most significant subalpine and alpine meadows in the Siberian mountains. The color of the vegetation of the Southern Altai, where semi-deserts, steppes and tundra coexist, is also unique. The diversity of landscapes contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemic species in Altai, often occupying very small areas. Among rare species mammals should be highlighted snow leopard, this is one of the most beautiful cats of the world fauna. Very few of these animals have survived in Altai.
Unique geological history region, “recorded” in the rocks of different ages composing it and imprinted in unusual relief forms. Such, for example, are the high terraces of the Katun River, striking in their grandeur. Mount Belukha is grandiose - highest peak Siberia (4506 meters). Altai river valleys are narrow, deep canyons.
The diversity of nature left its mark on the culture and religion of the indigenous population of this territory - the Altai. The achievements of the Altai traditional medicine. As the outstanding philosopher, writer, traveler H.K. wrote. Roerich, “many peoples passed through Altai and left traces: Scythians, Huns, Turks.” Mountain Altai called an open-air museum.
Western Caucasus
The western part of the Greater Caucasus in terms of the diversity of flora and fauna and their preservation has no equal not only in the Caucasus region, but also among other mountainous regions of Europe and Western Asia. Video 67.
This is an area where a large number of endangered rare, endemic and relict species of plants and animals are concentrated. It is especially important that the little-changed habitat of the most vulnerable people has been preserved here. large mammals: bison, Caucasian red deer, Western Caucasian tur, chamois, Caucasian subspecies of brown bear, wolf and others.
The Caucasus Nature Reserve is practically the only habitat in the world for the mountain bison; outside this territory it is almost completely exterminated by poachers.
The territory is rich in picturesque objects: powerful waterfalls, pointed mountain peaks (up to 3360 meters), stormy mountain rivers With clear water, clear mountain lakes, huge trees (majestic fir trees up to 85 meters high and more than 2 meters in diameter), rare plants(orchids, etc.) and many others. An invaluable, unique natural complex has been preserved in the Western Caucasus.
The relief of this territory, located in the Kaliningrad region, is unique. A continuous strip of sand dunes 0.3 - 1 km wide, some of which are close to the highest in the world (up to 68 m), stretches along the peninsula for 70 km. Video 68.
Due to its geographical location and orientation from northeast to southwest, the spit serves as a “guide line” for birds of many species migrating from the northwestern regions of Russia, Finland and the Baltic countries to the countries of Central and Southern Europe. Every year in spring and autumn, 10 - 20 million birds fly over the spit, a significant part of which stop here to rest and feed. Among the birds flying here there are many rare and endangered species listed in the Red Books of Russia, Europe and the world.
It is especially interesting that the spit is rich in objects cultural heritage. These are unique in their scale protective structures, extremely valuable from the point of view of history, science and art; fishermen's settlements harmoniously integrated into the landscape; archaeological sites and monuments of religious architecture. The multifaceted dune relief of the Curonian Spit, combined with the greenery of the forests, the whiteness of the sandy beaches and the vast blue of the Baltic Sea, has a high aesthetic value.
Central Sikhote-Alin
This territory, located in the south of the Far East within Russia, is one of the largest and least modified by humans centers for the conservation of communities of ancient coniferous-deciduous and deciduous forests. Video 69.
It presents a lot of rare and endangered species of animals, a significant part of which is preserved only within its borders. The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin is the last large integral territory in the world inhabited Amur tiger. Many other rare and endangered plant and animal species endemic to the region also need protection.
Picturesque relief forms, deep rivers, combined with an exceptional diversity of flora and fauna, the presence of plants and animals of exotic appearance, reminiscent of the tropics, give the nature of Sikhote-Alin completely unique features. There are many objects of aesthetic and recreational value located here: rock massifs that stand out picturesquely among the taiga, waterfalls, lakes and rapids, reefs, sandy bays of the coast of the Sea of Japan.
Ubsunur basin
The Ubsunur Basin, located on the territory of Mongolia and Russia, is one of the most original and unusual places Central Asia. Video 70.
