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Aspen leaf drawing. Magic of aspen

Common aspen (Populus tremula).

Other names: trembling poplar, whispering tree.

Description. Deciduous dioecious tree of the Willow family (Salicaceae), up to 30 m high. It has a root system with roots penetrating deep into the soil, as well as with branched surface roots. The crown of the tree is irregularly rounded. The diameter of the trunk can reach 1 m. The trunk is cylindrical.
The bark of young trees is light green or greenish-gray, smooth. With age, the bark cracks and darkens. The bark at the bottom of the trunk is black. Aspen wood is white with a greenish tint.
The leaves are alternate, leathery, rounded or rounded-rhombic, with a rounded base, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate along the edge, on long, thin, flattened petioles. Sheet plates with pinnate veining. The upper side of the leaf is green or yellowish-green, the lower side is bluish. In autumn the leaves turn from golden yellow to red.
The flowers are unisexual, small, collected in hanging earrings. Men's earrings are reddish in color, up to 15 cm long, women's earrings are greenish, thinner. Aspen blooms in March - April, before the leaves appear. The fruit is a small capsule with seeds equipped with a tuft of hairs (powder puff).
Common aspen grows in forest and forest-steppe zones, in small areas in coniferous and deciduous forests, along the banks of reservoirs, in swamps, along ravines. Distributed throughout most of Russia, Europe, China, Mongolia, and Korea. Aspen lives up to 90 years and reproduces vegetatively (by shoots from the roots) and by seeds. How ornamental plant They grow aspen with weeping and pyramidal crowns.

Collection and procurement of raw materials. For medicinal purposes, the bark, buds, and leaves of common aspen are used. The bark is harvested in early spring, during the period of sap flow; buds - at the beginning of flowering. The bark is removed from young branches. The raw materials are dried in the shade in the open air or in a dry room with normal ventilation. The kidneys are laid out on cloth or paper in a layer of up to 2 cm, stirred periodically. The shelf life of raw materials is 3 years. The leaves are used fresh and dried; they are harvested in May, when they are still young and fully developed.
Composition of the plant. All parts of the plant contain glycosides (salicin, salicylpopuloside, populin), tannins, organic acids, and essential oil. Part essential oil includes isalpinin, humulene, carylphilene. The kidneys also contain resinous substances, galangin, enzymes (amylase and oxidase), and mineral salts. The leaves contain carotene and a lot of vitamin C (470 mg%). The bark also contains pectin, polysaccharides, glycine betaine.

Medicinal properties, application, treatment.
Aspen preparations have diaphoretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, astringent, emollient, and anthelmintic properties.
In folk medicine, a decoction of aspen bark is used to treat arthritis, arthrosis, rheumatism, diseases of the kidneys, bladder (cystitis), prostate, stomach (gastritis, dyspepsia), to improve digestion and appetite, for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, gout, diabetes mellitus, in the complex treatment of cancer, syphilis, to normalize the functioning of the biliary tract.
An infusion or decoction of aspen buds is used for gout, polyarthritis, rheumatism, hemorrhoids, acute and chronic cystitis, urinary incontinence, painful urination (especially during pregnancy and after surgery), for prostate adenoma, as an antipyretic for febrile conditions. For cystitis, hemorrhoids, gastritis, dysentery, you can also use kidney tincture.
An ointment prepared from aspen buds is used externally to heal burns, wounds, ulcers, and soften hemorrhoids. Steamed fresh or dried leaves are used in the form of poultices for rheumatic, gouty, and hemorrhoidal pain. Juice from fresh leaves is used to lubricate ringworm and warts.

Dosage forms and doses.
Decoction of aspen bark. 50 grams of dry crushed bark are placed in an enamel bowl, poured with 3 glasses of water, and brought to a boil. After boiling, cook over low heat for 10 minutes, remove from heat, leave for 3 hours, wrapping the dish in a towel, then filter. The decoction is taken in a quarter cup (50 ml) 3-4 r. a day 30 minutes before meals. The broth is stored in the refrigerator for no more than 3 days. Depending on the disease, the course of treatment can last up to 2 months, after which a break of 1 month should be taken.

Infusion of aspen buds. 2 teaspoons of crushed buds are poured with 2 cups of boiling water, left for 15 minutes, filtered. Take half a glass 4 rubles. a day 30 minutes before meals.

Tincture of aspen buds. Prepared with vodka in a ratio of 1:10. One part of the crushed buds is poured with 10 parts of vodka, left for 10 days, shaking occasionally, and filtered. Take 20-30 drops 3 times a day. per day 30 minutes before meals, diluted in a small amount of water.

Ointment from aspen buds. The kidneys are ground into powder (using a coffee grinder). 1 part of the powder is mixed with 4 parts of butter or Vaseline. The ointment is stored in the refrigerator.

Description of the tree
Basic properties
Natural medicine
Soil improvement
Application in construction
Aspen on a personal plot
What options are there?

Aspen mainly grows in central Russia, Transbaikalia, and the Vologda region. Medicines and animal feed are made from some parts of the tree. Aspen is used in landscape design. An adult plant is a good honey plant and building material.

Description of the tree

Common aspen, or Trembling Poplar, reaches a height of 35 m. Usually the trunk is straight, columnar. Up to one meter in diameter. The bark is thin, smooth to the touch, gray-olive in color. With age, lentils form on it, shaped like a black diamond (see photo). The tree is frost-resistant and grows well in moist, acidic soils and in shaded areas.

It differs from other genera and species, for example, poplar, in the shape of its leaves and flowers that appear in early spring. The leaves are rounded-rhombic, with a serrated frame, wider than long. The cuttings are thin and flattened, so the leaves easily touch each other. When the wind blows, the aspen trembles. Front side leaves are shiny, bright green, the back is matte, but slightly lighter. The leaves of the lower order are larger, up to 15 cm in length, have a pointed top, heart-shaped, serrated-toothed edges, and pubescent on the underside. The leaves of young shoots are more similar to the leaves of poplars.

In the spring, inflorescences appear on the trees. They are similar in shape to earrings and are bisexual. Women's are light green, men's are bright purple. In autumn, seed pods are formed. After ripening, the capsules open and the seeds, which have a tuft, are carried by the wind.

Application

The bark can be harvested for the winter and used for food. Helps relieve fatigue.

In hungry years, aspen bast, well dried and crushed into powder, was added to the flour.

