Basic research. Medicinal mineral resources of the Far East About water quality

Primorsky Krai has been an administrative unit of the Russian Federation since September 20, 1938. In the south and east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, in the north it borders with the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west - with China and North Korea. The region includes numerous islands: Russky, Popova, Reineke, Ricorda, Putyatin, Askold, etc. The total area of ​​the region is 165.9 thousand square meters. km. The main large physical and geographical divisions of the Primorsky Territory are the Sikhote-Alin (southern half) and East Manchurian (eastern outskirts) mountain regions, as well as the Western Primorsky Plain separating them.

The Sikhote-Alin mountain region is a mid-mountain structure ( absolute altitudes- 500-1000; relative elevations - 200-400 m; maximum elevations: Oblachnaya town - 1855 m, Anik town - 1933). Mountain ranges with rounded peaks and gentle slopes, emphasizing the widespread development of dome structures here, generally extend subparallel to each other from southwest to northeast and extend into the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory. They never reach the snow line, but firn fields, sometimes of considerable area, are formed annually in areas of snow blowing and persist until mid-summer. Along the main watershed, the Sikhote-Alin mountain region is divided into the Sea of ​​Japan (eastern and southern) and Ussuri-Khanka (western) macroslopes, which differ from each other in the structure of the relief and natural and climatic factors. This is mainly caused by both the difference in the geological and tectonic plan and the predominant distribution of waterlogged cold air masses on the eastern slope of the circulation. The latter come from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan in the spring and early summer, and in the autumn-winter period, on the contrary, relatively warm, but also humid air masses predominate.

The Sea of ​​Japan macroslope is characterized by the widespread occurrence of landslide, scree and landslide processes, erosion and abrasion cliffs, denudation ledges and remnants. There are frequent steep beds of watercourses, mountain aluvium, proluvium and accumulations of catastrophic (salt) flows are developed. In the northern part there are the Samarginskoe and Zevinskoe, and in the southern part there are the Artemovsk basalt plateau. Within their boundaries, flat, table-shaped watersheds are developed, where raised bogs often form in depressions. Large areas are covered with larch forests with peaty and peaty-gley waterlogged soils. The latter were formed on areal and linear clayey weathering crusts. The edges of the plateau are cut by narrow river valleys. Transverse ridges and river valleys, subsequent large fault zones, divide the Sea of ​​Japan macroslope into a series of independent natural-climatic complexes with sufficient contrast. The southern Sikhote-Alin is especially colorful for its rugged coastline, rocky cliffs and gently sloping sandy beaches, a wealth of natural monuments, a mild maritime climate, the proximity of an extensive transport network and high economic development with a natural, often undisturbed landscape. All this has made southern Primorye a favorite holiday and tourism destination for residents of the entire Russian Far East and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The Ussuri-Khanka macroslope is morphologically divided into Central and Western Sikhote-Alin. The mountain ranges of Central Sikhote-Alin have a predominantly NNE direction, i.e. coinciding with the general direction of folded structures and fracture zones. This part of the mountain region is home to the most elevated sections of massive middle mountains with absolute elevations of up to 1850 m and elevations of 150-300 m. The rivers are steep, mountainous with rapids and rifts. The steepness of the slopes here is less than on the eastern macroslope, but abundant scree phenomena, erosion, landslides and solifluction are also quite intense. Western Sikhote-Alin consists of separate ridges of NE strike, separated by intermountain depressions and dissected by wide transverse river valleys of the rivers Ussuri, Malinovka, B. Ussurka, Bikin, etc. The heights of the mountains rarely exceed 1000 m, relative elevations are 50-150 m, and the slopes are flatter compared to Central Sikhote-Alin. At the foot of the ridges, non-dimentic surfaces composed of deluvial clays are developed.

The East Manchurian Highlands extends into the Primorsky Territory of its eastern component and is divided into three parts: the Pogranichny and Khasan-Barabash mountain regions, as well as the Borisov basalt plateau. The latter is largely similar to the Artemovsky and other plateaus described above. But the Pogranichny and Khasan mountain regions are already typical low mountains - hilly mountains. The border region is a system of low (absolute elevations - 600-800 m, relative -200-500 m) mountain ranges, which decrease towards Lake Khasan, turning into a hilly and ridged plain. At the same time, the orientation of watersheds is often arcuate and radial relative to the center of the lake. Hassan; it emphasizes the shape of the ring structure of the same name. In the Khasan-Barabash region, absolute elevations (900-1000 m) and relative elevations (300-600 m) are noticeably higher. The main mountain range "Black Mountains" is arched towards the Amur Bay. The valleys of most watercourses are open to southern and southeastern humid sea winds, which leaves a unique imprint on the climate, vegetation and soils. River beds are overloaded with alluvium, the amount of which increases in the lower reaches both due to the general stretching and subsidence of the earth's crust along the edge of the continent, and due to the accumulation of catastrophic floods. As a result, a low-lying plain up to 10 km wide was formed on the sea coast. Above its flat, swampy surface with many lakes and oxbow lakes, in some places remnant mountains rise up to 180 m high (Mount “Pigeon Cliff”, etc.).

In the inner part of the Western Primorsky Plain region, the total area of ​​which is 20% of the region's area, there is a lake. Hanka. Around it there is a lowland of the same name - swampy flat spaces (absolute elevations up to 200 m), separated by wide river valleys. On the northern and southern continuation of the Khanka lowland, the Nizhne-Bikinskaya and Razdolnenskaya plains are distinguished, formed by the valleys of large rivers: Ussuri, Bikin, Alchan, Razdolnaya.

The climatic conditions of the region are largely determined by its geographical location - at the junction of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In winter, cold continental air masses dominate here, and in summer, cool oceanic ones. At the same time, the monsoon climate has a “mitigating” effect, especially on coastal areas: cool spring, rainy and foggy summer, sunny, dry autumn and winter with little snow and winds. In the central and northern regions of the region the climate is more continental. The total annual precipitation is 600-900 mm, most of it falls in summer. The cold Primorsky Current runs along the sea coast from north-east to south-west, causing prolonged fog.

Flora and fauna are distinguished by a combination of southern and northern species. Up to 80% of the territory of the region is occupied by exclusively diverse forests: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchurian apricot, actinidia, true ginseng, Komarov lotus, etc.). The animal world is also diverse. It is represented by both hunting and commercial species (elk, wapiti, roe deer, wild boar, musk deer, squirrel, mink, otter, weasel, sable, ermine, etc.) and rare species (Amur tiger, leopard, red wolf, Ussuri sika deer and etc.).

The coastal waters of the Sea of ​​Japan are home to about 700 species of animals and a great variety of algae and herbs. Many of them have unique biologically active and medicinal properties (sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea scallop, kelp, etc.).

Thus, the natural resources of the region are very diverse and large, which is one of its most important distinctive characteristics. Renewable resources are of great importance: forest, fish, agricultural, water, hydropower, etc. Of national, regional and local importance are: mining chemicals and mining raw materials for non-ferrous metallurgy (deposits of tin, lead-zinc and boron-containing ores, tungsten, gold, silver, fluorite, etc.). There are hard and brown coal, peat, feldspathic raw materials, natural sorbents, building materials, precious and semiprecious stones etc. In addition, more than 100 sources of mineral waters have been identified in the region, most of which are cold carbon dioxide (in central regions and along the western border), less often nitrogen-siliceous thermal (along the coast in two sections - in the south and northeast). The most famous - Shmakovskoye, Lastochka, Amgu, Chistovodnoye and Gornovodnoye - are favorite places for recreation and treatment of residents of the Russian Far East.

Concluding a brief physical-geographical sketch of the Primorsky Territory, it is necessary to emphasize that there are two realities: nature, which was given to us “from above” (i.e., the physical-geographical environment that was discussed), the other - formed by man.” historical nature". The latter is the economic and geographical environment, which we have not considered here, but it is nevertheless important. We must imagine that these are two inextricably linked components of the world in which we live. At the same time, we must not forget that this very world "fragile" and needs careful, rational and environmental use.

Primorsky Krai occupies the southeastern outskirts of Russia. It is located in the southernmost part of the Far East on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. The territory of the region is 165.9 thousand km2, which is about 1% (0.97%) of the area of ​​the Russian Federation. The Primorsky Territory is one of the medium-sized regions of our country, but nevertheless, in area it is significantly larger than such states as Greece (131.9 thousand km2), or Bulgaria (111 thousand km2), or Iceland (103 thousand . km2); and the area of ​​Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland taken together is smaller than the area of ​​our region.

In addition to the mainland, the Primorsky Territory includes numerous islands: Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Rikord, Rimsky-Korsakov, Askold, Petrova and others. The names of many of these islands are given in honor of the Russian navigators who discovered or explored our Far Eastern seas and lands, as well as in honor of the ships on which the voyages were made.

The northernmost point of the Primorsky Territory is located near the sources of the Dagda River (a tributary of the Samarga River) (48o 23' N), and the southernmost point is at the mouth of the Tumannaya River (Tumangan, Tumenjiang) on ​​the border with the Democratic Republic of Korea (42o 18' N .sh.). The westernmost point lies near the source of the river. Novgorodovka (Khasansky district) on the border with the People's Republic of China (130o 24' E), the easternmost point is Cape Zolotoy on the shore of the Sea of ​​Japan (139o 02' E). The distance between the extreme northern and southern points is exactly 900 km, between the western and eastern points it is 430 km. Of the total length of the Primorsky Territory's borders of 3,000 km, the maritime borders account for about 1,500 km.

In the very south of the region, Primorsky Krai borders on the Democratic Republic of Korea, the southwestern section of the border starts from the mouth of the river. Tumannaya (Tumangan, Tumenjiang) and runs along it to the village of Khasan. The western section is the state border with the People's Republic of China. It goes in the northwest direction to the Zaozernaya hill (height 167 m), and further to the north, crossing the marshy area. It reaches the peak of Povorotny (height 454 m), and then passes along the ridge of the Black Mountains. Further along the river. Granitnaya, crossing the river. Razdolnaya, overlooks the watershed of the border ridge and goes to the mouth of the river. Tour. Then the state border crosses Lake Khanka in a straight line, reaches the source of the Sungach River flowing from Lake Khanka and follows it until it flows into the Ussuri River, then follows the river to the administrative border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

In the north, the border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories passes mainly along the watershed of the Bikin and Khora river basins (right tributaries of the Ussuri River), and then along the watershed of the Khora River and the Samarga River, which flows into the Sea of ​​Japan. The northeastern section of the border runs along the watershed of the basins of the Samarga River and smaller rivers flowing from the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin: Botchi, Nelma, etc., flowing in the Khabarovsk Territory. From the east and southeast, Primorye is washed by the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan, which is a marginal sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean.