This region has preserved a unique complex of neighboring, closely interacting, extremely contrasting ecosystems - from taiga to desert. Glaciers, snowfields, mountain tundra of the alpine zone and subalpine meadows transform into a vast mountain-taiga belt, which gives way to forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and even loose sand ridges, creating a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and diversity. It is impossible to see such diverse landscapes in such close proximity anywhere else in Eurasia. This territory has an unusually high temperate latitudes species richness
The relative sparse population of the territory and the absence of industrial facilities make it possible to preserve the basin as a natural laboratory for the study of biosphere processes
However, the value of the territory lies not only in unique nature Ubsunur basin. The cultural heritage sites located here are of great importance - archaeological monuments, many of which have not yet been studied. Nowhere else in Central Asia are mounds found in such concentration as here (according to a rough estimate, there are up to 20 thousand of them); most of them are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock paintings and stone sculptures, the remains of medieval settlements and Buddhist chapels form a unique natural and cultural landscape.
Natural system of the Wrangel Island reserve»
The Wrangel Island Nature Reserve is located on the border of the East Siberian and Chukchi seas on the Wrangel and Herald islands with the adjacent 12-mile sea area. Video 71.
The 180th meridian passes through Wrangel Island, so the island lies in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. The relief is predominantly mountainous, highly dissected, with coastal lowlands in the north and south. There are 1,400 rivers and streams on the island, about 900 small lakes. The unique combination of natural-historical and landscape-climatic conditions, as well as inaccessibility, have led to a large number of endemic, rare and relict plant species on the islands. On the islands, as parts of the ancient landmass that once united the Eurasian and North American continents, both Euro-Asian and American species flora and fauna.
Putorana Plateau
The plateau is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is a large basalt plateau located at the northern limit of the taiga and almost completely untouched economic activity person. Video 72. Trap landforms (5) intersected by huge canyons are unusual and extremely interesting. The scale and number of waterfalls are impressive (the largest concentration is in Russia). There is a 108 m high waterfall here - one of the highest in our country. There are many lakes on the plateau, with depths of up to 400 m; the lake fjords are very picturesque.More than 1,300 plant species have been recorded on the Putorana Plateau. Here is the northern limit of distribution of the flying squirrel, lynx, sable, and capercaillie. The migratory route of the world's largest wild population runs through the plateau. reindeer- Taimyr. It is also home to a little-studied, extremely interesting native form of bighorn sheep.
Lena Pillars
The Lena Pillars Natural Park is located in Central Yakutia, in the middle reaches of the Lena River. Video 73.
The park got its name because of the unique ridge of rocks - fabulous stone sculptures in the form of pillars and towers stretch along the banks of the Lena for tens of kilometers. The height of some reaches 100 meters. This natural monument is made of Cambrian limestone - a rock formed more than 500 million years ago.
In addition, in the park there are small areas of the desert landscape - unique permafrost ecosystems, as well as blowing sand-tuculans - isolated and independently developing sand ridges with slopes practically unfixed by vegetation. In the area of the Lena Pillars, scientists discovered burials of bone remains of ancient fauna: mammoth, bison, Lena horse, woolly rhinoceros.
The park is home to 21 species of rare and endangered plants listed in the Red Book. In the basin of the middle reaches of the Lena River, the fish fauna includes 31 species. Nesting sites for 101 species of birds have been established in the park. Animals common here are sable, brown bear, squirrel, elk, wapiti, chipmunk, musk deer, and the mountain-forest form of wild reindeer.
Work to continue to include new areas on the World Heritage List continues. According to the rules, nominations for consideration by the World Heritage Committee must first be included in the national Tentative List. They are presented on the map of the World Natural Heritage of Russia (see above).
It's obvious that effective protection such territories is impossible without the active involvement public organizations, as possible more citizens of the country. Let us remember that we have individual and collective responsibility for the preservation of natural complexes.
Read the resolution of the International Forum non-governmental organizations, dedicated to World Heritage sites (6).
What can we, the residents of Russia, do to support the conservation and development of specially protected natural areas?
Each of these places is unique in its own way, and together they function, making up the unity and integrity of the life support system on the Planet. They create its unique, still far from fully understood and understood appearance.
Work is underway to submit the following natural objects to the List: Volga Delta, Lena Delta, Green Belt of Fennoscandia, Kurile Islands, Valdai - Great Divide, Western Sayan, Beringia and Solovetsky Islands.