The branches of the first tier are still put into sauerkraut. This prevents fermentation processes and helps preserve the preparations until spring.

Natural medicine

Pine leaves contain many organic acids, easily digestible carbohydrates, carotene, vitamin C, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. An infusion brewed from the leaves has a mild expectorant property and helps increase the intensity of sweat secretion. Using aspen, you can quickly recover from a cold. The leaves are used to combat hemorrhoids. Tinctures from the bark help remove phlegm, stimulate the immune system, treat diseases of the joints and genitourinary system, reduce blood sugar levels, pain due to pancreatitis, improve digestion, and stimulate appetite. Young shoots are used to stop bleeding; burns, eczema, and other skin diseases are treated with alcohol ointments. Baths made from aspen infusion are soothing.

Soil improvement

In autumn, aspen sheds a lot of leaves. They decompose in the ground faster than the leaves of other trees. The roots grow, covering an area of 160 m2. When a plant dies, tunnels remain in the ground into which other tall trees go deeper. Aspen trees are often planted on clayey, degraded soils. After some time, favorable conditions for the growth of other more capricious plants are formed.

Landscape design opportunities

Application:

Creation of wind protection lines.
Strengthening the banks of ravines, rivers, lakes.
Formation of an aspen natural fence at the border of the steppe and forest to protect against the penetration of representatives of the steppe fauna.
Greening streets in a short time.
Arrangement of fire-prevention plantings.

High decorative properties. In spring and summer the tree is covered with a thick green cap, in autumn it is bright red. There are varieties with weeping tiers and pyramidal shapes. Used to create a backyard landscape.

Application in construction

Wood aged 40–45 years has the greatest value. In an adult tree it is white, the texture of the pattern is weakly expressed. The structure is soft, but homogeneous, dries out moderately, and practically does not crack. According to the European standard scale (EN 350-2:1994) it belongs to the class of unstable rocks, therefore it is not used in the construction of residential premises. The lumber is used to create roofing shingles. When constructing wooden churches, ploughshares are used - aspen planks necessary to cover church domes.

Due to its low density, wood tolerates moisture well. The material is suitable for the construction of wells, cellars, baths.

Due to the low density, low resin content, and the absence of a large number of knots, it is used for the manufacture of elements of interior decoration of Russian baths, Finnish saunas. The match industry uses aspen wood as a basis for its products. At arts and crafts fairs you can also often find beautiful products made from this plant.

Aspen on a personal plot

You can plant aspen with seeds, but growth and development will take a long time. It is better to find a wild grove in the neighborhood and dig up already grown seedlings there. They need to be placed at a distance of two meters from each other. If you plant trees closer, they will grow and become like dense bushes.

Aspen has a highly branched root system. Therefore, the tree cannot be planted closer than 12 m from buildings. Otherwise, the roots will damage the foundation, drainage system, and communications.

The seedlings are unpretentious and grow on any soil, but before planting, mineral fertilizers are added to the dug holes. Make a drainage layer by pouring a ten-centimeter layer of crushed stone into the hole. Plants are planted in early spring, immediately after the snow melts from the ground.

Aspen is a dense but moisture-loving tree. If a seedling grows in dry soil, it will die. Therefore, as the soil dries, it is necessary to moisten it abundantly.

Tree care is simple and boils down to watering the plant in the first four years of growth. Fertilizing is required only during planting. A solution of cow manure prepared in the proportion of 1 kg per 20 liters of water is poured into the hole. Widespread root system An adult tree itself will find everything it needs for growth and development.

Aspen trees that are more than fifty years old must be cut down and processed: over time, the trunk becomes rotten, strong impulse wind may break.

Overgrowth quickly grows around the stumps, and it is easy to form a hedge from it.

Varieties

There are trees with gray bark, not green. The base of their trunk is noticeably darker than the top. There are early and late varieties, differing from each other in the time of leaf appearance. There are aspens up to 140 m in height. They have a triploid set of chromosomes. There is a rounded barrel. It is used to make furniture. To disembark at personal plots

decorative forms are used that have a weeping, pyramidal crown. They get along well with coniferous trees. Aspen is suitable for landscape design only if there is a large area. The tree grows quickly, is easy to care for, and forms a green volume well. There is a possibility from ornamental breeds

make shrubs, form hedges.

Aspen In terms of chipping strength, aspen is similar to linden and is superior in this conifers

Aspen: what it looks like and how it differs from poplar

And in terms of resistance to splitting from impact, it stands next to birch and ash, even ahead of beech, oak, maple, walnut, linden, coniferous trees. This indicates the viscosity of aspen. Aspen is cut elastically, even tightly, with effort, but the surface is good in all directions, sanded and polished well. Considering the indicated properties of aspen, it is especially advantageous to use it for crafts with blind carvings, for making complex, solid-carved ornaments or such decorations. Let us also mention the famous property of the silvery glow of aspen, which we observe on the roofs of the cathedrals of wooden architecture of the North of our country covered with ploughshares (curly carved planks).

General view of the tree

Aspen fruits on the branches

Aspen leaves

ASPEN FORESTS

Accent placement: AXES`NEW FORESTS`

ASPEN FORESTS, aspen forests, deciduous small leaves. plantings with a predominance of aspen trees. Widely distributed in the North. hemisphere throughout the Western Hemisphere. Europe and North America. In the USSR O. l. are not formed everywhere, but only on the richest soils under conditions favorable climate. The largest areas of O. l. concentrated in the south. parts of the forest zone of Europe. parts, in the forest-steppe, in the south of the West. Siberia, where they replace the stands of indigenous forests and are classified as derivatives. In steppe conditions, along saucer-shaped depressions, aspen forms small areas of pure nature. stands of trees called aspen stakes.

In the USSR among soft leaves. forests O. l. make up 16% of forest stands and occupy 2nd place (after birch plantings). Area O. l. approx. 18.5 million hectares with a timber reserve of 2.6 billion m3. In typological In relation to them, the most characteristic are the complex, oxalis and blueberry groups of forest types, characteristic of spruce, pine or oak forests. Tree stand O. l. forest zones contain an admixture of tree species characteristic of indigenous forests (spruce, fir, pine, oak, linden, etc.), and sometimes also birch and gray alder. Aspen forests, diverse in composition and complex in structure, grow on fresh soddy-medium podzolic loamy soils on cover loam. Many O. l. have 3 tiers: main. the canopy of the 1st tier consists of aspen and partly of birch, the 2nd tier - of spruce, oak, gray alder, the 3rd tier - of undergrowth. The living ground cover in these forests is mainly consists of maynika, zelenchuk, sow, sorrel, fern, meadowsweet, nettle.