The geopolitical position of the Primorsky Territory is determined by the fact that through the territory of Primorye Russia borders for more than 1000 km with the largest country in the world - China and with North Korea (about 30 km), and through the Sea of ​​Japan it reaches the maritime borders of Japan and South Korea, and other countries Asia-Pacific region (APR). At the same time, Primorye performs a kind of connecting, contact function in the international relations of Russia with many countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

There are very large differences among the countries with which Primorye borders: in population density and size, in the level of economic and social development, in natural resource potential, in culture, in political structure. Such large differences between neighboring countries are useful - they allow us to establish various connections with many countries and use their achievements in economics, technology, culture and science. On the other hand, large socio-economic and political differences often complicate relations between countries and regions. All this should be taken into account in the development of various relations between Primorye and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, in the protection of state, including maritime, borders. Free access to Pacific Ocean, the peculiarities of the geopolitical position, the vastness and diversity of the territory make geographical position Primorsky Krai is profitable.

RELIEF, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PRIMORSKY REGION

Three quarters of the territory of Primorye is occupied by the mountains of the Sikhote-Alin and East Manchurian mountain regions. The rest of the territory is flat. These are the Razdolninsk-Prikhankai plain and some intramountain depressions. Structurally, the Razdolninsko-Prikhankai Plain is an intermountain depression separating these mountainous regions, and intramountain depressions are concentrated along the boundaries of zones and subzones of mountainous countries.

The Sikhote-Alin mountain region is formed by several morphogenetic types of relief. The mid-mountain ridge Sikhote-Alin (1000-1700 m) separates the basins of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The time of its active formation and increase in heights is associated with the intrusion of magmas and volcanic eruptions in the Late Cretaceous - Early Paleogene. At this time, a system of magmatic dome structures was formed. In the Cenozoic, the increase in relief heights and the rise of the territory continued, against the background of which Cenozoic depressions such as the Verkhneussuriyskaya, Zerkalninskaya, Maksimovskaya, Verkhnebikinskaya and other depressions were formed in relatively narrow transverse linear zones.

The Zevinsko-Dagdinskoye, Adinskoye, Edinkinskoye, Samarginskoye and smaller volcanic plateaus of the Pliocene and Pliocene-Quaternary times cross the ridge in sublatitudinal directions, moving from the western slope of the ridge to the eastern.

Parallel to the Sikhote-Alin ridge, to the west of it stretches a system of mid-low mountain (up to 1500 m) and low mountain (up to 1000 m) massifs and their groups, formed during the intrusion of Upper Cretaceous granitoids and local volcanic eruptions. The Cenozoic stage of geomorphogenesis was expressed in the destruction of the marginal parts of the massifs. They are home to narrow river valleys flowing to the northwest, southwest and west.

The Sikhote-Alin ridge and mountain ranges are separated by an intramountain depression of relief, drained by rivers of medium and high order: Bikin (upper course), Columbe, Bolshaya Ussurka (middle and upper course), etc. Here magmatic activity was weak, which did not lead to a noticeable increase relief heights. In areas where magmatic activity was more intense, sections of river valleys have an antecedent character.

The low-mountain ridges of the Eastern Siny, Kholodny and a number of smaller structures stretch along the low-medium mountain ranges and are separated from them by intramountain depressions, the Cenozoic age of which is undoubted. These are primarily Srednebikinskaya, Marevskaya and several smaller depressions. And here small covers of Pliocene basalts are already known. The formation of the Eastern Blue Ridge is associated with volcanic activity at the end of the Cretaceous - beginning of the Paleogene and with subsequent block deformations in the Cenozoic. The Kholodny Ridge was formed during the introduction of small single Upper Cretaceous intrusions and intense block movements in the Cenozoic. Along the western border of the described zone of ridges there is a system of intramountain Cenozoic depressions, the largest of which are Arsenyevskaya, Khvishchanskaya, Malinovskaya and Orekhovskaya.

The Blue Ridge is the westernmost element of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region. This low, locally shallow (300-500 m) structure was formed over a long period of time, but was especially active in the Neogene-Quaternary time in the mode of compression and pushing of this narrow (5-15 km) block, limited by reverse faults, which in the relief are expressed by ledges and sharp bends of the geomorphological surfaces. The shallow-mountain areas of the ridge were subject to ascending movements of less intensity and, to some extent, are relicts of pre-Cretaceous landforms.

Plateaus and plateau-like surfaces are characteristic of the Alchan and Bikin river basins (lower reaches). They are interspersed with narrow depressions, residual from the Cretaceous stage of relief development. Above the flat and plateau-like surfaces rise individual small extrusive, volcanic and volcanic-plutonic domes, the heights of which increase as you move north.

The Strelnikovsky low-mountain ridge stretches along the northwestern border of the region. In parts it is shallow. According to the formation conditions, it resembles the Siny, Eastern Siny and Kholodny ridges. The Nizhnebikinskaya and Alchanskaya intramountain depressions were formed in the Cenozoic. Currently, they are involved in a weak uplift, their surfaces are intensively dismembered. This is evidenced by relics of basalt plateaus.

The southern part of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region is represented by the low-mountain ridges of the Przhevalsky, Livadiysky, the southern end of the Sikhote-Alinsky and Makarovsky. All of them, except the last one, are oriented sublatitudinally and are of magmatic origin. In the same zone is the Shkotovsky plateau of basalts of Pliocene age. The ridges are separated by depressions in the relief, occupied by high-order river valleys. At the borders with Cenozoic depressions there are Pliocene-Quaternary low-mountain swell-like uplifts.

The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin thus consists of a series of arched blocky ridges separated by intramountain depressions that are mostly of Cenozoic age. Transverse zoning is associated with Cenozoic disjunctive structures, but their location was predetermined by earlier events. The combination of diagonal and orthogonal disjunctive zones created the cellular structure of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region. The boundaries of the parts are fault zones, and their massive central zones have maximum heights. These elements determine the stability of the mountain region as a whole, its elements and blocks.

The East Manchurian mountain region enters the territory of the region only with its eastern spurs. These are the low-mountain blocky ridges Pogranichny and Chernye Gory and the Borisov basalt plateau. The ridges are of late Neogene-Quaternary age, which is proven by a number of facts. The most important of them are relics of the cover of Cenozoic depressions, occupying the highest parts of the relief. The Borisov plateau is a dome (radius 40-50 km) with a flat central zone (up to 5), a steep (10-20) intermediate zone and a flat (less than 5) marginal zone. Mountain ranges articulate with adjacent depressions along ledges and sharp bends of slopes, and the plateau gradually gives way to an intermountain plain.

The Razdolninsko-Prikhankai intermountain depression is a plain stretching from the lower reaches of the river. Tumangan and to the mouth of the river. Big Ussurka. At its continuation is the Nizhnebikinskaya depression. The flat part of the intermontane depression occupies the lower geomorphological stage. These are the baths of the Amur Bay, lake. Khanka and Posyet Bay with its bays, wetlands in their coastal parts. Here Paleogene, Neogene, Lower and Middle Quaternary sediments are buried under younger ones.

The surface of the intermediate geomorphological stage has a ridged surface, complicated in places by individual hills or groups of them. These are usually horsts - outliers separating Cenozoic depressions, grabens and graben synclines, made of loose and weakly cemented Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary and sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks with layers of brown coal of working thickness.

The relief of the upper geomorphological stage of the intermountain depression is represented by hills and rare ridges, small hills and small mountains. Relics of Cenozoic depressions are represented by graben-synclines, troughs and gentle depressions with a thin cover of mainly Neogene rocks. The Khorol small hills separate the Prikhankai group of depressions from the Razdolninskaya group. There is a small-mountain bridge between the Slavic and Khasan group of depressions.

Along the western coast of the Amur Bay and Posyet Bay, ruins of Cenozoic volcano-tectonic structures have been preserved, most of which have been lowered (collapsed) below sea level. Centers of volcanic activity are known throughout the intermontane depression, which was formed in the zone of the regional Ussuri deep fault. It is still active today, as evidenced by earthquake sources. An example of volcanic structures is the Baranovsky volcano, dissected by the Razdolnaya River.

The lower geomorphological stage subsided in Quaternary time and, apparently, is subsiding at the present time. The upper geomorphological stage is uplifted and in some places quite active. The intermediate stage plays the role of a hinge. Here the movements are low-amplitude and multidirectional. Along the coast of the Peter the Great Bay and the Sea of ​​Japan in the east of the region stretches a narrow strip of shallow and hilly relief, the formation of which is closely connected with the Sea of ​​Japan depression. This zone is tectonically more active than the Sikhote-Alin mountain region.

The relief of Primorye is constantly changing. In some places it is very active, in others less active. Only its macro- and some mesoforms are briefly characterized here. Their destruction by exogenous processes (from above) depends on many factors, including climate, which did not play a special role in the formation of the forms described above. Groupings of microforms of relief, their types and types, rates of formation and life expectancy are diverse, but still closely related to macro- and mesoforms.

The Sikhote-Alin, East Manchurian and Razdolninsk-Prikhankai macroforms form the main background of the relief. Mesoforms (zones and geomorphological stages) are its structural framework, which is called cells. Microforms are the pattern that nature has “decorated” the mesoforms. Macroforms can be viewed from space, mesoforms - from a bird's eye view or with panoramic views. Some microforms can even be covered with the palms of your hands. Microforms of relief can be man-made and, if they are created wisely, they serve a person, if without it, they “take revenge” on him.

TASHCHI S.M., Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, presenter Researcher Laboratory of Geomorphology, Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

CLIMATE.

Primorye is located on the eastern edge of Eurasia - the greatest continent globe- and on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean - the largest ocean on Earth. At the same time, Primorsky Krai is located in the south temperate zone Northern Hemisphere and is significantly elongated in the meridional direction. The magnitude and distribution of solar radiation throughout the region, and, consequently, the degree of heating, depend on the geographical location earth's surface, length of day and night, circulation of air masses. The southern position of the territory of the region determines the positiveness of the day in summer - about 16 hours; in winter this figure does not exceed 8 hours. This length of day determines the significant intake of solar radiation in winter time compared to the northern regions of our country.