Natural sites included in the World Heritage List |
||
| Square | State | |
| Virgin forests of Komi | 3.279 million hectares | Inscribed on the World Heritage List (1995) Criteria - N ii, iii |
| 1. State biosphere reserve"Pechoro-Ilychsky" | 721 322 | |
| 2. Yugyd Va National Park | 1 891 701 | |
| 3. Protected zone of the reserve | 666 000 | |
| Lake Baikal | 8.8 million hectares | Listed (1996) Criteria - N i, ii, iii, iv |
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Baikal" | 165 724 | |
| 2. State Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinsky" | 374 322 | |
| 3. State nature reserve"Baikal-Lensky" | 660 000 | |
| 4. Pribaikalsky National Park | 418 000 | |
| 5. National Park "Zabaikalsky" | 246 000 | |
| 6. Reserve "Frolikhinsky" | 910 200 | |
| 7. Reserve "Kabansky" | 18 000 | |
| 8. National Park "Tunkinsky" (partially) | ||
| Volcanoes of Kamchatka | 3.996 million hectares | Included in the List (1996). Expanded in 2001 Criteria - N i, ii, iii, iv |
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Kronotsky" | 1 147 619,37 | |
| 2. Natural Park "Bystrinsky" | 1 368 592 | |
| 3. Natural Park "Nalychevsky" | 286 025 | |
| 4. Natural Park "South Kamchatka" | 500 511 | |
| 5. Federal Nature Reserve "South Kamchatsky" | 322 000 | |
| 6. Natural Park "Klyuchevskoy" | 371 022 | |
| Golden Mountains of Altai | 1.509 million hectares | Included in the List (1998) Criterion - N iv |
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Altai" | 881 238 | |
| 2. State Biosphere Reserve "Katunsky" | 150 079 | |
| 3. Natural Park "Mount Belukha" | 131 337 | |
| 4. Ukok Nature Park | 252 904 | |
| 5. Buffer zone "Teletskoye Lake" | 93 753 | |
| Western Caucasus | 0.301 million hectares | Listed (1999) Criteria - N ii, iv |
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Caucasian" with a buffer zone | 288 200 | |
| 2. Natural Park "Bolshoy Thach" | 3 700 | |
| 3. Natural monument "Upper reaches of the rivers Pshekha and Pshekhashkha" | 5 776 | |
| 4. Natural monument "Upper reaches of the Tsitsa River" | 1 913 | |
| 5. Natural monument "Buiny Ridge" | 1 480 | |
| Curonian Spit(shared with Lithuania) | 0.031 million hectares | Listed (2000) Criterion - C v |
| 1. National Park "Curonian Spit" (Russia) | 6 600 | |
| 2. National Park "Kursiu Nerijos" (Lithuania) | 24 600 | |
| 1.567 million hectares | Included in the List (2001). Expanded in 2018 Criterion - N iv |
|
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Sikhote-Alin" | 401 600 | |
| 2. Bikin National Park | 1 160 469 | |
| 3. Reserve "Goralovy" | 4 749 | |
| Ubsunur Basin(shared with Mongolia) | 0.883 million hectares | Listed (2003) Criteria - N ii, iv |
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina" (Russia) | 73 529 | |
| 2. Biosphere Reserve "Uvs Nuur" (Mongolia) | 810 233,5 | |
| Wrangel Island | 2.226 million hectares | Listed (2004) Criteria - N ii, iv |
| State Nature Reserve "Wrangel Island" | ||
| Putorana Plateau | 1.887 million hectares | Listed (2010) Criteria - vii, ix |
| State Nature Reserve "Putoransky" | ||
| Lena pillars | 1.387 million hectares | Included in the List (2012) Criteria - viii |
| Natural Park of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) "Lena Pillars" | ||
| Landscapes of Dauria(shared with Mongolia) | 0.913 million hectares | Included in the List (2017) Criteria - (ix), (x) |
| 1. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Daursky" | 49 765 | |
| 2. Protected zone of the State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Daursky" | 117 690 | |
| 3. Federal reserve "Dzeren Valley" | 111 568 | |
| Total area in the Russian Federation: | 279 023 | |
| 4. Strictly protected area “Mongol Daguur” | 110 377 | |
| 5. Buffer zone of the strictly protected area “Mongol Daguur” | 477 064 | |
| 6. Nature reserve"Ugtam" | 46 160 | |
| Total area in Mongolia: | 633 601 | |
Natural sites included in the Tentative List |
||
| Objects and territories included in them | Square | State |
| Valaam archipelago | 0.026 million hectares | Included in the Preliminary List of the Russian Federation on May 15, 1996. |
| Natural Park "Valaam Archipelago" | ||
| Magadan Nature Reserve | 0.884 million hectares | Nomination prepared |
| State Nature Reserve "Magadansky" | ||