Floodplain aspen forest (Sumy region)

In rare cases (usually in burnt areas) O.

Aspen, or trembling poplar: medicinal properties and use in folk medicine

l. are renewed by seed, but more often, especially in clearings, - vegetatively, by root suckers and stump shoots in at a young age. Such vegetative stands are characterized by different clones. Thanks to its ability to reproduce by root suckers, aspen quickly takes over the vacated area in clearings. Already in the 2nd year after felling, a large number of root shoots appear. Due to the very large number of trunks per unit area and the light-loving nature of aspen, the tree stand of O. l. have been intensely experienced since early age. At the age of 10, the supply of stem wood per 1 hectare is 40-50 m3, by the age of 30 it increases 3-4 times (150-200 m3), and by the age of 70 it reaches 500-550 m3. In plantings growing in especially favorable conditions, Wed reserve at 70 years of age is 650 m3/ha. Quantity ripeness occurs at 25-30 years, technical ripeness at 35. Maximum avg. growth is noted by the age of 40; it is 2.9-3.9 m3/ha in plantings of class I bonitet. O. l. provide wood, which is widely used in various industries. industries farming (see Aspen), including in the production of substitutes liquid fuel. O. l. are often faut (due to the susceptibility of aspen to heart rot) with a low commercial structure of the stands. There are forms and ecotypes of aspen that are weakly affected by the aspen tinder fungus.

Ripening aspen tree in autumn (Moscow region)

In aspen plantations, clear-cutting is carried out (starting from 1941) with different widths of cutting areas depending on the forest group and protection category. At the same time, the direct adjacency of cutting areas ensures natural regeneration of aspen forests in cleared areas. If present in O. l. Viable spruce undergrowth and the 2nd tier of coniferous species are felled taking into account the obligatory conservation of conifers. In the aspen plantations where intensive felling was carried out (in 2 stages - at the age of up to 15 years and at 20-25 years), the age of felling of aspen forests in most economic regions of Europe. In parts of the USSR in high-grade forests, it is recommended to reduce the age to 31 years. This means it gives. increase in the estimated logging area and where there is spruce undergrowth and the 2nd tier, allows you to harvest two timber harvests per unit area (one aspen, the other spruce). Young aspen trees are natural. feeding grounds for elk, deer and other mammals (rodents).

(Mikhailov L. E., Osinniki, M., 1972; Gurov A. F., Mikhailov L. E., Cultivation of highly commercial aspen and birch stands, in the book: Felling and forest restoration, M., 1980; Mikhailov L. V., Storozhenko V.G., Diagnostics of resistance of aspen trees to rot diseases, “Forestry”, 1980. No. 10.)

Forest encyclopedia: In 2 volumes, volume 2/Ch. ed. Vorobyov G.I.; Editorial team: Anuchin N.A., Atrokhin V.G., Vinogradov V.N. and others - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1986.-631 p., ill.

Cost of equipment for a confectionery shop www.svcraft.ru.

make shrubs, form hedges.

make shrubs, form hedges.(populus tremula) - Aspen is in second place in terms of area among deciduous species (1/10 of this area), grows almost everywhere. Aspen is a kernel-free species. The wood is white, with a greenish tint; the annual layers are faintly visible, the medullary rays are not visible. Aspen wood has a uniform structure, is easily peeled, impregnated and does not produce a highly smoky flame (raw material for the match industry).

Aspen is used in agriculture(wells, cellars, roofing shingles, etc.)

Magic of aspen

etc.), as well as for the production of fiberboards, cellulose, cardboard, plywood, forest chemicals and other industries. Application is limited due to heart rot, which is often found in growing trees. Aspen wood is not favored as an ornamental material in the specialized literature on woodworking: it ranks one of the last places in terms of the percentage of parts yielding excellent and good quality during processing - planing, milling, turning, drilling. And woodcarvers love aspen, like linden, for its ease of processing, light tone, fine fiber texture, and because it is accessible and even more common than linden. In the handicraft industry, aspen is also “respected” for the fact that it is not afraid of moisture and for its low density. Only Siberian fir Yes, poplar has a density less than that of aspen, and linden has the same density. Therefore, aspen is used to make lightweight toys and dishes. Previously, troughs, tubs, and gangs were made from it. In addition, it does not crack or prick from impact. In addition, aspen peels well - it is used to make shingles and matches.

Aspen also has one more completely unexpected property - a strong increase in strength during aging. With its lightness! The practice of our ancestors confirms what has been said, although it does not fully reveal all the reasons and secrets. It turns out that the walls of the huts, built from aspen many years ago, still amaze with their strength, whiteness and cleanliness. The ax bounces off such wood and, at best, penetrates only shallowly. It is not for nothing that aspen is now used in villages for making shelves and benches in bathhouses, and for lining their walls - it is hygienic, light and clean, not afraid of moisture, does not warp or crack. It also turns out that experienced villagers make handles and handles for agricultural implements, when the combination of lightness and strength, just from aspen, is worth its weight in gold. Only for this purpose it is necessary to cut down a young aspen in the spring, when the wood is filled with sap, and give it the opportunity to dry well in the shade - to wither. Then it will become both light and strong, like bone. Obviously, the aspen does not just dry out, some kind of polymerization occurs under the influence of the components of its juice. Oral legends say that they did the same thing with the preparation of aspen logs for construction, only on each of them two or three grooves were made along the log on the bark so that the wood would not rot when drying, and the necessary juice would be preserved in moderation. For the same reasons, when drying an unsanded aspen trunk, some branches were sometimes left on its top, which drew excess moisture from the wood. To obtain ideal aspen wood, its trunks were harvested together with the birth of a son in the family, and it dried until the son separated from the family and a house was built for him. The best ax handle for the carpenter and joiner, as well as for the home craftsman, is also made from well-seasoned aspen. It is not only light, but also does not crush your hand or cause calluses, which usually happens when working with a birch ax handle that gets polished and slips out of your hands (however, it is better to buy an ax handle for an ax for chopping wood from birch: its breaking strength does not depend I slept depending on the time of year).