SOLAR RADIATION

In count solar heat Primorye occupies one of the first places in our country, not inferior even to such territories as Crimea and Black Sea coast Caucasus. During the year, the territory of Primorye receives solar heat (110-115 kcal/cm2). The greatest influx of solar heat occurs in winter (80-85% of the theoretically calculated amount), because at this time there is the largest number of days with cloudless skies. In summer, significant cloudiness and fog reduce the influx of direct radiant energy, and, conversely, increase the share of scattered energy (which at this time amounts to 40-50% of the total radiation).

The total amount of solar heat in Vladivostok, surrounded on all sides by the sea, reaches 120 kcal/cm2, while in St. Petersburg it is 82 kcal/cm2, in Karadag (Crimea) - 124 kcal/cm2, in Tashkent - 134 kcal /cm2.

ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION

The monsoon climate, characteristic of the entire Far East, manifests itself especially clearly in Primorye. The surface of the land and ocean is heated by the sun's rays and then cools unevenly. In winter, the land cools quickly. At this time, cold, dense and heavy air masses originate in the center of the Asian continent (over the regions of Northern Mongolia and the south of Eastern Siberia) and form an area of ​​​​high atmospheric pressure - the Siberian anticyclone. At the same time, the water cools more slowly, which leads to the formation of an area of ​​​​low atmospheric pressure over the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean - the Aleutian minimum. Due to the difference in pressure, supercooled, dense, dry air from Siberia flows to the coast of the warmer ocean. At the same time, it fills the territory of our region and rushes into the area of ​​​​low pressure over the Pacific Ocean. Cold, but dry and sunny weather sets in over Primorye. The prevailing winds at this time are from the western and northwestern directions. These air currents form the continental monsoon in winter, and they reach especially strong strength on the coast.

In summer, the land warms up faster, warm air forms above it, and at this time an area of ​​low pressure forms over the continent. The Pacific Ocean at this time is colder than land and the pressure above it is higher - an area of ​​​​high atmospheric pressure is formed here. Humid, less warm air from the ocean and seas rushes to the mainland. This is how we develop the summer Pacific monsoon with winds from the south and southeast. In the first half of summer, due to the removal of air masses from the Yellow, Japan and Okhotsk Seas, the summer monsoon brings with it light drizzles. It does not have a large supply of moisture and leaves it mainly on coastal ridges and hills. Therefore, in Vladivostok at the end of spring and the first half of summer (May-June) there is often cloudy rainy weather, but already in Ussuriysk, located 100 km to the north, and even more so in Grodekovo and Spassk, at this time the number of clear days is greater than cloudy ones .

In the second half of summer and early autumn, the monsoon covers the entire territory of the region and carries a large number of moisture. At this time there are intense and prolonged showers, often accompanied by powerful cyclone-typhoons coming from tropical regions. The continental winter monsoon noticeably prevails over the sea one: winds from the northwest and north dominate in Vladivostok from September to March, and in Partizansk even from September to April. This is why the number of hours of sunshine is so high. That is why the Primorsky Territory experiences unusually cold winters for such low latitudes. Vladivostok has an average January temperature of -14.4o, and the city of Sochi, located at approximately the same latitude, has an average January temperature of +6.1o C.

Depending on the direction of the strike of ridges, river valleys and the nature of the sea coasts in certain places of the region, winds in the surface layers can change their main directions. Features of the relief and direction of the coastline lead to the formation of local winds in Primorye: breezes, hair dryers, dry winds.

The breeze is observed in sheltered bays of the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, in a narrow coastal strip. The spread of the breeze into the interior of the continent is delayed by the mountains. In summer, the daytime breeze usually begins at 10-11 am and continues until sunset. It blows from the sea onto the heated coast. The duration of the night breeze from the cooled coast to the sea is 6-7 hours. During the cold period of the year, due to the strong cooling of land at night, the daytime breeze is shorter.

Sometimes, during the cold season, relatively warm dry winds - foehn - occur in coastal areas. They are formed when air flows over the ridges. As the air descends, it warms up and becomes drier. At the same time, the temperature of the surface air layers increases and the direction of the wind changes. In spring, hair dryers speed up the melting of snow.

The western regions of our region are “visited” by dry winds that penetrate from northeastern China and Mongolia. The strongest, frequently recurring dry winds are characteristic of the Khanka Plain in April-May. The nature of atmospheric circulation and the terrain determine the temperature regime of the Primorsky Territory. Monsoon circulation creates lower temperatures here in winter and summer than at the same latitudes in the west of the continent. Winter is too cold for such relatively low latitudes, especially in areas open to free access to cold continental air. The lowest air temperature is observed in the river valley. Ussuri, region of the Khanka lowland, in the western foothills and mountains of Sikhote-Alin. Average January temperatures in these areas are -20o, -4o. Absolute minimum -45o. In Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky districts, in some places the temperature drops to -51o, -52o. The warmest areas are those located on the southern and eastern coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan (-10o, -14o), but even here the average temperatures are lower than at the corresponding latitudes. So, at these latitudes, the US coast is 10o warmer, and the French coast is even 20o warmer. The temperature in January varies from north to south: the differences reach 10-12o.

These differences are also significant in the direction from west to east. So in the village of Zhuravlevka (Chuguevsky district), located on the western slope of Sikhote-Alin, the average January temperature is -23.9o, and 140 km to the east, in Plastun Bay (Terneysky district) -12.5o.

In winter, in the mountainous regions of the region at an altitude of 400-500 m, the phenomenon of temperature inversion is observed. The temperature here is several degrees higher compared to the valley floodplain, where cold air constantly flows and accumulates. Inversions are associated with an earlier arrival of spring: leaves turn green and bloom earlier within upper parts slopes Therefore, more people often settle here thermophilic species plants, and more cold-resistant plants settle within the foothills or occupy the bottoms of river valleys.

The warmest month in the continental regions of Primorye is July, and on the coast it is August. Most heat air is typical for the Khanka Plain, the southwestern regions of the region and is in the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin 16.5o - 18.8o, on the Khanka Plain 18.5o - 20o, on the coast of Peter the Great Bay 15.5o - 17.8o, on the eastern coast of the Sea of ​​Japan is noticeably colder - 12.9o - 15.6o, and on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin 11.5o - 15.7o warmer.

Thus, Sikhote-Alin plays a dual role in the distribution of both winter and summer temperatures on the western and eastern slopes of the mountains. It is a barrier that prevents the free flow of cold air from the continent to the Sea of ​​Japan in winter and the transfer of warm air there in summer. The same mountain barrier does not allow cold air in summer and relatively warm sea air in winter to penetrate deep into the continent. At the same time, Sikhote-Alin contributes to air stagnation and strong cooling during the night hours of winter. As a result, average monthly air temperatures in January on the western slopes of Sikhote-Alin are 10-11o lower than on the eastern slopes.

PRECIPITATION

In terms of precipitation (500-900 mm per year), Primorye belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. The greatest amount of precipitation, 800-900 mm, falls on the western coast of Peter the Great Bay, in the Sikhote-Alin mountains - on the eastern and western slopes. The annual precipitation here exceeds evaporation. Less humidified, especially in the spring-summer period, are the areas of the Khanka Plain, where the amount of precipitation is 500-600 mm, and evaporation in some places exceeds this amount.

The moisture regime of the territory is characterized by pronounced seasonality. In winter, the transfer of moisture from the warmer ocean to the mainland is minimal. Therefore, even over a large part of the coastal zone, winter is characterized by low clouds and the least amount of precipitation per year. In summer and autumn, about 70% of the annual precipitation falls, in winter - 10%. The greatest number of cloudy days occur in summer. The amount of precipitation increases in the direction from west to northeast and southeast. During the year, up to 20% of precipitation falls in solid form. The earliest (in the first ten days of October) snow cover appears on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin. The average number of days with snow cover in the foothills and on the tops of the ridges is 140-210 days, on the Khanka Plain 85-140, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan from 45 in the south to 140 days in the north.

WINTER

WINTER in the Primorsky Territory is long, with low temperatures air. In the central and northern regions of the region it lasts 4-5 months, in the southwest 3-3.5 months. The weather in winter is mostly clear and sunny. During the period when sea air is carried away by southerly winds, thaws are possible with an increase in air temperature to 3-4°C and precipitation, including rain. Within the coastal zone, wind speeds in winter are significant. Thus, average wind speeds are everywhere more than 5 m/sec, reaching in places at open areas 10 m/sec. High speeds on the tops of the Sikhote-Alin ridges (over 10 m/sec). In the continental western regions, the winter season is characterized by clear, calm or light windy weather. Intermountain valleys are characterized by an almost complete absence of winds. Strong winds with a speed of more than 15 m/sec are quite rare here, and in some places they do not even occur every winter. Snowstorms in the region are not a frequent occurrence, and the average number of days with snowstorms ranges from 5 to 25 days per winter. The first snow appears on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin already in early October. The thickness of the snow cover is small and amounts to 18-20 cm. The greatest thickness of the snow cover is in mountainous areas, where it reaches 85-100 cm. In the southern regions, the snow cover is unstable. With the approach of spring, already in February, the sun and wind quickly “eat up” the snow and destroy the ice.

SPRING in Primorye is cold and lasts 2-3 months. Typical spring month is April. The average temperature in April is +3-5o. With significant radiation, snow cover melts quickly, evaporating and almost no melt water is formed. Frosts in the foothills and mountains of Sikhote-Alin may last until mid-June, and on the Khanka Plain - until the first half of May.

SUMMER in Primorye is warm, and in areas remote from the sea, even hot. But raw. On the coast, summers are humid, relatively warm, with frequent fogs. The fogs here are very intense, often turning into drizzle. Hot days and warm nights set in Primorye in July, on the coast - in August. From the second half of May the rains begin: either light drizzle or showers.

AUTUMN in Primorye is warm, dry, clear and quiet. The air temperature is dropping slowly. This time of year is usually called the “golden Far Eastern autumn”. The heat lasts especially long in coastal areas, where autumn is the best time of year. From mid-September, low night temperatures transform the forest, dressing the broadleaf and mixed forests in a colorful autumn outfit. At the beginning of October, leaf fall is in full swing. In the first half of November in the south of the region, at the end of October in the north there is a sharp cooling.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE REGION

Primorsky Krai is rich in natural resources. The peculiarities of geological development predetermined the presence of fuel and energy, mineral and raw materials resources, geographical location, topography and climate, and determined the availability of land, water and hydropower, forest and recreational resources. Many valuable substances - chemical compounds, salts, metals - are found in dissolved form in sea water, as well as in bottom placers - marine mineral resources.