| Commander Islands | 3.649 million hectares | Included in the Preliminary List of the Russian Federation on 02/07/2005. Nomination prepared |
| State Nature Reserve "Commander" | ||
| Great Vasyugan swamp | 0.4 million hectares | |
| State complex reserve of the Tyumen region "Vasyugansky" | ||
| Krasnoyarsk pillars | 0.047 million hectares | Included in the Preliminary List of the Russian Federation on March 6, 2007. |
| State Nature Reserve "Stolby" | ||
| Ilmen Mountains | 0.034 million hectares |
Included in the Preliminary List of the Russian Federation on August 11, 2008. Nomination prepared |
| State Nature Reserve RAS "Ilmensky" | ||
| Bashkir Ural | 0.045 million hectares | Included in the Preliminary List of the Russian Federation on January 30, 2012. |
Natural objects promising for inclusion in the Preliminary List |
||
| Objects and territories included in them | Square | State |
| Beringia | 2.911 million hectares | Recommended by IUCN for inclusion in the List |
| 1. Beringia National Park (RF) | 1,819,154 ha | |
| 2. Bering Land Bridge National Wildlife Refuge (USA) | 1,091,595 ha | |
| Volga Delta | 0.068 million hectares | criterion N iv. Nomination prepared |
| State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Astrakhan" | ||
| Lena Delta | 1.433 million hectares | Recommended by IUCN for inclusion in the List in accordance with criterion N iv. Nomination prepared |
| State Nature Reserve "Ust-Lensky" | ||
| Kurile Islands | 0.295 million hectares | Nomination prepared |
| 1. State Nature Reserve "Kurilsky" and its buffer zone | 65,365 and 41,475 | |
| 2. Biological reserve "Little Kuriles" | 45 000 | |
| 3. Reserve of regional significance "Urup Island" | 143 000 | |
| Green Belt of Fennoscandia(shared with Finland and Norway) | 0.541 million hectares | The Russian part of the nomination has been prepared |
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Lapland" | 278 436 | |
| 2. State Nature Reserve "Kostomuksha" | 47 457 | |
| 3. Pasvik State Nature Reserve | 14 727 | |
| 4. Paanajärvi National Park | 104 354 | |
| 5. National Park "Kalevalsky" | 95 886 | |
| Valdai - Great Divide | 0.183 million hectares | Nomination prepared |
| 1. Valdai National Park | 158 500 | |
| 2. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Central Forest" | 24 447 | |
Natural objects not included in the List |
||
| Objects and territories included in them | Square | State |
| Vodlozersky National Park | 0.58 million hectares | |
| 1. Vodlozersky National Park | 404 700 | |
| 2. Reserve "Kozhozersky" | 178 600 | |
| Bashkir Ural | 0.2 million hectares | Not included in the List (1998) |
| 1. State Biosphere Reserve "Shulgan-Tash" | 22 531 | |
| 2. State Nature Reserve "Bashkir" | 49 609 | |
| 3. National Park "Bashkiria" (strictly protected area) | 32 740 | |
| 4. Reserve "Altyn Solok" | 93 580 | |
| Teberdinsky Reserve(extension of the "Western Caucasus" object) | 0.085 million hectares | Not included in the List (2004) |
| State Biosphere Reserve "Teberdinsky" | ||
Russia, of course, is rich in unique and, what is very important, natural complexes that have not been affected by economic activity. According to rough estimates by scientists, there are about 20 territories in our country that are worthy of the status of a World Natural Heritage site. The list of the most promising areas was determined during the joint project of UNESCO and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) on boreal forests.
A2. Which continent is the highest?
1) Antarctica 2) Eurasia 3) Africa 4) North America
A3. Which continent does not have active volcanoes?
1) in Africa 2) in Australia 3) in South America 4) in Antarctica
A4. Indicate the error in the combination “continent - animal”.
1) Africa - cheetah
2) Australia - wombat
3) South America- puma
A5. Please indicate the correct answer. In Africa - wadi, and in Australia:
1) puna 2) screams 3) simoom 4) koala
A6. Where is the Taklamakan Desert located?
1) in Africa 2) in South America 3) in Eurasia 4) in Australia
A7. Name the tallest and most common tree in Australia.
1) sequoia 2) ceiba 3) hevea 4) eucalyptus
A8. Which cultivated plant is native to Africa?
1) coffee 2) rubber 3) cocoa 4) tea
A9. Indicate the continent on which the tropical desert zone occupies the largest area.