Another property of aspen deserves attention, which is a defect in woodworking. This is the presence of hollows and rot in the middle of large trunks.

Any wood that is not protected with varnishes or paints becomes gray and gradually collapses and rots. Unpainted aspen also turns gray, but unlike other types of wood, it is more resistant to weathering and, acquiring its silvery, metallic gray color within a few years (according to some reports, within 8-10 years), retains it for many decades . In appearance, aspen can only be confused with its related poplar (aspen has a second name - trembling poplar). It, like the white poplar, has a smooth greenish-gray bark, brownish at the base, cracked (in old trees). But the aspen leaf, unlike the poplar leaf, is ovoid.

General view of the tree

Aspen fruits on the branches

Longitudinal and cross cuts

Botanical illustration from the book by O. V. Thome “Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz”, 1885

Aspen growing north of the Arctic Circle in Norway

Aspen leaves

IN Lately Much attention is paid to the propagation of aspen by summer cuttings as one of the promising methods vegetative propagation.

Earlier studies of aspen propagation by summer cuttings allowed us to draw the following conclusions.

1. Successful propagation is possible only when cuttings are taken from young queen cells, preferably from one-year-old offspring; this conclusion is also contained in works devoted to other tree species.

2. The best results of rooting summer cuttings compared to rooting in an open field were obtained in a greenhouse and under a synthetic covering. For example, in Germany, rooting of 68% was achieved under synthetic covering, and 34% without covering. Therefore, an important precondition for rooting summer cuttings is the necessary optimal temperature. In the USA, this temperature is 24.4-29.4°, at which rooting occurs within 14 days. In Finland, the optimal temperature is 20-25° with a relative humidity of more than 90%.

3. In special studies, sand or a mixture of peat and sand in a ratio of 1:2 was recognized as the best substrate for rooting. According to another experience, this is a mixture of sphagnum peat and coarse sand (diameter of sand grains 3-5 mm).

4. Regarding the time and method of preparing cuttings, you must be guided by the following instructions. The cuttings must be mature, with two buds (the upper oblique cut is 1 cm above the upper bud, the lower cut is 0.5 cm below the lower bud). The leaf blade is reduced as needed (by about half). The cuttings are planted in a substrate 0.5-1.0 cm deep. According to the results of experiments in Poland, the cuttings should be 5-8 cm long with at least one leaf and two buds; harvesting time is the first half of July, when the shoots have matured and lost pubescence. When cuttings are treated with pyrogallol, rooting does not depend on the time of their preparation.

Summer cuttings are taken from root shoots when they have reached a height of approximately 10 cm (8-15). The immature top of the root cuttings is cut off, and summer cuttings are harvested in their basal part. The size of the cuttings does not affect the rooting result.

5. Rooting is largely determined by the aspen clone. For example, in Germany it was found that, depending on the clone, the percentage of rooting varies from 40 to 100 under film and from 10 to 80 without it (in greenhouse conditions).

6. The use of various growth stimulants and chemicals gives positive results. For example, in Finland, in the subgenus Leuce, the best rooting results (94%) were achieved when indolylbutyric acid was used as a stimulant.

7. It is necessary to create queen cells (for a specific property or trait of aspen) in order to obtain summer cuttings for their mass propagation.

Sometimes, when propagating aspen by summer cuttings, you can use methods developed for other species of the poplar genus (in the subgenus Leuce).

Common aspen: what the tree looks like, leaves and fruits

This, for example, is the method of vegetative propagation of hybrids of white poplar with aspen, developed at UkrNIILHA. It consists of the following steps:

Preparations of roots elite trees for forcing shoots and preparing them for planting in greenhouse conditions;

Planting root cuttings and forcing shoots;

Obtaining varietal planting material by green cuttings from root shoots;

Planting a mother plantation from rooted green cuttings of root shoots for subsequent vegetative propagation.

In 1981-1982 At the Latvian Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Plants we studied the propagation of aspen by summer cuttings in laboratory conditions. For this purpose, a growing cabinet measuring 75x160x240 cm with automatically controlled lighting, temperature and water supply was used. The substrate was neutralized sphagnum peat, perlite or sand over a drainage layer of expanded clay. Summer cuttings were harvested: 1) in spring - from root shoots grown in boxes in a greenhouse; 2) in summer (late June or early July) - from annual root shoots on a seed plantation. In these experiments, when a temperature of 24-28°C was provided with artificial lighting or 18-20° without it, relative humidity air 95% and artificial fine fog, rooting was 77-88%.

The preliminary best substrate for rooting turned out to be neutralized sphagnum peat (rooting 88%), mainly because the cuttings developed a strong compact root system, which facilitated survival after transplantation into the nursery. Good rooting results also corresponded to the sandy substrate (77%), but the roots here were long, elongated, and difficult to preserve during transplantation.

It is too early to judge the suitability of perlite; research in this direction continues. The best results are obtained from shoots grown in a greenhouse from root cuttings.

Experiments in Latvia have confirmed that for successful rooting of summer cuttings, equipment is needed that automatically regulates temperature, moisture and the supply of artificial fine fog.

Rooted cuttings, after being transplanted into beds in a greenhouse with a synthetic covering, successfully took root (86%) and in the first year reached an average of 120 cm in height and 7 mm in thickness at the root collar (maximum 210 cm and 14 mm, respectively).

According to data on aspen flowering in the forests of the USSR, depending on climatic conditions (from Arkhangelsk region to the foothills of the North Caucasus), the average time of aspen flowering varies from north to south from April 25 to March 17, the latest from May 29 to March 23, and the earliest from April 2 to March 10. This should be taken into account when exchanging aspen pollen and seeds from different climatic zones.

In Latvia, aspen in most cases blooms in the second ten days of April. The seeds ripen at the end of May or the beginning of June, but most often in the third ten days of May. Their departure occurs at very short term- within 2-8 days depending on weather conditions. Therefore, for collecting seeds, it is very important to accurately determine the period of their ripening. Experience confirms that you should start collecting fruit catkins at the moment when the first fruit capsules begin to open in them, that is, the ends of the white hairs - the flies - appear.

In order not to harm the tree, it is recommended to collect the earrings directly, without branches. To obtain a high-quality harvest, they must be taken on time necessary measures to the destruction of pests, especially the caterpillars of the moth-frog butterfly (Batracherda praengusia), and to prevent their mass spread. Warm and dry weather is especially conducive to the spread of pests.