COAL. The coal deposit is associated with sedimentary rocks and the long-term accumulation of organic matter. Almost 100 deposits with total reserves of about 2.4 billion tons have been identified in the region. The main coal deposits are Bikinskoye, Pavlovskoye, Shkotovskoye and Artemovskoye brown coal deposits, Partizanskoye and Razdolnenskoye hard coal deposits.

Many coal deposits have complex hydrogeological conditions (small thickness of coal seams and high water content). This makes coal mining more difficult and more expensive. At the same time, about 70% of coal reserves are suitable for open-pit mining.

NON-FERROUS AND NOBLE METALS.

About 30 tin deposits are known in the region. The main tin ore deposits are located in the Kavalerovsky, Dalnegorsky and Krasnoarmeysky districts - in the mountainous regions of Sokhote-Alin. In these same areas there are concentrated about 15 deposits of polymetallic ores containing lead and zinc, as well as in small quantities copper, silver, bismuth, and other rare metals. Tin-containing and polymetallic ores occur at great depths, in bedrock. Only in a few small areas of river valleys are there outcrops of these ores in the form of placers. Therefore, the extraction of tin, zinc and other metals accompanying them is carried out using a closed method, in mines. There are several tungsten deposits in the Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky districts of the region. Tungsten ores also occur in bedrock. In addition to tungsten, these ores contain copper, silver, gold, bismuth and other valuable metals. Several silver deposits have been found in the northeastern regions of Sikhote-Alin. More than 50 gold deposits have been explored in the region. There are gold deposits both in the south of Primorye and in the north. About 60% of all gold reserves are located in placers along the river valleys: Pogranichnaya, Fadeevka, Malaya Nesterovka, Sobolina Pad, Izyubrina.

MINING GEOCHEMICAL RAW MATERIALS.

In the Dalnegorsk area there is the largest boron deposit in Russia (dotolite, boron-containing ores). It is developed by open-pit mining and can ensure the operation of a processing plant for at least 50 years. Fluorspar, which is used in metallurgical production, is mined in the Khorol region - Voznesenskoye and Pogranichnoye deposits. In addition to fluorspar, the ores of this deposit contain rare metals: lithium, beryllium, tantalum, niobium. Marine geologists have discovered several deposits of phosphorites - valuable mineral fertilizers - on the continental slope of the Sea of ​​Japan. However, marine technology for their extraction and development is a matter of the future.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.

In the region - in almost all areas - more than 100 deposits of various building materials and raw materials from them have been identified. Near the city of Spassk they are developing large deposits limestone - the raw material for producing the most important building material - cement. In the southern regions, where the main needs for building materials are concentrated, there is also a large amount of raw materials for them. Deposits of limestone, various clays, building stone, sand and gravel mixtures, caramsite raw materials and other materials have been explored here. Many of these deposits have large reserves, high quality raw materials are available for transport. However, their development, which is usually carried out using open-pit mining, is associated with disturbance of landscapes. Therefore, it is necessary to use advanced mining technologies, and reclaim quarries after mining.

LAND RESOURCES.

They are considered both as a territory for any activity and as the most important natural resources Agriculture. In the Primorsky Territory, agricultural lands occupy 1637.5 thousand hectares, 522.7 thousand hectares are occupied by settlements, and 431.9 thousand hectares are occupied by industrial enterprises and roads. Land resources are renewable, unlike mineral or fuel resources. Man can significantly change the quality of land. By cultivating arable land strictly according to the rules of agricultural technology, you can increase its fertility. And, conversely, improper use of land, especially on slopes, non-compliance with the rules for laying roads and construction leads to their deterioration. Land resources are very limited and expensive resources; they must be protected and used sparingly.

FOREST RESOURCES.

Most of the territory of Primorsky Krai (about 75%) is covered with forests. The forested area is 12.3 million hectares, and the total wood reserve on it is 1.75 billion cubic meters. m. The forests of Primorye consist of many tree species. Conifers grow here - cedar, fir, spruce, larch; soft-trunked species - white birch, aspen, linden, hard-leaved species - oak, ash, elm, yellow birch. All these breeds are used on the farm, but more valuable wood in conifers, especially cedar. Therefore, cedar cutting is now prohibited.

Forests consist of trees of different ages: some are very young trees, others are already large and reaching maturity, and others, as foresters say, are ripe and even overripe. These are the ones that need to be cut down during logging. Otherwise, such trees themselves begin to dry out, die, and rot. Trees, especially conifers, grow slowly, taking more than 100 years. It grows to 1.3-1.5 cubic meters per year. wood per 1 hectare, and in the whole region - about 17 million cubic meters. The largest reserves of wood per 1 hectare are in cedar-broad-leaved forests (more than 200 cubic meters/ha). On average along the edge they are about 150 cubic meters/ha. Forests perform many useful functions for humans: from the ability to obtain wood, nuts, mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, meat and fur of wild animals - to environmental functions and replenishment atmospheric air oxygen. Therefore, from the point of view of nature conservation and rational environmental management, all forests are divided into three groups.

The first group includes forests in which tree felling is strictly prohibited, in the second group logging is limited, and only the forests of the third group are operational, where major logging is carried out. Forests of the third group in Primorye occupy about 60% of the forested area, and forests where logging is possible - about 75%. In order to be able to continuously use forest resources, experts calculate the rules and regulations for annual felling. For the Primorsky Territory, this norm is about 10 million cubic meters. in year. In fact, in some areas, much more than sustainable harvesting is done, and in hard-to-reach areas, forests may not be cut down at all.

Coastal forests are a whole storehouse of the most valuable products, the so-called non-timber forest resources. These include pine nuts, various berries (schisandra, grapes, blueberries, viburnum, rowan), mushrooms, ferns, medicinal plants, including the famous ginseng. Very valuable birch sap is harvested in birch forests. Linden trees produce a lot of highly valuable honey. In addition, in the forests of the region since ancient times the hunt is on for wild animals - sable, squirrel, wapiti, wild boar, etc. Furs and meat of wild animals and birds, which are in great demand among the population, are procured. Attempts are being made to cultivate ginseng, lemongrass, eleutherococcus, as well as some species of game animals and birds.

WATER RESOURCES.

Primorye as a whole is rich in water resources. About 600 rivers more than 100 km long flow through its territory. Of these, 90 rivers are more than 50 km long. The total river flow in the region (in a year with average climatic conditions) is 64 cubic meters. km. However, the river flow is unevenly distributed throughout the region. The Pozharsky, Krasnoarmeysky and Terneysky districts are characterized by the highest water content. Areas with smaller runoff volumes are Khorolsky, Chernigovsky, Khankaysky, Spassky, Mikhailovsky, Oktyabrsky, Ussuriysky, Nadezhdinsky, Shkotovsky, the cities of Artem and Vladivostok. At the same time, the territory is most developed and populated here, and there is a high demand for water from industry, agriculture, and the population. Therefore, in these areas there are acute problems of water pollution and water supply. fresh water.

Large reserves of underground fresh water have been identified in the region. Three hydrological provinces have been identified: North Primorskaya, Prikhankaiskaya and South Primorskaya with predicted reserves of about 3 million cubic meters. m. per day. In Southern Primorye, a large Pushkinskoye groundwater deposit has been explored near Vladivostok. It will help improve water supply to the city's population.

Primorsky Krai has significant marine biological resources in its coastal waters. They consist of various species of fish (herring, flounder, navaga, pollock, salmon, greenling, smelt), invertebrate animals - crabs, shrimp, mollusks (scallop, mussel, oysters), sea cucumber, squid, whelk, octopus, sea urchin, etc. .; algae (kelp or seaweed, ahnfeltia, gracilaria and others).

The areas of the Sea of ​​Japan adjacent to northern Primorye, as well as Peter the Great Bay, are characterized by high productivity. With rational management of marine fishing in the waters washing Primorye, it is possible to annually catch, according to experts, tens of thousands of tons of invertebrates and algae, and up to 250 thousand tons of fish. Many bays and bays of Southern Primorye have favorable conditions for artificial cultivation of the most valuable species of mollusks and algae. Many freshwater bodies of water are also rich in fish. Here you can find carp, crucian carp, pike, catfish, leopard, and rudd. Lots of fish in largest lake Far East - Khanka, where stocks of Khanka pink salmon are of commercial importance.

RECREATIONAL RESOURCES.

In Primorye, recreational resources are created by a combination of favorable natural and climatic conditions, the attractiveness of mountain-taiga landscapes, and the presence of natural sources of mineral waters and medicinal mud. Of particular value are the recreational resources of the southern coastal areas with warm sea water, beaches and picturesque bays and bays. There are more than 100 mineral water springs in the region that have medicinal properties. They are most developed in the Kirov region, where large resorts are located.

A variety of therapeutic muds are known: sea mud (in the Amur Bay, near Nakhodka) and lake mud (Khanka mud). The islands in Peter the Great Bay have unique recreational potential. They attract numerous tourists in the summer, when you can combine walks along the beautiful mountain-forest coast with swimming in clear sea water. In winter, you can also enjoy the beauty of nature and exciting fishing from under the ice.

The variety of recreational resources in the region allows organizing various types of recreation and tourism here, including special tourist routes with licensed hunting and fishing, rafting mountain rivers, along the sea coast. However, excessive "tourist" loads on the most beautiful natural landscapes can lead to their degradation. Therefore, here too it is necessary to adhere to the norms and rules of rational environmental management.

TERRITORIAL COMBINATIONS OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

When developing any territory, not one type of natural resource is always used, but several. For example, during the construction and operation of any enterprise, land resources, water, air, that is, a combination of natural resources, are always needed. Several different enterprises located close to each other - in one industrial area, use a territorial combination of natural resources that are interconnected through the natural environment. Thus, open-pit seams are connected to groundwater, and when coal is mined by open-pit mining, connections between coal and land resources and forest resources are discovered. The extraction of one changes the reserves of other resources associated with it.

In coastal areas there are close connections between the natural resources of land and sea. Every year, salmon fish enter rivers to spawn. If a placer deposit of gold or polymetals is being developed in the valley of such a spawning river, it will be polluted by dumps and petroleum products, which will negatively affect spawning conditions. At the same time, the biological resources of the coastal part of the sea may decrease.