1) North America 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia
A10. The richest and most diverse animal world savannah:
1) Africa 2) Eurasia 3) Australia 4) South America
A11. Which North American bay do sailors call a “bag of ice”?
1) Mexican
2) Alaskan
3) Hudson
4) Californian
A12. Indicate the continent on which the “copper” mountains are located.
1) Eurasia 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia
A13. Where do earthquakes not occur?
1) in Africa 2) in Australia 3) in Antarctica 4) in Eurasia
A14. What part of the earth's crust lies at the base of the continents?
1) folded area
2) young platform
3) ancient platform
4) lithosphere plate
B1. Identify the natural complex by its description.
This lava plateau is located in the northeast of the mainland. The city located on it is called the “city of eternal spring.” This highland is the birthplace of coffee.
AT 2. Which plant is called a “pump tree”? Its bark slides off the trunk and hangs in rags, and medicinal oil is obtained from the leaves.
C1. Why is the topography of North America compared to a pipe?
How does it affect the continent's climate?
C2. What is “dry rain” and where can this phenomenon be observed?
Final control for the 7th grade geography course
Option 2
3) Australia - Madagascar
4) North America - Taiwan
A11. Specify the correct combination of soils and natural area,
in which they are formed.
1) hylea - red-yellow ferralite
2) savanna - podzolic
3) desert - black soil
4) steppe - red-brown
A12. Indicate the erroneous combination “continent - river”.
1) Africa - Zambezi
2) Australia - Murray
3) South America - Orinoco
4) North America - Parana
A13. Indicate the continent where the smallest bird and the longest snake live
1) Eurasia 2) South America 3) Australia 4) Africa
A14. What is unique about Australia's fauna?
1) very large animals live
2) the most ancient mammals live
3) many predators
4) there are no reptiles
B1. The females of which large Australian birds lay their eggs in piles of rotten leaves?
AT 2. What natural objects have the following names:
Ngorongoro, Kruger, Serengeti?
C1. Explain the lines of the poetess’s poem about Australia: “...Saves the south from the northern heat, the capital has no population...”
C2. Why in equatorial belt Is there a lot of precipitation, but little in tropical latitudes?
Answers to part A
Answers to part B
Answers to part C
Option 1
C1. In the west and east of North America there are mountains (Cordillera and Appalachians), and in the center there are plains (Great and Central). Tropical tropical rains often penetrate into the center of the continent. air masses from the south and Arctic - from the north, which causes frequent weather changes, snow melting, and river flooding (Mississippi). When cold and hot air collide, tornadoes are formed.
C2. The phenomenon of “dry rain” is observed in deserts (Sahara): with very dry and hot air, raindrops do not reach the surface of the earth, evaporating in the air.
Option 2.
C1. Australia is a continent of the Southern Hemisphere, so the further south you go, the further from the equator, the colder it gets.
The capital Canberra is young small town, unlike the giant city, former capital – .
C2. In the equatorial belt, ascending currents predominate, and an influx of moist oceanic air masses with trade winds is also observed. IN tropical zone the air masses are very dry. At an altitude of 10-12 km, the air flowing from the equator already contains little moisture. And as it descends, it heats up and becomes even drier.
The concept of "environment" is an umbrella term. It characterizes the ecological state of a certain area and other conditions. Environment, as a rule, is considered as part of the habitat that interacts with living organisms. It contains various elements. One of the main ones is a natural object and a natural resource.
International problems
In the modern era, human activity covers almost the entire planet. Its scale is so large that it is compared with global processes. This, in turn, negatively affects environmental objects natural environment. One of the main ways out of the environmental crisis today is close international cooperation. It is generally accepted that the implementation of a strategy to overcome problems is possible only with the unity of environmental actions on the part of all countries. No state today can overcome the environmental crisis alone.
Relevance of the issue
Nature has no state borders, it is united and universal. In this regard, disturbances to the ecosystem of one country always cause a response from neighboring territories. For example, if industrial plants in England and Germany emit flue gases into the atmosphere that contain unacceptable high percent harmful impurities, this will negatively affect not only ecological condition specifically of these states, but also on the fauna and flora of neighboring Scandinavian ones.
Natural objects: general information, classification
These elements play a significant role in the ecosystem of any country. There are the following types of natural objects:
- international;
- intrastate.