To obtain high-quality offspring, seeds are collected from pre-selected plus trees. It is also important that there are positive male pollinators nearby the plus females. On plus trees, catkins are collected by climbing them using special tree-climbing devices that do not damage the tree.

The method of collecting seeds in the Oboyansky forestry cannot be considered rational, according to which females are cut down 10-12 days before the expected ripening of the seeds, pollinated abundantly to destroy pests, pollinated again 2-3 days later and after the appearance of the first fluff, earrings are collected.

In Czechoslovakia, it is recommended to collect seeds after flight at the site of fall. However, in Latvia this is only possible in a plentiful seed year, when there are optimal conditions during the period of seed ripening and emergence. weather(sunny and no wind). The seeds, according to the observations of P. Reim, fly 400-500 m from the mother tree, and light rain, wetting the fluff, makes them impossible to collect. Ideal weather conditions in Latvia were noted only in 1964. If the collected fruit catkins are not processed immediately after collection, they are placed in a cellar on ice and stored in this form until processing.

An important and labor-intensive process is obtaining seeds from collected catkins, as well as cleaning them from flies and carpels. Usually, to do this, the earrings are rubbed through a sieve with 2-3 mm holes. This is a long process, and some of the seeds remain in the pureed flakes. Below is a description of one of the many methods successfully used in Poland. An elephant of 20 cm earrings is placed in the cellar; When the bolls begin to fade and white fluff appears on their tops, it is time to prepare the seeds. The last ones are removed from the boxes by first rubbing them between the palms for 2-3 minutes, then through a sieve; get approximately 30-40% of the possible number of seeds.

Within 2 hours, the seeds dry out and are wiped again. After repeated rubbing, 15-20% of the seeds still remain in the ball of fluff. If necessary, after repeated drying, wipe a third time.

The problem of cleaning seeds from fluff has been solved in the forest selection laboratory of the Latvian Scientific Research Institute of Forestry. To facilitate and speed up cleaning, as well as increase seed yield, a device of our own design was used. Cleaning immediately after collection is carried out as follows: the earrings are spread on a table in room conditions in a layer of about 5 cm; after a few days, when some of the boxes have already opened, a layer of fluff with seeds forms above them. A special device can be used to collect seeds and clean them from fluff.

When the fan is turned on, a forced air flow is created, which sucks the piled seeds and fluff through the sieve cylinder and tip. The presence of a sieve cylinder allows you to separate seeds and fluff from the heap, which flow through a flexible hose into the storage chamber. Upon entering this chamber, the seeds are separated from the fluff and sent through a separating mesh into an additional container, and the fluff, under the influence of the air flow, is collected in the rear part of the storage chamber. To clean the outer surface of the sieve cylinder from heap particles, the tip is rotatable.

If necessary, the reception can be repeated several times until all the seeds are collected. In 3-7 days, all the seeds gradually ripen (previously ripened ones are collected at the first doses). Thus, seed loss is minimal and seed yield is maximum. The device facilitates and speeds up the process of cleaning seeds and allows you to increase their yield (2-8% of the mass of freshly collected catkins), since significantly less seeds remain in the separated fluff. When manually cleaning seeds, their yield is only 0.5-2%.

Instead of the above-mentioned device, a vacuum cleaner can be successfully used in combination with sieves of the appropriate size; in this case, it is only more inconvenient to work and the seed yield is somewhat less.

The quality of aspen seeds was carefully studied by P.

How to distinguish aspen from poplar

Reim in Estonia. According to him, well-ripened seeds are yellow-brown with a purple tint, on average 0.9-1.2 mm long, 0.3-0.6 wide and 0.2-0.4 mm thick. Seeds that ripen after collecting earrings, that is, artificially, are slightly lighter in color and their weight is less than those that ripen naturally on a tree (for example, the weight of seeds collected a week before natural ripeness is half as much). The fewer seeds in the box (the worse the pollination conditions), the greater the mass of individual seeds. The weight of seeds from trees up to 15 years old is less than from older trees.

In Latvia, the color of aspen seeds ranges from greenish-yellow to various shades of brown; the weight of 1000 seeds, depending on the mother tree and other circumstances, ranges from 0.08 to 0.15 g, with an average of 0.12 g.

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make shrubs, form hedges.

Aspen is used in agriculture (wells, cellars, roofing shingles, etc.), as well as for the production of fiberboards, cellulose, cardboard, plywood, forest chemicals and other industries. Application is limited due to heart rot, which is often found in growing trees. Aspen wood is not favored as an ornamental material in the specialized literature on woodworking: it ranks one of the last places in terms of the percentage of output of parts of excellent and good quality during processing - planing, milling, turning, drilling. And woodcarvers love aspen, like linden, for its ease of processing, light tone, fine fiber texture, and because it is accessible and even more common than linden. In the handicraft industry, aspen is also “respected” for the fact that it is not afraid of moisture and for its low density. Only Siberian fir and poplar have a density less than that of aspen, and linden has the same density. Therefore, aspen is used to make lightweight toys and dishes. Previously, troughs, tubs, and gangs were made from it. In addition, it does not crack or prick from impact. In addition, aspen peels well - it is used to make shingles and matches.

Another property of aspen deserves attention, which is a defect in woodworking. This is the presence of hollows and rot in the middle of large trunks.

In terms of chipping strength, aspen is similar to linden and is superior in this to coniferous species, as well as poplar. And in terms of resistance to splitting from impact, it stands next to birch and ash, even ahead of beech, oak, maple, walnut, linden, and coniferous trees. This indicates the viscosity of aspen. Aspen is cut elastically, even tightly, with effort, but the surface is good in all directions, sanded and polished well. Considering the indicated properties of aspen, it is especially advantageous to use it for crafts with blind carvings, for making complex, solid-carved ornaments or such decorations. Let us also mention the famous property of the silvery glow of aspen, which we observe on the roofs of the cathedrals of wooden architecture of the North of our country covered with ploughshares (curly carved planks).

What does an aspen tree look like (photo)?

It, like the white poplar, has a smooth greenish-gray bark, brownish at the base, cracked (in old trees). But the aspen leaf, unlike the poplar leaf, is ovoid.