The Ussuri taiga is a complex combination of natural resources: timber reserves, nuts, sable, squirrel, wild boar, lemongrass, medicinal plants. If you cut down a cedar without touching everything else, then over time, the reserves of other resources will decrease or dry up completely. Therefore, before developing any territory or extracting certain types of natural resources, it is necessary to first study and evaluate natural resources separately (land, water, forest, etc.), then study inter-resource connections, draw up options for developing the territory in the form calculations, models. This will help you choose the best option for developing the territory, taking into account the rules of environmental management. Such tasks are performed by scientists, primarily geographers. Baklanov P.Ya. and others. Geography of Primorsky Krai. Publishing house "Ussuri". Vladivostok, 1997. Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The basis of the natural healing resources of the Far East are favorable climatic conditions, mineral waters and reserves of sulfide silt mud.

For many centuries, the hot healing waters of the Kamchatka resort of Paratunka healed the wounds of great travelers - the discoverers of this mysterious land of geysers and volcanoes. Suffice it to recall the footage from the film “Sannikov Land”, which depicted swimming in thermal springs. Plunging into the bliss of thermal waters, travelers noticed how quickly their strength was restored. Only today, in the thermal springs of Kamchatka, tired skiers relieve tension after skiing on the slopes of Mount Goryachaya. The pool with thermal water is noticeable from afar, with clouds of steam. The water temperature in the springs and hot waterfall is from 39 to 70 0 C. In the Kuril Islands you can take sulfur baths at the foot of the Mendeleevsky volcano - hot springs are everywhere and some of them are tiled, like a mini-pool. Hot water can also be found right near the sea - hot springs sometimes come out right in the surf - you can find yourself with one foot in hot water of 30-40 0 C, and the other in cool water of 15 0 C.

The first written mentions of a hot spring beyond the Arctic Circle are found in documents from the church archives of the village of Yamsk for 1905-1906. They say that the Talsky spring, 256 km northeast of Magadan, was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. An enterprising merchant who found the source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as healing agent. In the mid-50s. The Talaya resort was opened on hot (up to 98 0 C) springs of nitrogen chloride-bicarbonate sodium waters.

Resorts and sanatoriums were built on deposits of carbon dioxide mineral waters: Shmakovka, Sinegorsk Mineral Waters, Sakhalin)

Nitrogen-siliceous thermal waters are the basis of the natural resources of the Kuldur resorts, Jewish Autonomous Region; Paratunka, sanatorium “Pearl of Kamchatka”, sanatorium-preventorium “Sputnik, Kamchatka; resort Talaya, Magadan region. The waters are effective for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Therapeutic muds are various types of silt deposits that form at the bottom of reservoirs, sea estuaries and lakes. Silt sulfide mud (sanatoriums “Sadgorod”, “Oceansky Military”, “Primorye”, “Ocean” - Vladivostok resort area; “Sinegorsk Mineral Waters”, “Sakhalin”, “Gornyak” - Sakhalin; “Paratunka”, “Pearl of Kamchatka” , "Sputnik" - Kamchatka) contain hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide. Sapropel mud (Talaya sanatorium, Magadan region) has a high content of organic substances, but there is little salt.

Primorsky Krai

The waters of the Primorsky Territory are not only rivers and lakes, but also mineral, medicinal springs that come to the surface from the very heart of the mountain ranges, saturated chemical elements, providing medicinal properties.

Primorye mineral springs are diverse in composition, origin, medicinal use and effects on the body. More than a hundred mineral water sources have been studied in the region; their reserves are so huge that they are sufficient to satisfy the needs of the entire Far East and Siberia. There are several types of mineral waters, such as: cold carbonic water, nitrogen thermal water, nitrogen-methane water.

Carbon dioxide cold waters are used in the Primorsky Territory for indoor and outdoor use. They have a local distribution within the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif of pressure-free-flow waters, and in the areas of the Primorsky artesian basin. Carbon dioxide waters are intended mainly for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Carbonated waters have a unique effect on the nervous system; they increase the excitability of the central nervous system and have a calming effect on the cerebral cortex. Mineral carbonic waters are intensively used by the population in areas where they naturally come to the surface. Nitrogen thermal waters in the Primorsky Territory are represented by 12 springs with water temperatures above 20 degrees, emerging to the surface in the eastern part of the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif. The main deposits of such waters are represented by Chistovodnye, Amginskie, Sinegorskie and several other sources. Nitrogen siliceous thermal waters are used in the form of baths. bathing, showers, inhalations, intestinal lavages. Their therapeutic effect is associated mainly with nitrogen gas, which, while the patient is in the bath, settles on the surface of the skin, exerting a unique physico-thermal effect. Nitrogen penetrating through the skin has an analgesic effect.

If you follow the map mineral springs, then their presence can be detected almost throughout the entire territory of Primorsky Krya, differing only in chemical composition and degree of mineralization. And if we talk about sources in general, there are simply a great many of them in the region.

At large mineral springs in Primorye, medical sanatoriums are being built to help people get rid of various diseases, or undergo a course of treatment for preventive purposes. There are healing springs where people self-medicate with mineral waters, arranging the territory, each little by little contributing to the common cause.

Over 40 sanatoriums are located in the Primorsky Territory. They can simultaneously accommodate more than 6.5 thousand people.

The Shmakovka resort is located in the valley of the Ussuri River, in one of the most beautiful corners of the central part of Primorye. Natural healing factors: dry and warm summers, windless and sunny winters, rich vegetation and carbon dioxide mineral waters similar to Narzan. There are four sanatoriums in Shmakovka: “Pearl”, “Izumrudny”, the Shmakovsky military sanatorium of the Far Eastern Military District and the sanatorium named after. 50th anniversary of October. The rest of the seaside health resorts are mainly concentrated in the suburban area of ​​Vladivostok. Among them are both well-known sanatoriums (“Sadgorod”, “Amursky Bay”, “Oceansky Military”, “Primorye”, etc.), and quite young ones - former departmental boarding houses and rest homes that have created their own medical base (“Sailor”, “Ocean”, “Builder”, etc.). The main healing factor of most Vladivostok sanatoriums is sea silt sulfide mud, mined from the bottom of Uglovoye Bay, on the shore of which the Sadgorod sanatorium is located with the only department for spinal patients in the Far East. “Amur Bay” is considered the best cardiological sanatorium in the region with a department for the rehabilitation of patients who have suffered a heart attack. There is a similar department in the Ocean Military Sanatorium, not far from which, almost at the very seashore, there is former house recreation, and now the Pacific sanatorium, the only one in the Far East in which the main method of treatment is homeopathy.

Khabarovsk region

Anninsky mineral thermal waters are a hydrogeological natural monument of federal significance. Anninsky waters are located in the Ulchsky district in the valley of the Amurchik stream, 6.5 km from the village of Susanino.

The water in the source is alkaline (PH = 8.5-9.4), slightly mineralized (0.32 g/l) and has a temperature of 53 0 C. The composition of the water is sulfate-hydrocarbonate, sodium with a high content of fluorine and silicic acid (60-96 mg/l).

Since 1966, the Anninskie Vody resort has been operating on the basis of a mineral spring - the first in the Russian Far East. There is also a balneological clinic and a children's sanatorium near the waters. The waters of the Annensky spring are used in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Mineral spring "Teply Klyuch" is located 17 km from the city of Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Territory and is included in the list of specially protected areas. The waters of the source flow into the Third Seventh River, which, in turn, flows into the Ussuri.

The source is a small pit measuring 2 by 3 meters, from the bottom of which underground mineral waters and gases rise. Then the water flows into a slightly larger reservoir and goes into the stream.
The source was first discovered by prisoners of Stalin's camps who worked in the vicinity of these places. It was they who first noticed the surge of strength and health after drinking the spring water. The fame of the source quickly spread around and residents of many other regions began to come to the source and take away whole flasks of healing water. Currently, few people use this mineral water for internal use, preferring more water treatments.

The water in the source rarely drops below 16-18 degrees Celsius even in the most severe frosts. Therefore, bathing in the spring is especially popular during Epiphany holidays. According to people who took winter baths in the spring, it is simply impossible to convey the positive emotions and huge surge of strength and health that you experience after bathing. The healing effect is enhanced by fish, all year round living in the source. Their pleasant bites enhance the healing effect.

The only inconvenience for visiting the source is the unsatisfactory condition of the road. Therefore, it is recommended to go here in an all-terrain vehicle even after the Great Holiday - at this time the road condition is the best and there is the least chance of getting stuck in a rut.

Tumninsky thermomineral spring is located in the valley of the Chope River, 9 km from the Tumnin railway station (Vaninsky district). The source water is clear, bluish, slightly mineralized (0.21 g/l), alkaline (PH = 8.65), with a temperature of 46 0 C. The composition of the water is sodium sulfate-hydrocarbonate with a high content of fluorine and silicic acid.

Tumninsky hot spring was discovered in 1939 by engineer Cherepanov. Although in fact, wild animals were the first to discover its healing properties, and they came to him in large numbers to heal their wounds. Local hunters took advantage of this, always hunting animals here. It was precisely in order not to reveal the rich hunting ground that they tightly kept the secret about the hot spring.

Currently, the source is very popular among the population of the Khabarovsk Territory and other regions of Russia.

The Jewish Autonomous Region has several healing sources. The most famous is Kuldursky, on the basis of which the Kuldur resort complex operates, which includes several sanatoriums, including for mothers with children. Kuldur sanatoriums are health resorts of national importance, where treatment is carried out using hot mineral springs containing silicic acid. The source water, after cooling to 35-38 0 C, is used in the treatment of radiculitis, polyarthritis, skin, gynecological diseases, etc. According to its chemical composition, it belongs to nitrogen-siliceous weakly mineralized hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium alkaline waters with a high fluorine content. Radon water was discovered in one of the wells, which makes it possible to organize a radon clinic.

Kamchatka Krai

The sanatorium-resort zone of Kamchatka is the region of Paratunsky hot geothermal springs. The main therapeutic factors of Kamchatka sanatoriums: nitrogen, low-mineralized siliceous water of the Nizhneparatunsky deposit and sulfide mud. Specialization - treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Hot springs of the Nalychevo Valley

Talovsky springs Along the left bank of the Vershinskaya River of the Nalychevsky Natural Park there are 3 groups of springs, the water temperature in which remains constant at 38 degrees. The springs of Kamchatka are highly mineralized, which is why they deposit large amounts of red sediment. The combination of the greenery of the surrounding forest and the red deposits create a spectacular picture.