The latter include land, subsoil, water, fauna and flora that are present on the territory of the state. Any natural object and natural resource is at the free disposal of a particular country. These elements are governed in accordance with the state's own laws and in the interests of its population. Any natural-anthropogenic object located on the territory of the country is also valuable.
These include, in particular, unique species of modified plants or domesticated animals, landscapes, etc., which may have protective and recreational value. Natural objects of the world are located or within international space(space, ocean, atmospheric air, Antarctica), or move across the territories of different countries (migratory animals). They are not within the jurisdiction of states. Such objects are developed and protected on the basis of international agreements, treaties, protocols, and conventions. These documents reflect the joint actions of the community of all participating states.
Special category
It includes natural heritage sites. Their protection and management is carried out by each state on whose territory they are located. However, these activities of countries are monitored at the international level. Natural cultural objects are of particular value for states and all humanity as a whole. These include:
Space
It is considered the property of all humanity. No country has the right to solely dispose of it. This and other principles of space exploration are reflected in international Treaties. In the documents, the international community recognizes the inadmissibility negative impact to this space and the natural objects located in it, as well as the appropriation of its parts, including the Moon and other celestial bodies.
Ocean
It is a natural object located under international security. It contains a huge amount of energy, minerals, minerals and other essential elements. The development of the World Ocean is carried out in the interests of humanity. Many countries tried to formalize national claims to this space. Issues related to the management and development of the Ocean were discussed at several conferences and culminated in the signing of the UN Convention. More than 120 countries took part in it.
Antarctica
This area is called the mainland international cooperation and peace. In 1959, a Treaty was concluded between the USSR, Argentina, France, England, the USA and a number of other states. It reflected the principles of freedom of research, the use of the continent exclusively for peaceful purposes, and determined the international legal regime.
Atmosphere
Community efforts are primarily aimed at preventing and eliminating the transboundary movement of pollutants. International relations are regulated by the Convention of 1797, the Vienna and Montreal Agreements and other documents. The Moscow Nuclear Test Ban Treaty occupies a special place among the acts. 
Natural objects of Russia
Our country is in 4th place after China, Australia and America in terms of their number. Specially protected natural sites are represented by:
- Virgin forests of Komi.
- Volcanoes of Kamchatka.
- Lake Baikal.
- Golden mountains of Altai.
- Western Caucasus.
- Ubsunur basin.
- Central Sikhote-Aline.
- Wrangel Island.
- Putorana plateau.
- Lena pillars.
The Curonian Spit is included in specially protected natural sites according to criterion C (v). In addition, a preliminary balanced list of the Russian Federation according to the Ministry of Natural Resources was formed. It was proposed to include the following protected objects:
- Commander Islands.
- Ilmen Mountains.
- Steppes of Dauria.
- Magadan Nature Reserve.
- Krasnoyarsk pillars.
- Bashkir Ural.
- River valley Bikin.
- B. Vasyugan swamp.
These natural objects were selected based on an assessment of their significance carried out by public and scientific organizations. For these territories, the executive bodies of the relevant regions have sent proposals to include them in the UNESCO list. In 1996, the Valaam archipelago was included in the preliminary list. It is planned to include the following protected natural sites of the Russian Federation in the list:
1972 Convention
It acts as one of the effective mechanisms through which the management and protection of natural objects is ensured. The Convention sets out certain criteria that they must meet. Natural objects should:
- Provide a clear reflection of the main historical stages Earth. These include, in particular, traces of ancient life, geological processes that continue in the earth's processes, significant physiographic and geomorphological relief features.
- Include particularly important habitats from the point of view of preserving biological diversity in them. These include, among other things, areas containing endangered species that represent outstanding international significance from a conservation and science perspective.
- Present a visual reflection of long-term and important biological phenomena that occur in the development and evolution of marine, coastal, river, terrestrial ecosystems and communities of animals and plants.
- Include unique natural phenomena or areas of exceptional aesthetic value and beauty.
The list, which includes objects of the natural environment, is updated annually by 30-35 items. Thus, as of January 1, 2001, 690 objects were included in the list. The largest number of natural heritage sites are registered in Canada, Australia and the USA.
Characteristics of protected areas
Natural objects included in the list have different status and size. These include about 135 national parks, about 100 different reserves, and so on. In addition, the boundaries of the objects include nature reserves, natural monuments, protected areas, state forests, ethnographic reserves, ecological stations and others. 
