Symbols of weather phenomena. Meteorological signs

Why is it necessary to keep a diary?

Schoolchildren are required to keep a diary of weather observations. The topic “weather” stands out as one of the main ones in the lesson the world. Observation and recording of air temperature, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, precipitation is the best practical task on this topic.

Why do you need to keep an observation diary?

Keeping an observation journal is a great project activity for a student. It develops numerous skills and abilities. The child learns to navigate in time, attention and observation skills are formed. Systematically filling out a diary develops accuracy and responsibility. For a student, keeping a diary of weather observations helps to notice the repeatability of processes in nature and gives a feeling of stability in the world around them. Plus, keeping a weather diary is just fun. By filling out the diary throughout the year, the results obtained can be analyzed and an appropriate diagram constructed. It will show how the weather has changed, in which direction the wind predominantly blows in our area. Based on this data, it will be possible to subsequently predict the weather. And this is the initial work of meteorological research.

How to prepare a diary?

For the “Diary of Observations”, start a notebook in a cage, sign it, and put on a cover. The notebook page should be drawn into six equal columns, which are given the following names: “Date”, “Air temperature”, “Cloudiness”, “Wind”, “Atmospheric pressure”, “Precipitation”, “Phenomena”. Then the measured data will be recorded in a separate cell. If there is no data (for example, there is no precipitation), then a dash should be placed in the cell.

What actions should a child take if on this day he begins to keep a diary of weather observations for schoolchildren?

1. Look at the thermometer and write down its readings in your diary. This is the air temperature in degrees Celsius. Please note that the thermometer must be in the shade. The device placed in a sunlit area will give incorrect readings.

2. Look out the window and find out if there is cloudiness outside - clear, cloudy or cloudy. Draw a corresponding picture in the cell or write a word.

3. Note the presence of precipitation in your diary. If there is no precipitation, put a dash.

4. Record the wind direction.

What symbols should you use in your diary?

Conventional signs are generally accepted in school teaching of geography and natural history. The wind direction should be indicated with a letter, for example, for the north wind, write C in the corresponding column, for the south – S. The air temperature should be indicated with a sign, for example, +17 0 C or – 17 0 C.

Conventional signs in the observation diary

All entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” must be made carefully, evenly, clearly, using a ruler. It is possible to use colored pencils and colored pens, including gel pens. The table itself can be drawn in pencil. You can use a printed table template or a ready-made observation diary. It is encouraged to decorate the free space around the table with drawings, photographs, pictures corresponding to the time of year, images of animals and plants, and natural phenomena.

Grading norms

"Great"- all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made neatly, evenly, clearly, using a ruler. The weather was recorded daily, there are no discrepancies with real weather data, the results for the month were summed up.

"Fine"- all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made quite accurately, evenly, clearly, along a ruler; there are no obvious discrepancies with real weather data. Individual gaps (1-2 days) in filling in the weather are allowed. Or: - all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made quite accurately, evenly, clearly, along a ruler. The weather was noted daily, but the total for the month was not summed up.

"Satisfactorily"- The “weather observation diary” is kept in violation of the rules, there are gross factual errors in the description of the weather, the weather was not recorded daily, and the results for the month were not summed up. The work was done untidy.

"Unsatisfactory"- “Observation diary” is practically not kept; there is no weather for more than 7 days of the month; there are gross factual errors in the description of the weather; the work was done sloppily, using a pen with purple or blue ink, the table was drawn without a ruler; the month's results have not been summed up; The notebook looks sloppy.

Month year___________________

Results of observations for the month

Weather is something that interests every person on earth. Moreover, it does not matter at all where he lives, in warm countries or, conversely, in countries with cold climates. How the next day will go depends on the weather. That is why people have been studying natural phenomena for a long time and trying to understand the conventional signs of the weather.

What is weather

So what is weather? If we speak in the language of science, then this is the state of the atmosphere in a specific place in exact time. The main indicators by which weather is measured are air humidity and temperature; indicators of atmospheric pressure and solar radiation are also very important.

Unlike climate, weather is very changeable. Climate is more stable because it is measured long time. The weather can also change during the day. That's why different nations there are so many sayings about the weather.

Weather forecast

Today, determining the weather is extremely important; the work of many areas of human activity depends on it. Without accurate forecast Neither air nor water transport is currently operating. Also, the weather forecast is necessary for city services in order to know what to prepare for. For example, if a lot of snow falls, you need to prepare equipment that will clear the streets.

Modern weather forecasting methods are mainly focused on the performance of technical instruments, from the simplest barometers to satellites. Of course, technology has made the forecast more accurate, this has significantly simplified many things. Today, to find out what the weather will be like during the day, a person only needs to go online or listen to a news program on the radio. However, until quite recently, people lived without technical innovations and knew how to determine the weather signs. Watching natural phenomena, behind the sun, behind the moon, behind the behavior of animals, they knew exactly what kind of weather awaited them in the near future. The ability to understand the conventional signs of nature and weather was vital. Human life itself depended on it. After all, for example, if you choose a bad day for sowing, you may be left without a harvest. Knowledge about conventional weather signs was passed down from generation to generation and thus came down to us.