General view of the tree

Aspen fruits on the branches

Longitudinal and cross cuts

Botanical illustration from the book by O. V. Thome “Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz”, 1885

Aspen growing north of the Arctic Circle in Norway

Trembling aspen or poplar- Populus tremula L. - a tree from the willow family (Salicaceae) 15-20 m high. good conditions aspen reaches larger sizes. For example, in Bryansk region a noticeable area is occupied by 50-year-old aspen forests with trees 25 m high. And in the Tver region, among the impenetrable sphagnum swamps, there are mounds (remnants of moraine), on which exceptionally large aspen trees grow: height 35 m, trunks with a diameter of up to 80 cm, and age only about 75 years. The bark of the trunks is predominantly gray, but there are aspens with greenish bark, and in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia they are almost white-barked; from afar they can be mistaken for birch trees. The bark is smooth, only in old trees with longitudinal cracks.
The leaves are alternate, rounded-rhombic or rounded, 3-7 cm long and wide, glabrous, green above, bluish below, with uneven large rounded teeth along the edge. In autumn the leaves turn yellow and purple. Aspen owes its scientific name, “trembling poplar,” to its leaves (they have long petioles). Look closely at the aspen. Even when there seems to be no wind, its leaves constantly tremble. Hence the saying: “Trembles like an aspen leaf.” The mobility of the leaves is carried out due to flattened petioles, thinner in the middle than at the edges. On coppice shoots, the leaves are usually larger and of a different shape - triangular-ovate with a pointed tip.
Aspen flowers are small, dioecious, collected in inflorescences-catkins from 4 to 15 cm long. All species included in the willow family are dioecious plants, that is, on some individuals only male flowers develop, on others only female ones. Both flowers are arranged very simply, even primitively. They have no perianth at all. Male flowers consist of 5-8 stamens with red anthers, while female flowers consist of only a pistil with an upper ovary and two purple stigmas. Aspen blooms before the leaves bloom, in April.
The fruits ripen a month after flowering and open in the first hot days: late May - early June. The fruits are 2-leaf capsules with numerous small seeds, equipped with fluffy wings in the form of a tuft of hairs. 1,000 aspen seeds weigh only tenths of a gram. They fly very far because, due to their lightness, they hang in the air for a long time and are carried by the wind over a considerable distance. This is how aspen conquers new territories. Its fruiting is abundant and annual. Experts have calculated that up to 500 million aspen seeds ripen per 1 hectare of aspen forest in good years.
The seed begins to germinate a few hours after it lands on moist soil - the seed coat bursts, revealing two tiny cotyledons. A day later a root appears. By autumn, the seedling has a stem the size of a pencil and a tap root up to 30 cm long. Aspen grows very quickly, especially in its youth. At 20 years old, trees are 10 meters high, and by 40 years old they reach their maximum height. Aspen does not live long - 80-90 years, but some trees live up to 140-150 years.
In the first years of life, aspen has a pronounced tap root. However, it soon stops growing, but the lateral roots grow very vigorously. They lie very shallowly, in the upper soil horizon, extend far away from the mother plant and produce abundant root shoots. The shoots grow very quickly - in the first year they reach half a meter in height. It is through shoots that aspen largely renews itself and spreads, although its seed reproduction is pronounced. Many aspen forests are composed of trees of exclusively coppice origin.

Aspen distribution

The range of aspen is the temperate zone of Eurasia and mountains North Africa. A significant part of the range is in our country. In Russia, aspen is distributed almost everywhere. In the north it reaches the border of the forest with the tundra, in the south it reaches the dry steppes. In the forest-steppe it forms island groves, the so-called “aspen groves”. In saline areas it takes on a bush-like form. In the Alps it rises to mountains up to 2,000 m above sea level. Almost everywhere, aspen forms, as a rule, pure forests, with only a small admixture of other species in the upper layer. It is very light-loving, so where other species shade the aspen, it dies. Aspen itself often acts as an admixture in birch forests or in cleared areas of other forests.
Aspen forests most often appear on the site of oak and spruce forests destroyed by humans or destroyed by fire. Such aspen trees live relatively short - 80-100 years. They are light, which allows undergrowth of native species (oak, spruce, etc.) to grow successfully under their canopy, even if it is not shade-tolerant. Over time, the native tree species grown under the aspen canopy overtake the aspen in growth, shade it, and it dies, giving way to its stronger competitors. Thus, aspen plays an important biological role - preserving forest area, it contributes to the restoration of oak forests and spruce forests.
Aspen can also act as a pioneer tree species. For example, abandoned arable lands in the Non-Black Earth zone of Russia quickly become overgrown with forest and turn into dense aspen or birch forests (in some places aspen-birch forests are formed). But they will not last long - under their canopy, an environment is again created for the settlement of indigenous, more durable species: spruce, oak, linden, etc.

Economic use of aspen

Aspen wood soft, light, but fragile. It is used for various crafts, such as wooden shovels, spoons, ladles and other chiseled and carved utensils. Plywood is made from it, as well as wood chips (shingles) used to cover roofs. In sparsely forested areas, aspen trunks are also used as building material for the construction of residential buildings, sheds, and other utility buildings. Unfortunately, aspen wood is easily attacked by fungi that cause rotting of the core of the trunks, so choosing a good building material in an aspen forest can be difficult.
But aspen wood found its main use in match production. It is from this that matches are made, without which it is impossible to imagine our lives. How did aspen conquer the matchmakers? Of course, not with trembling leaves. The main advantage of its wood is the absence of resins and tannins that give off a smell when burned. In addition, it is light and burns well when dry, without soot. For the manufacture of so-called match straws, it is also important that aspen wood easily splits in the desired direction.
In sparsely forested areas, aspen is largely used for firewood, but its calorific value is quite low.
Aspen bark, despite its bitter taste, serves as food for wild game animals. Moose gnaw bark from growing trees, and hares clear it from fallen or cut aspen trunks. Bees collect pollen from aspen trees, as well as resinous bud secretions, which are then converted into propolis.

Medicinal value of aspen and methods of medicinal use

Aspen has not found application in scientific medicine. People use it with medicinal purposes quite wide. Buds, leaves, and bark are used for medicine. Aspen in paganism had a good meaning as a tree filled with an abundance of life; its leaves always tremble, sway, and talk to each other. That is why this tree was considered especially saving against any evil spirits. By folk beliefs, vampires can only be killed by piercing them with an aspen stake.
According to traditional healers, aspen preparations have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic effects.
Aspen bark and buds contain tannins, bitter glycosides, benzoic acid and other substances. Alcoholic extract of aspen buds has a bactericidal effect on some dangerous microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enteric typhoid bacteria). It is better to harvest buds from young trees in the spring - in April-May.