Geographical distribution
Due to different states are presented in the list in different ways, their overall picture is quite varied. IN large quantities The list includes natural sites of the Western Black Sea region and the Balkans, Canada, the mountainous “wild West” of America, Tibet and the Himalayas, subequatorial and equatorial territories of Africa and the tropical eastern Australian coast. At the same time, the map of object placement includes the so-called “white spots”. These include, in particular, the steppe and developed areas of Canada and the United States, most of the Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula, Brazil, Mongolia and some inland areas of Australia. The “white spots” of Russia are considered to be the regions of northern Siberia and almost the entire Far East (except Kamchatka).
"Significance Rank"
With more than 130 objects of world significance, the list contains almost all the most famous natural phenomena. These include, in particular, Yellowstone Park, Grand Canyon, Hawaiian Islands, the Danube Delta, Mount Everest and Mount Chomolungma, Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Krakatau volcano and Komodo Island, Ngorongoro and Serengeti national parks, Galapagos Islands and so on. Undoubtedly, this list also contains natural objects of Russia. These are, in particular, Lake Baikal, Northern and Subpolar Urals, Kamchatka, highlands of the Caucasus and Altai. There are no complete analogues of these objects in the List - we can only talk about partial similarities with certain localities.
Typological diversity
The list contains great variety objects. These include a variety of ecological systems planets. In particular, surviving tracts of virgin forest have been registered, mountainous countries, steppes, deserts, wetlands located in different parts Lands, woodlands and tundras, savannas and prairies, volcanoes and glaciers. The list also includes geological and geomorphological formations of interest. These include caves, karst reliefs, underground rivers And so on. Natural protected sites include locations of paleontological remains, dune complexes, waterfalls and reservoirs, mineral and thermal springs, mangrove communities and large river deltas, marine areas, reefs, atolls, fjords, and so on. As for domestic phenomena, their representation is relatively uniform. This is due to the fact that Russian objects are represented by mountainous regions located in various regions of the temperate zone. 
Square
The objects that are present in the list have significant differences in their sizes. Territories may have an area of less than 1000 hectares. For example, the Vallée de Mai reserve occupies only 19.5 hectares. The List also includes such large areas as a complex of reserves and parks on the border of the northwestern territory of Canada and Alaska, Lake. Baikal, sea national park B. Barrier Reef, Galapagos Islands. Russia is fully exploiting its territorial potential. In particular, three of its five territories included in the list occupy an area of more than 3 million hectares. Lake Baikal ranks second on the List.
Spatial structure
Some World Heritage sites include several protected areas. For example, within the boundaries of the mountain forest territory, which is located on the north-eastern Australian coast, there are 19 parks, 31 state forest areas, 5 forests and 1 ethnographic reserve. In the Russian Federation, in this sense, the lake zone should be distinguished. Baikal. It includes 2 national parks, three reserves, several reserves and other zones. However, despite this mosaic, the territory of the lake remains an integral complex, which is limited in space according to a single principle. A very common phenomenon in the list formation process is clustering. For example, one of the Australian facilities located on east coast, includes approximately 45 protected areas. They are united into 8 blocks, and their total area is 370 thousand hectares. Among domestic objects in which clustering is noted, volcanoes in Kamchatka should be noted. This territory contains 5 isolated areas, which represent the most valuable ecological systems on the peninsula.
Transboundary
The list contains about ten territories that consist of “parallel” protected areas. These include, in particular, Belovezhskaya Pushcha, complexes of reserves and parks in Alaska, as well as Victoria Falls. In Russia, the border object is Altai - Golden Mountains. This territory is located on the border between Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China.
Expansion of domestic representation in the List
It is advisable to carry out this activity according to a clear and unified plan. First of all, it is necessary to proceed from the criteria that are fixed by the above-mentioned Convention. Moreover, according to a number of authors, these signs to a certain extent reflect the ideological position of UNESCO experts. Reasoning from the point of view of a state party to the Convention and in pursuit of adequate representation of Russia on the list, domestic experts advocate:
Conclusion
It should be noted that today, when the process of listing domestic natural objects of cultural and natural value has intensified significantly, great importance receives debugging of the mechanism by effective management these areas. This mainly involves strengthening funding, protective measures, development and popularization of ecotourism. The formation of information centers and advanced training of personnel are also of no small importance. An exclusive role in the issue belongs to legislative framework. In this case, a separate direction will be the development of unified administrative regulations, especially for cross-border, cluster, large areas. All this will contribute to more reliable preservation of objects that are of planetary significance.