Aag mineral springs

Among tourists, Aag mineral springs are called “Aag Narzans”. They lie at the foot of the inactive Aag volcano. The site with the springs is located at the bottom of the valley of the source of the Shumnaya River. The path to them is incredibly picturesque. Among the stones covered with a white coating of mineral deposits, cold water breaks through in thin streams. Some of them break out in the form of small fountains, others more quietly. The water in them has a slightly sour taste, with a slight smell of sulfur compounds.

Timonovskie hot springs

There is a legend about the seriously ill elder Timon, who was one of the first clergy of the 18th century to preach Christian faith in Kamchatka. One day he was offered to cure a disease in hot water, which was supposedly heated by spirits. Timon agreed to try his luck. The people took him to the bear's corner, leaving him there alone. A little time passed and in the spring they came to visit Timon’s father to check if he was alive. To their great surprise, he was not only alive, but also healthy and strong. That is why people took him for a saint and sanctified everything in the area in his name. No one can confirm whether this story is true or just a story, but it is a fact that the waters in this area are especially useful. Here it is useful to take general baths, as well as drink water. You can stay in cabins.

Khodutkinsky thermal springs

At the foot of the extinct volcanoes Priemysh and Khodutka, one of the most beautiful places are the Khodutkinsky hot springs of Kamchatka. Some of the largest springs are located directly in the volcanic crater. Water flows out of numerous holes and forms a stream. There are springs “scattered” throughout the clearing, which, when collected together, turn this stream into a whole river, the depth of which is 1.5 meters and the width of almost 30 meters. At the very base of the griffins, the water temperature is high and amounts to 80 degrees; gradually the temperature drops downstream. These springs of Kamchatka have become a famous natural monument, which more and more people come to visit every year.

Zhirovsky hot springs

The mountain, tundra, and sea landscapes of the Zhirovaya River area attract attention with their diversity rare species flora and fauna. The air here is transparent and clean, and the varied microclimate and long snowy winter period fuel the interest of tourists in this fabulous place. Medical and health tourism is well developed here. Here, in the valley with two thermal springs, fishermen and hunters come to relax and be treated. These sources of Kamchatka are located only 10 km from the ocean coast.

Vilyuchinsky hot springs

These Kamchatka springs lie at the very foot of the Vilyuchinsky volcano. Thanks to this, the Vilyuchinskaya Valley looks even more picturesque. In addition, on the slope there is a view of the ocean bays.

Country hot springs

To the north of the Mutny volcano, near the Skalistaya hill, you can see the Kamchatka Dacha hot springs. There are several groups of them scattered throughout the hollows and ravines. The largest of them can be called the western group, which is located in a large ravine. Steam flows on the slope of the volcano, and powerful steam-water fountains burst out from its bottom. These sources remove the most heat from the depths of the hydrothermal Mutnovsky basin, which is why a geothermal power plant was built very close by.

Bath thermal springs

Bath thermal springs are hot springs in Kamchatka, located in the upper reaches of the Bannaya River. These are one of the largest places where mineral waters originate. The thermal water in these springs is healing. In addition to wellness treatments, you can have a good rest here. In winter you can travel by snowmobile, in summer you can walk and ride quad bikes. The path runs through Nakchinskoye, one of the many lakes in the region. The Khazlan ridge adjoins the lake on the western side, and the Bystrinsky ridge on the eastern side. The inactive Vazhkazhets volcano is also located here, a natural monument whose height is more than 1500 m.

Sakhalin region

Resort resources of the Sakhalin region are represented mainly by mineral waters and medicinal silt mud. 22 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk there are unique Sinegorsk mineral springs of carbon dioxide hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium water with a high arsenic content, similar to the carbon dioxide arsenic waters of Chvizhepse and Sochi. In the area of ​​the springs, in a picturesque valley sheltered from the sea winds, the leading sanatoriums of the region are located - “Sinegorsk Mineral Waters” and “Sakhalin”. They have a modern medical facility.

The Chaika sanatorium is located 22 km from Kholmsk, on the shore of the Tatar Strait, and the Gornyak sanatorium is located in the vicinity of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Marine silt sulfide mud is used as a healing factor in both health resorts.

Mud volcano. Located 18 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk natural monument- mud volcano. This is a geological formation that periodically erupts mud and gases, often with water and oil. Typically, mud volcanoes are located in areas of oil and gas fields. The largest mud volcanoes in Russia are located on the Taman Peninsula and Sakhalin. There are similar ones in Azerbaijan, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, and Central America. The waters of such volcanoes contain bromine, iodine, and boron. This allows the dirt to be used medicinal purposes. Three areas with active mud volcanoes are concentrated on Sakhalin Island.

Daginsky thermal springs. In the eastern part of Sakhalin in the area bay Dagi thermal springs are located near the village of Goryachiye Klyuchi. The Orochi reindeer herders were the first to notice their healing properties. The outlet of the springs is a funnel-shaped depression in the muddy shore of the bay. Act here five hot springs, two of them are drinkable. The composition of the water differs from other Sakhalin sources in its high content of silicic acid and high alkalinity. There is a sanatorium located not far from the exits.

Magadan Region

The Talaya resort is the only sanatorium and resort establishment in Russia located beyond the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. The climatic conditions of Talaya, despite their general severity, compare favorably with the surrounding areas. The number of hours of sunshine is 710. The wealth of the resort is hot, almost boiling (98 ° C) nitrogen low-mineralized waters and silt mud.

The first written mentions of the Tal source are found in documents from the church archives of the village of Yamsk for 1905-1906. They say that the Talsky spring was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. An enterprising merchant who found the source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as a healing agent.
In 1940, a neurological resort was founded. The beautiful surroundings of the resort, the silence, cleanliness and transparency of the air have a beneficial effect on a person and have a calming effect on the nervous system.

Indications for treatment: diseases of the skin, musculoskeletal system and peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and liver. The main healing factor: healing mud and mineral waters. The resort is located a little away from the Kolyma Highway, which connects it with Magadan.

For a region with a harsh climate, picturesque corners with a special microclimate in places where hot waters emerge are noteworthy. There are many thermal water outlets known in the Magadan region. The hot springs closest to Magadan are located on the Khmitevsky Peninsula. This

Motyklei hot springs. It is interesting to visit the springs in the spring, to swim in the springs when there is snow all around. On the summer walking route you will have to stock up on mosquito repellent - a significant part of the route passes through swampy areas. Having a boat at your disposal, you can visit the springs in 2 days.

Tanon Lakes near the village of Serdyakh - a picturesque corner, long chosen by Magadan hunters and fishermen. Summer evenings Above this vast plain, where many rivers and hundreds of lakes have found shelter, there is an extraordinary silence. Only the water flows lazily, and restless birds call to each other. And there, on the plain, in the gray twilight, not only the saucers of the lakes glow in spots, but the fog rises above them. A little later, the spots merge into a continuous strip, covering the lakes and the river for the night. It is impossible to go around all the lakes - there are many of them. Moving approximately in a southerly direction (heading towards Mount England) you can visit the most significant lakes. Here and there there are weak trails, but mostly you have to walk along the hummocks. You are constantly accompanied by the tart smell of wild rosemary. In the depressions not occupied by lakes, there are clearings of snow-white cotton grass. These places are much more comfortable than the Serdyakh lakes - there are forests everywhere. Trees surround the lakes. Frozen in the calm, they seem bewitched. In summer, small lakes warm up. Near large ones on dry high places there are hunting tents. You will often see duck broods on the lakes.

Amur region

Fresh, mineral and thermal underground waters are widespread. Fresh groundwater is found everywhere. In the region as a whole, the use of underground sources for water supply purposes is 65%, while in rural settlements water supply is based exclusively on groundwater. 25 deposits (areas) of fresh groundwater have been explored, 13 of them are in operation. The explored operational reserves of groundwater amount to 551.6 thousand m 3 /day. There are 42 known mineral water springs and wells.

Of all the Amur sources, four have been studied: Gonzhinsky, Ignashinsky, Byssinsky and Esaulovsky.

Gonzhinsky used for medicinal purposes. Is in middle lane region, in the western part of the Amur-Zeya plateau. The first literary information about the source dates back to the period of research and construction of the railway in 1912 (A.V. Lvov, A.V. Gerasimov). In 1916, according to archival data in the journal of meetings of the railway medical council, the issue of a medical institution at the Gonzhinsky spring was considered. In 1939, geologists A.G. Frank-Kamensky and N.M. Vaksberg published brief information about the Gonzhinsky source in reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The water's chemical composition is cold, low-mineralized, hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium. Of particular importance in the therapeutic effect are carbon dioxide, calcium, magnesium, lithium, iron cations, as well as trace elements included in its composition.

There is evidence of its multifaceted effects on the body. Urination sharply increases, the amount of chlorides, cholesterol and urea in the blood decreases, water has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, analgesic and antihistamine effect. With kidney and liver diseases, patients experience a significant restoration of impaired functions. In terms of chemical composition, the water of the Gonzhinsky spring is close to Kislovodsk Narzan, but differs from it in lower temperature, the absence of sulfate anions, and better taste.
It has a pronounced diuretic effect due to the content of carbon dioxide and a number of microelements, enhances urodynamics, promotes the evacuation of sand, salts, small stones from the urinary tract, and increases the motor function of the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. A good therapeutic effect was noted for some liver diseases, polyarthritis, and radiculitis.
Ignashinsky located in the Skovorodinsky district - in a picturesque area, 8 km from the village of Ignashina. Ignashino is the last pier on the Amur within the Amur region. There is a road leading from the pier to the source.

Ignashinskaya mineral water is widely used for medicinal purposes in the local hospital. However, the medicinal properties of this water have not yet been fully studied. At a congress of medical workers back in 1919, indications for treatment were established: “anemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary sand, urinary stones, gallstones, nervous diseases, kidney diseases, compressed heart defects, catarrh of the bladder and some others” ( Protocols of the VIII Congress of Workers of the Amur Region. 1920, p. 282).

Beautiful natural conditions, pine forest make the Ignashinsky mineral spring very promising for development not only as a health resort in the Amur region, but also as a resort in the Far East.

Byssinsky

There is no source as such here. Mineral waters, released from the Byssa River, saturate the coastal sand. It is enough to dig a hole, and it accumulates hot water.