Aspen buds infused in vodka or 70% alcohol in a ratio of 1:10 for a week. Take 25-30 drops in water 3 times a day. This tincture is used for acute chronic cystitis and bladder weakness, gout and rheumatism.

A decoction of the young, greenish bark is good for inflammation of the bladder and kidneys: pour 1 tablespoon of crushed bark into 1 glass of water, boil over low heat for 15 minutes. Take 2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day before meals.

Take a pinch (1 heaped tablespoon) of aspen buds or bark per 500 ml of boiling water. Boil for 15 minutes. Infuse, wrapped, for 3 hours. Take 1 cup 3 times a day for coughs and colds as a diuretic and diaphoretic, sweetened with honey. In addition, it is a good appetizer.

Boil one tablespoon of dry crushed aspen bark for 30 minutes. over low heat in 2 glasses of water. Infuse, wrapped, for 3 hours. Take 1/5-1/4 cup Zraz a day before meals in the early stages of diabetes. Drink for up to 3 months or more. A decoction of aspen bark also helps with gastritis.

Mix aspen wood ash with Vaseline in half or in a ratio of 1:4. Use the resulting ointment to treat areas affected by eczema.

Place crushed young aspen leaves, scalded with boiling water, on hemorrhoidal cones and leave for 2 hours. If these poultices bother the patient, remove the leaves and repeat the procedure after 1-2 days.

ethnoscience different countries recommends for patients with prostate hypertrophy alcohol tincture aspen bark: 5 tablespoons of crushed bark per 0.5 liter of vodka, leave for 2 weeks. The bark is removed in early spring, young, greenish, from thin branches. The tincture is taken one dessert spoon once a day shortly before meals. Instead of bark, you can infuse the buds in the same way and take 20-40 drops 3 times a day.

Kidney ointment is an excellent remedy for treating cracks in the chest and nipples: mix 1 part kidneys and 2 parts pork fat, grind and cook over low heat until completely dehydrated, strain. The same ointment can also be used to treat hemorrhoidal cones.
Dried and powdered aspen buds, mixed with fresh butter, serve as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent for burns, chronic ulcers and are used to soften hemorrhoids.
The ancient herbalists gave good advice: when inflammatory processes Use a decoction of aspen, oak, and alder bark in your mouth.
Evaporate alder and aspen barks and scrapes with water, strain them in steaming water, and then steam them with molasses, and hold that water in your mouth, but do not let it into the larynx at all - and that glen (mucus) will disappear.

IN Explanatory dictionary We find V.I. Dahl: fever and teeth are spoken to aspen. Having cut out a triangle from the bark (in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit), rub the gums with it until it bleeds and put it back in its place.
People know one original simple method of external use of aspen juice with table salt for toothache. They take a fresh aspen log, drill through the middle (but not all the way), pour salt into the hole and plug it. They throw the log into the fire and, without allowing it to burn to the end, pour salt, already soaked in juice, out of the hole. This salt is placed on a sore tooth or diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10 for rinsing the mouth.

You can prepare a vitamin decoction from aspen leaves: pour 1 part of the crushed leaves with 4 parts of boiling water, boil for 10-15 minutes, cool and strain. Acidify with vinegar and take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day. Autumn leaves give a decoction containing 1.5 times less vitamin C than spring and even summer ones. Remember this! For the winter, you can also prepare vitamin syrup from aspen leaves.
In Russian villages, peasants noted: If your legs are cramping, placing an aspen log on your legs helps, and for headaches, placing it under your head.

Housekeeping advice: To prevent the cabbage from over-acidifying, put an aspen log in it.
According to Sedir, it is ruled by Saturn, and is healing for Capricorn and Aquarius.

This tree is widespread throughout the world. Trembling poplar (common aspen) is found everywhere. And yet, this powerful, beautiful tree did not become a favorite of landscapers and gardeners. Few people consider even his rapid growth a virtue.

The reason for such a negative attitude towards wood is poplar fluff, which causes people many problems. Today we will introduce trembling poplar (poplar genus). This is one of the representatives of a large family, which includes about 90 species. All of them are divided into six sections.

1. Abaso (Mexican Mexican.

2. Aigeiros (delta poplars):

sedum (black poplar);
deltoid;
pyramidal;
More

3. Leucoides (leucoid poplars):

variegated;
white (or silver);
trembling (or aspen).

4. Tacamahaca (balsam poplar):

balsamic;
laurel leaf;
Poplar Maksimovich.

5. Turanga: Turanga Euphrates.

6. Hybrids:

Berlin;
Moscow;
Canadian.

Trembling poplar: description

This is a dioecious deciduous tree with a powerful, well-developed root system. Trembling poplar (Latin - Pópulus trémula) grows up to 35 meters in height and lives up to 90 years. The bark is grey-green and smooth. Over time, it darkens and becomes covered with small cracks. The branches are long, with small, sticky, pointed buds.

Leaves

Trembling poplar (willow family) is densely covered with alternate, round, long-petioled leaves with pinnate venation. Their length is from 3 to 7 cm, the upper surface is green, the bottom is bluish, and there are uneven large teeth along the edge.

In autumn the leaves turn bright yellow or Note the trembling poplar (aspen). Even in completely calm, windless weather, its leaves are constantly in motion and trembling. This mobility is explained by flattened petioles, thinner in the center than at the edges.

Bloom

Trembling poplar (you can see the photo in the article) blooms in the last ten days of April or early May (depending on the region of growth). The tree is covered with catkins: massive male (stamen) catkins up to 15 cm long and thinner, small, pistillate female ones. Flowers of both types are simple. They lack a perianth. Male flowers have 5-8 stamens and red anthers, while female flowers have only a pistil with two stigmas. Flowering continues until the leaves completely open.

Fruit

Fruit ripening occurs approximately thirty days after flowering. They open in early June. These are double-leaf boxes with big amount small seeds that are equipped with fluffy tufts of hairs. A thousand poplar seeds weigh tenths of a gram. They easily fly over long distances.