This is what the people who came here did - they dug deep holes, up to one and a half meters, and reinforced their walls with logs (so that the sand would not collapse). Hot water accumulated in the log houses. There are several such holes. The water temperature ranges from 37 to 42 0 C. In winter, the water in these pits does not freeze. They are covered with snow on top, but the water temperature remains within 18 0 C.

The waters are slightly mineralized (up to 450 mg/l), carbonated with nitrogen (96.2%), hydro-carbonate-chloride-sulfate composition, with the smell of hydrogen sulfide. Fluorine content - up to 0.3 g/l, silicic acid - up to 73.6 mg/l, carbon dioxide - 24 mg/l. Microelements: arsenic, manganese, titanium, gallium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, lithium, copper.

Esaulovsky located in the southeast of the region, 5 km from the Esaulovka railway station. The source emerges in the wide valley of the Udurchukan River, the right tributary of the Khingan. Hills overgrown with Korean cedar and birch, Amur velvet and linden, Manchurian walnut and hazel make this area exceptionally picturesque.

The water of the source is colorless and amazingly transparent. The slight smell of hydrogen sulfide indicates the presence of sulfur compounds in it. In terms of the composition of the water, this source is close to the Kuldur springs, differing from them in lower hydrogen sulfide content and low temperature, equal to only 4 0 C. The source is used by local residents for treatment.

Being low-mineralized, it has no strict contraindications and is used as a dining room. This is a tasty, refreshing drink that healthy people can drink for preventive purposes: it promotes normal digestion and removes toxins from the body.

Materials from various Internet sources

Primorye as a whole is rich in water resources. About 600 rivers more than 10 km long flow through its territory. Of these, 90 rivers are more than 50 km long. The total river flow in the region (in a year with average climatic conditions) is 64 cubic km. However, the river flow is unevenly distributed throughout the region. The Pozharsky, Krasnoarmeysky and Terneysky districts are characterized by the highest water content. Areas with smaller volumes of river flow are Khorolsky, Chernigovsky, Khankaysky, Spassky, Mikhailovsky, Oktyabrsky, Ussuriysky, Nadezhdinsky, Shkotovsky, the cities of Artyom and Vladivostok. At the same time, the territory is most developed and populated here, and there is a large demand for water from industry, agriculture, and the population. Therefore, in these areas there are acute problems of water pollution and fresh water supply.

Large reserves of underground fresh water have been identified in the region. Three hydrogeological provinces have been identified: North Primorskaya, Khantayskaya and South Primorskaya with predicted reserves of about 3 million cubic meters. m per day. In Southern Primorye, a large Pushkinsky groundwater deposit has been explored near Vladivostok. It will help improve water supply to the city's population.

If you look at the hydrographic map of Primorye, that is, at a map on which even the smallest rivers and watercourses are plotted, you will immediately notice the great density of the river network. Only in the west of the region around Lake Khanka is a relatively small thinning of the network noticeable.

The density of the river network of the Primorsky Territory is indeed a record for the territory of Russia. On average, along the edge there are about 0.65 kilometers of rivers per square kilometer of territory, and in the upper reaches of the Ussuri and Bikin and along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan it reaches 0.9 kilometers per square kilometer. On the Khanka Plain, the density of the network is only 0.2-0.3 km. Such density of rivers is typical for the vast majority of Russian territory.

Such a dense network of rivers is due mainly to the mountainous, small-hilly topography of the Sikhote-Alin mountain system, which covers almost the entire territory of the region. This relief, in turn, owes much to the eroding effects of thousands of streams, often called pads or springs. And they are called mainly “tiger”, “bear”, “boar”, or “cedar”, “spruce”, “oak”, without at all avoiding countless repetitions. You can cross a steep pass and from one Kabany spring get into another Kabany spring. It is from these thousands and even tens of thousands of falls that the river network of Primorye is made up.

All the rivers of our region can be divided into two large and approximately equal groups in total area: the rivers of the Ussuri River basin, carrying their waters through the lower Amur in the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk, including the rivers flowing into Lake Khanka, since the lake flows from it as a river Sungachoy is connected to Ussuri, and rivers flow from the eastern and southern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, East Manchurian and Black Mountains into the Sea of ​​Japan.

The rivers of Primorye have no transport significance, since the ice regime here is severe in winter and is too unstable water regime in summer. Huge fluctuations in water levels and flows complicate the construction and operation of piers and require constant changes in ship conditions and the maintenance of a powerful dredging fleet.

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The geological structure, relief and climate, the history of the development of the territory determined the diversity of the inland waters of the Primorsky Territory.

Rivers
About 6,000 rivers more than 10 km long flow through the territory of the Primorsky Territory. Their total length is 180,000 km, but only 91 rivers are longer than 50 km. The mountainous terrain, large amounts of precipitation, and relatively low evaporation determine the significant density of the river network: for every square kilometer of surface there is 0.73 km of river network. This is significantly higher than the average density of the river network in the country, which is 0.22 km/km2. A characteristic feature of the rivers of Primorye is their relatively short length. The main watershed is the Sikhote-Alin. From the eastern, steeper slope, rivers flow into the Sea of ​​Japan, from the western slope - into the Ussuri River. Another watershed (less extended) is the East Manchurian Mountains system. From here the rivers flow into the Peter the Great Gulf.
The western slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge includes the upper reaches of the Ussuri River (the Arsenyevka and Bolshaya Ussurka river basins, the middle reaches of the Malinovka River, etc.). The average density coefficient of the river network is 0.6-0.8 km/km2. The eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge includes the rivers of the Sea of ​​Japan basin northeast of the mouth of the Zerkalnaya River. The river network is well developed, especially in the southern part of the region (0.8-1.0 km/km2).
The southwestern part of Primorye includes the rivers of the Sea of ​​Japan basin, south of the Zerkalnaya River, the rivers of the Peter the Great Bay, individual rivers of the Lake Khanka basin, as well as the upper and middle reaches of the Komissarovka River. This is the region with the most developed river network; the density coefficient of the river network in the southern part of the region has the highest value - 1.2-1.8 km/km2. Large rivers here Partizanskaya, Razdolnaya, Kievka, Artemovka.
The Khanka plain is drained by the rivers Melgunovka, Ilista, Spassovka, Belaya and others. Only one river - Sungach - flows from Lake Khanka and carries its waters to the Ussuri River. The rivers of this area are the shallowest in Primorye. Many rivers freeze in winter and dry up in summer.
The character of rivers changes significantly as they move away from their source. In the upper reaches, steep mountain slopes approach the riverbeds, and turbulent river flows break through rapids and rifts. In these areas, the slopes reach 3-5 m per 1 km. In the middle and lower reaches, the slopes decrease, the valleys widen, the rivers flow calmly, divide into channels, and become winding.
Primorsky Krai belongs to the territory with monsoon climate, so the rivers are predominantly rain-fed. The snow cover that forms during the winter is small, and groundwater recharge is relatively weak. The uneven distribution of precipitation over time and territory significantly affects its water regime. The rivers of Primorye are characterized by floods in the warm season and extreme unevenness and instability of flow in the cold season. Large floods in warm weather form relatively quickly and, reaching significant levels, become the cause of floods. Floods often follow one another continuously. The average maximum water flows at this time exceed the minimum summer ones by 10-25 times. Rain floods are usually observed until September, but in some years they occur in October and even in early November. In winter (December-March) the flow is low, its value is 4-5% of the annual volume. And yet the rivers are high-water: the average annual flow modules are 10-20 l/sec per square kilometer of area, and the minimum winter flow is 0.4-1.0 l/sec per km2.
The water regime of coastal rivers is also characterized by spring floods, which are superimposed by rain floods. The spring flood occurs in April-May, at which time up to 20-30% of the annual runoff volume passes. Floods every second or third year lead to flooding of the territory. The total area subject to flooding during catastrophic floods is about 30% of its main plain part. Floods are accompanied by inundation of agricultural land, industrial enterprises, settlements and cause great damage. Thus, in the Razdolnaya River basin, 29 villages and more than 60 thousand hectares of agricultural land are subject to flooding. The city of Ussuriysk and all administrative district centers of the basin fall into the flood zone. Catastrophic floods are most common in the Ussuri River basin. This basin accounts for 60% of all large and very large floods recorded in the region. Of these, 34% are observed in the Bolshaya Ussurka and Malinovka basins. Large floods are also observed in other places. The greatest losses to industry and public utilities are caused by flooding in the cities of Ussuriysk, Lesozavodsk and Dalnerechensk. During very large floods, the duration of flooding of these cities reaches 8-11 days.
More than half of all observed floods in Primorye occur in August-September. It was not uncommon for large floods to occur twice on the same river. According to observational data, the highest intensity of level rise was recorded on the river. Razdolnaya: near the city of Ussuriysk it was August 31, 1945. - 5.8 m/day. A flood occurred on this river on July 24, 1950 with great intensity, 3.6 m/day. High intensity of the flood was noted in September 1994. on the Partizanskaya river and a number of others. Large daily rises in levels (from 2.5 to 3.0 m) were observed on the rivers Artemovka, Arsenyevka, Ussuri, Belaya, Ilistaya, etc. A flood control program is currently being implemented in the region.
Rivers in Primorye are the main source of water supply for settlements and industrial enterprises. River waters are also used to irrigate rice fields, vegetable crops and cultivated pastures. Large and medium-sized rivers carry local navigation. The rivers of Primorye are the habitat and spawning grounds for many valuable fish species, including salmon. They have large reserves of hydropower resources, but so far the hydropower potential of the region is practically not used.

Lakes
In the Primorsky Territory, lakes are distributed mainly within the lowlands. There are especially many of them in the valleys of the Razdolnaya and Ussuri rivers. In the river valley Razdolnaya lakes are found in the lower reaches. They were mainly formed as a result of the river wandering through the valley and inundating low-lying areas during flood periods. The most significant lakes are Sazanye and Utinoye. In the Ussuri River basin there are 2,800 small lakes with a total area of ​​120 km2 and Lake Khanka. The largest in size are relict lakes located on the Khanka Plain. Lake Khanka, the largest in Primorye, is located in the center of the Khanka Lowland (the northern part of the lake is located within the PRC). In plan, the lake is pear-shaped with an expansion in the northern part. The area of ​​its water surface is not constant. At high water levels it is 5010 km2, at average 4070 km2 and at low 3940 km2. The length of the lake at the average long-term level is 90 km, the greatest width is 67 km. Despite the fact that 24 rivers flow into the lake and only one flows out (the Sungach River), it is shallow. The average depth of the lake is 4.5 m, and the maximum depth on the steep north-western shores does not exceed 6.5 m. The water in the lake is cloudy, this is explained by frequent winds. Fluctuations in the water level in the lake are due to climatic reasons, but in recent years the level has been affected by ever-increasing economic activity, especially rice cultivation, for which a large amount of water is allocated. Fishing is developed on Lake Khanka.
Within the coastal strip of the Sea of ​​Japan, a large number of lakes are concentrated, separated from the sea by narrow sand spits (and sometimes connected to them) with brackish or salt water. As a rule, coastal lakes (lagoons) are small. In the south of the region there are several freshwater lakes.