Root system

Trembling poplar is a tree with powerful scattered seeds begin to germinate literally within a few hours, falling on moist soil. The seed coat bursts, revealing two tiny cotyledons. After about a day, a root appears on the seed.

K is a small stem (no larger than a pencil) and a tap root, the length of which reaches 30 cm. It should be noted that trembling poplar (aspen) grows very quickly, especially in the first years. By the age of 20, the tree grows up to 10 meters, and by the age of 40 its height reaches its maximum size.

In the first years, the poplar has a more pronounced taproot. Over time, it slows down and soon stops growing altogether. During this period, the lateral processes begin to actively grow. They lie shallow, in top layer soils extend quite far from the mother plant and produce abundant growth. The shoots grow rapidly - in the first year they already reach a height of 50 cm.

Spreading

Trembling poplar is quite widespread. Its habitat is Eurasia, the mountainous regions of North Africa. Most of its range is in our country. In Russia, aspen is distributed almost everywhere. In the north it grows right up to the borders of the forest with the tundra, in the south - to the arid steppes.

In the forest-steppe, trembling poplar forms island groves. On saline soils it can take on a bush-like form. In the Alps it grows in the mountains, at an altitude of up to 2000 meters above sea level. The tree requires light, so if other trees shade the poplar, it dies. Often aspen becomes an admixture in birch forests.

Growing conditions

Trembling poplar is unpretentious to soils and climatic conditions. However, it develops more actively in fertile, mineral-rich, well-aerated soils.

Use of poplar

With a beautiful decorative crown it is used in landscape design. Almost all of its many varieties are excellent for both single and group plantings. Everyone knows that poplar alleys are classics of park landscapes.

Trembling poplar is a real air filter that has found application in urban landscaping and also as a forest-forming species. Its wood is used in many industries - in the furniture, paper and construction industries.

Excellent natural dyes are made from poplar leaves and inflorescences. Kidneys are used in folk medicine. Aspen wood is light and soft, but not very strong. Therefore, most often it is used to make household items (shovels, ladles, spoons, other dugout utensils). It is used to make plywood and wood chips (shingles), which are used in roofing production. In sparsely forested areas, poplar wood is used as building material for the construction of outbuildings.

But we cannot help but say that it is easily affected by fungi that cause rotting, so it is not recommended to use such material for the construction of residential buildings.

Aspen wood is widely used in the production of matches. Why did poplar attract manufacturers so much? required products? In this case, its main advantage was taken into account - the absence of tannins and resins in the wood, which give off a smell when burned. In addition, it is very light, burns perfectly, without soot, in a dry state. Match manufacturers also appreciated the fact that poplar wood splits in the desired direction.

Aspen bark has a bitter taste, but this does not prevent it from being used as food for game animals. Moose enjoy gnawing the bark from young trees. Hares prefer to clean it from fallen trunks.

During flowering, bees collect pollen and resinous bud fluid from flowers, turning it into propolis.

Diseases and pests

The most common diseases of trembling poplar are some types of necrosis and wood cancer. In this case, the affected trees must be eliminated, and the remaining stumps must be treated with fuel oil and creosol.

Young poplar seedlings are sometimes subject to fungal diseases. Silvicultural and agrotechnical measures are used against them, and efforts are made to reduce soil moisture. Poplar pests are a large number of insects that lay larvae on leaves. Insecticides are used to control pests. But before choosing the necessary drug, you need to find out what kind of pest attacked the tree.

Medicinal properties and uses

Trembling poplar (aspen) has not yet found use in traditional medicine. And in folk medicine it has been used for a long time and very successfully. Traditional healers use bark, leaves, and buds to make medicinal preparations.

Perhaps not everyone knows that in paganism, aspen was considered a tree overflowing with vitality - its leaves always rustle, as if they were having a leisurely conversation. That is why this tree began to be considered salvation from all evil spirits. Thanks to numerous horror films and our contemporaries, it became known that it is necessary to fight vampires with the help of a wasp stake.

Traditional healers claim that preparations based on aspen (trembling poplar) have analgesic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The buds contain bitter glycosides, tannins, and benzoic acid. An alcoholic extract from poplar buds has a bactericidal effect on some types of dangerous microbes (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus). Buds are usually harvested in the spring, they are collected from young trees.

Kidney infusion

Aspen buds can be infused with vodka, but it is better to use 70 percent alcohol in a ratio of 1:10. The infusion is prepared over seven days. This tincture is recommended for use in chronic and acute cystitis, rheumatism and padagre. Dilute 25-30 drops of the product in a third of a glass of water and take three times a day after meals.

Decoctions

A decoction of the greenish young bark, according to doctors and reviews from their patients, has a beneficial effect on the inflamed bladder and kidneys. It’s easy to make: add 250 ml of water to a tablespoon (tablespoon) of dry crushed bark and boil the resulting mixture for fifteen minutes over low heat under a lid. Take two tablespoons (tablespoons) three times a day (before meals).

For coughs and colds, another composition is used as a diuretic. Pour one spoon of dry bark into two glasses of water and boil for half an hour. Let the product sit for at least three hours.

Decoction of leaves

A very effective vitamin decoction is prepared from aspen leaves. To do this, you will need one part of dry crushed leaves, which must be poured with four parts of boiling water. The mixture is brought to a boil and left on low heat for fifteen minutes. Then you need to cool it, add a few drops of lemon and take a tablespoon four times a day.

You need to know that a decoction from leaves collected in the fall contains almost half as much vitamin C as from spring and even summer foliage.

Bark tincture

Traditional healers from different countries recommend that patients suffering from prostate hypertrophy take an alcohol tincture. Pour five tablespoons of dry bark into 0.5 liters of vodka and leave to infuse in a dark place for two weeks. An important detail is that the young bark should be collected in early spring, when it still has a greenish color.

Take this composition one dessert spoon twice a day, before meals. In this way you can infuse the kidneys. A tincture of them is taken twenty drops three times a day.

Ointments

Medicinal ointments are also prepared from poplar buds, which help nursing mothers get rid of cracked nipples. To do this, you need to mix one part of the kidneys with two parts of pork fat, grind well and cook over low heat, stirring until all the moisture is removed from the mass. The same ointment gives excellent results in the treatment of hemorrhoidal cones.

Powdered dried poplar buds mixed with high-quality butter are an excellent wound-healing and anti-inflammatory agent for non-healing ulcers and burns. The ointment is also used to soften hemorrhoids.

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