Swamps
About 4% of the area in Primorye is occupied by swamps, but compared to other regions of the Far East, swamps here do not have much landscape-forming significance. Temporarily waterlogged meadows are widespread on the plains of Primorye, but they cannot be classified as swamps.
The main part of the swamp massifs is located in the Khanka lowland, east and south of Lake Khanka, as well as in the area of ​​the mouth of the river. Sungach, in the valley of the Ussuri River. The formation of swamps in the Khanka Lowland occurs as the size of Lake Khanka shrinks. The most common is the shrub-moss type of bogs. In intermountain valleys, on plateau-like elevations, you can find sphagnum bogs with a peat thickness of up to 3.5 m.

The groundwater
On the territory of the Primorsky Territory there are underground waters: fissure and interstratal. Fissure waters are contained in rocks that occupy most of the territory of the region. This type of water is the most common type of groundwater. They accumulate in numerous cracks of varying sizes that penetrate rocks. Interstratal rocks are confined to sandy deposits of river valleys. About 60 mineral springs are registered in the region. The "Lastochka" spring, located in the valley of the Chernaya River (a tributary of the Ussuri), and the "Shmakovka" spring are used for bottling mineral water.

Water protection
Our region attaches great importance to protecting water from pollution. For this purpose, the quality of water discharged by enterprises is monitored. In the river basins from which water is taken into the water supply system, water protection zones, where construction, deforestation, grazing of animals, and collection of wild plants are prohibited. Wood rafting is prohibited on the rivers of our region. In areas of concentration of industrial, domestic and agricultural facilities, the construction of treatment facilities is envisaged.

Preserving clean water in nature is the duty and responsibility of every person.

Baklanov P.Ya. and others. Geography of Primorsky Krai. Publishing house "Ussuri". Vladivostok, 1997. Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Inland waters of Primorye.

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The waters of the Primorsky Territory are not only rivers and lakes, but also mineral, medicinal springs that come to the surface from the very heart of the mountain ranges, saturated with chemical elements that have healing properties. Primorye mineral springs are diverse in composition, origin, medicinal use and effects on the body. More than a hundred mineral water sources have been studied in the region; their reserves are so huge that they are sufficient to satisfy the needs of the entire Far East and Siberia. There are several types of mineral waters such as; cold carbon dioxide, thermal nitrogen, nitrogen-methane. There are types of water that require prompt medical study.

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Inland waters. About 6,000 rivers more than 10 km long flow through the territory of the Primorsky Territory. Their total length is 180,000 km, but only 91 rivers are longer than 50 km. The mountainous terrain, large amounts of precipitation, and relatively low evaporation determine the significant density of the river network: for every square kilometer of surface there is 0.73 km of river network. This is significantly higher than the average density of the river network in the country, which is 0.22 km/km2. A characteristic feature of the rivers of Primorye is their relatively short length. The main watershed is the Sikhote-Alin. From the eastern, steeper slope, rivers flow into the Sea of ​​Japan, from the western slope - into the Ussuri River. Another watershed (less extended) is the East Manchurian Mountains system. From here the rivers flow into the Peter the Great Gulf.

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The western slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge includes the upper reaches of the Ussuri River (the Arsenyevka and Bolshaya Ussurka river basins, the middle reaches of the Malinovka River, etc.). The eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge includes the rivers of the Sea of ​​Japan basin northeast of the mouth of the river. Mirrored.

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The southwestern part of Primorye includes the rivers of the Sea of ​​Japan basin, south of the Zerkalnaya River, the rivers of the Peter the Great Bay, individual rivers of the Lake Khanka basin, as well as the upper and middle reaches of the Komissarovka River. The large rivers here are Partizanskaya, Razdolnaya, Kievka, Artemovka.

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The Khanka plain is drained by the rivers Melgunovka, Ilista, Spassovka, Belaya and others. Only one river - Sungach - flows from Lake Khanka and carries its waters to the Ussuri River. The rivers of this area are the shallowest in Primorye. Many rivers freeze in winter and dry up in summer. Sungach River Lake Khanka. 24 rivers flow into it, and one river flows out - the Sungach.

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River mode Primorsky Krai belongs to a territory with a monsoon climate, so the rivers are predominantly fed by rain. The snow cover that forms during the winter is small, and groundwater recharge is relatively weak. The uneven distribution of precipitation over time and territory significantly affects its water regime. The rivers of Primorye are characterized by floods in the warm season and extreme unevenness and instability of flow in the cold season. Large floods in warm weather form relatively quickly and, reaching significant levels, become the cause of floods. Floods often follow one another continuously. The average maximum water flows at this time exceed the minimum summer ones by 10-25 times. Rain floods are usually observed until September, but in some years they occur in October and even in early November. In winter (December-March) the flow is low, its value is 4-5% of the annual volume. And yet the rivers are high-water: the average annual flow modules are 10-20 l/sec per square kilometer of area, and the minimum winter flow is 0.4-1.0 l/sec per km2.

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The largest water artery of Primorye is the river. Ussuri flowing into the Amur. This is the only river in Primorye that is navigable over a significant length. All coastal rivers are characterized by summer floods (usually in August or even September).

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Flood. More than half of all observed floods in Primorye occur in August-September. It was not uncommon for large floods to occur twice on the same river. According to observational data, the highest intensity of level rise was recorded on the river. Razdolnaya: near the city of Ussuriysk it was August 31, 1945. - 5.8 m/day. A flood occurred on this river on July 24, 1950 with great intensity, 3.6 m/day. High intensity of the flood was noted in September 1994. on the Partizanskaya river and a number of others. Large daily rises in levels (from 2.5 to 3.0 m) were observed on the rivers Artemovka, Arsenyevka, Ussuri, Belaya, Ilistaya, etc. A flood control program is currently being implemented in the region.

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Conclusions. Rivers in Primorye are the main source of water supply for settlements and industrial enterprises. River waters are also used to irrigate rice fields, vegetable crops and cultivated pastures. Large and medium-sized rivers carry local navigation. The rivers of Primorye are the habitat and spawning grounds for many valuable fish species, including salmon. They have large reserves of hydropower resources, but so far the hydropower potential of the region is practically not used.

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Lake Khanka. In the Primorsky Territory there are over. 3 thousand lakes. In the center of the Khanka Plain there is a lake bordering China. Hanka. The area of ​​its water surface is not constant. At high water levels it is 5010 km2, at average – 4070 km2, at low – 3940 km2. The length of the lake at the average long-term level is 90 km, the greatest width is 67 km. Despite the fact that 24 rivers flow into the lake and only one flows out (the Sungach River), it is shallow. The average depth of the lake is 4.5 m, and the maximum depth on the steep north-western shores does not exceed 6.5 m. The water in the lake is cloudy, this is explained by frequent winds.

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Salt Lake. Nakhodka Salt Lake. in the village of Zavyalovo, Lake Dukhovskoye. Located in Ozera Bay, Terneysky district. The lake is salty. Lake Krugloye is located on the shore of Ozera Bay, 22 km from the village of Plastun. From Vladivostok 610 km. Sandy bottom and shore. The lake is fresh. Marble Lake. Located in the bay of the lake, Terneysky district. Recreation center "Dukhovo". The lake is salty.

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The magnificent mysterious lake shines dazzlingly in the sun, officially bearing the name Vaskovskoye, and among the people lovingly called Vaskov. It is so beautiful that it is difficult to take your eyes off it. Vaskovo looks especially beautiful in early autumn in the morning, when the water surface is not disturbed by even the slightest breath of wind. This warm, swimmable lake, recognized as a natural landmark, 1.4 km long and a maximum width of 0.5 km with running fresh water, is located in the Dalnegorsky district of Primorye. It is located in the Rudnaya River basin and is connected to the mouth of the Rudnaya River by a narrow channel that crosses a coastal sand spit with a protected oak grove, declared a Natural Monument by local authorities. In this grove, each oak tree has its own personal number. The Vaskovsky spring flows into the lake; in the southern part of the bay from the village of Rudnaya Pristan to the village of Smychka there is a large sandy beach.

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Swamps. About 4% of the area is occupied by swamps in Primorye. The main part of the swamp massifs is located in the Khanka lowland, east and south of Lake Khanka, as well as in the area of ​​the mouth of the river. Sungach, in the valley of the Ussuri River. The formation of swamps in the Khanka Lowland occurs as the size of Lake Khanka shrinks. The most common is the shrub-moss type of bogs. In intermountain valleys, on plateau-like elevations, you can find sphagnum bogs with a peat thickness of up to 3.5 m. In the Primorsky Territory, work is underway to drain swamps. Once drained, they are used primarily as agricultural land.

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The groundwater. On the territory of the Primorsky Territory there are underground waters: fissure and interstratal. Fissure waters are contained in rocks that occupy most of the territory of the region. This type of water is the most common type of groundwater. They accumulate in numerous cracks of varying sizes that penetrate rocks. Interstratal rocks are confined to sandy deposits of river valleys. About 60 mineral springs are registered in the region. The "Lastochka" spring, located in the valley of the Chernaya River (a tributary of the Ussuri), and the "Shmakovka" spring are used for bottling mineral water.

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Mineral water. Carbon dioxide cold waters are used in the Primorsky Territory for indoor and outdoor use. They have a local distribution within the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif of pressure-free waters and in the zones of the Primorsky artesian basin. Carbon dioxide waters are intended mainly for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Carbonated waters have a unique effect on the nervous system; they increase the excitability of the central nervous system and have a calming effect on the cerebral cortex. Mineral carbonic waters are intensively used by the population in areas where they naturally come to the surface. When people come to the springs, they not only use the waters as baths, but also take the living miracle water with them in plastic containers of various containers.