Weather symbols

Most rural residents know the signs that can indicate what the weather will be like today. For example, if fog forms at night in the summer and dissolves with sunrise, this means that the day will be warm and dry. A golden dawn at sunrise also indicates a warm day. Another important sign is the strength of the wind. In the question of what conventional weather signs there are, it plays a very important role.

Strong winds most often mean that the weather will change dramatically. He can bring clouds and rain clouds. A sign of inclement weather can be not only strong wind, but also color sun rays. If they are bright red, then the weather will be bad, with wind and precipitation.

The ability to read weather signs and determine what the next day will be like is very important. After all, in the life of every person there may be an occasion when he will be left alone in a place far from civilization. And the skill of determining the weather can, among other things, save his life.

Determining wind direction produced according to a weather vane. The observer stands near the mast under the weather vane, observes the average position of the weather vane for two minutes and determines the side of the horizon from which the wind is blowing. The wind direction is taken to be one of the main 16 directions, to which the average position of the weather vane is closer.

Table 1. Symbols for indicating atmospheric phenomena

Cloud Observation carried out before taking readings from instruments in the meteorological booth. Cloudiness is assessed according to the following criteria: cloudless - clear sky, slightly cloudy - approximately 25% of the sky is covered with clouds; average cloudiness - about half the sky is occupied by clouds; partly cloudy - 75% of the sky is covered with clouds; overcast - the whole sky is covered with clouds.

Atmospheric phenomena(precipitation, fog, dew, etc.) are noted in the log if they occurred half an hour before or after the observation period or continued at the time of observation.

Air temperature measured precisely during observation hours. When working with an emergency thermometer, you should adhere to the following rules:

• regardless of the thermometer scale division, readings are made with an accuracy of 0.1 °C;
• in mercury thermometers, the uppermost position of the meniscus apex is measured, and in alcohol thermometers, the position of the lowest point of the concave surface of the meniscus is measured;
• First, tenths are counted, and then whole degrees;
• due to the high sensitivity of the thermometer, readings must be made as quickly as possible, trying not to breathe on the thermometer;
• if the thermometer readings go beyond the scale, then the limit reading on the scale is recorded, preceded by a sign > (greater than) or< (меньше);
• When reading, the observer's eye should be at the same level with the end of the thermometer's liquid column.

Air humidity determined by a psychrometer or hair hygrometer. The Augusta psychrometer is the main instrument for determining relative air humidity. It can be used at temperatures not lower than -10 °C. It consists of two thermometers. One of them is wrapped in damp cloth. Based on the temperature difference between two thermometers using psychrometric tables, they determine relative humidity air. Hygrometer readings are recorded in whole scale divisions. After the countdown, you need to move the arrow slightly to the left, to smaller divisions of the scale, and check whether it returns to its original position.

Precipitation observations. The amount of precipitation is measured once a day. A few minutes before the observation period, remove the precipitation gauge bucket and close it with a lid, and put an empty bucket in its place. Precipitation is poured into a measuring glass and calculated in whole divisions. If there is precipitation in the bucket in the form of snow or hail, the measurement is made after it has melted at room temperature. To obtain the final result in millimeters of water layer, divide the measured amount by 10 and record the resulting value in a journal.

Measurement produced using an aneroid barometer. At the time of taking readings, he must be in horizontal position. To obtain a more accurate result, lightly tap the aneroid glass with your finger, and then record the position of the end of the arrow with an accuracy of 0.1 mm Hg. Art. When counting, the end of the arrow should be in the center of vision of the observer's eye. The barometric tendency is the difference between the pressure just measured and the previous value. It can be positive (pressure rises) or negative (pressure drops).

Processing of information collected during the observation period:

• Average daily values ​​of temperature, atmospheric pressure and air humidity are calculated.
• Graphs of the course of average daily temperatures, pressure and humidity are constructed.
• The constructed graphs are analyzed. Periods of growth, decline and stability of the main meteorological characteristics are identified. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to atmospheric phenomena, the cloudiness that corresponded to them.
• Based on the analysis, weather types with characteristic temperatures, pressure and humidity, as well as cloudiness and atmospheric phenomena. Weather types from brief description are written in the output.

Weather maps provide a simplified representation of the current or forecast weather in a particular area. The most common weather map is the surface map, which will be discussed in this article. At first glance, analyzing a ground map may seem like quite a difficult task, but with a little practice you can do it in no time.

Steps

Part 1

Clarify general meteorological concepts for yourself. What people care about most is precipitation, which in meteorology (the science of weather) refers to any form of water that falls on earth's surface. Types of precipitation include rain, hail, snow and sleet.

For interpretation weather conditions One of the most important components is the ability to analyze the consequences caused by changes in atmospheric pressure. High pressure implies dry weather, while low pressure usually indicates the presence of moist air or even precipitation.

• Region high pressure is an air mass consisting of denser air that is colder and/or drier than outside. Thus, the heavy air flows down and away from the center of the pressure system - like water spilled on the ground. In areas of high pressure the weather tends to remain clear or clear.
• Region low pressure is an air mass consisting of air that is less dense because it is wetter and/or warmer. The surrounding air is drawn towards the center of the baric system, while light air soars upward, which often leads to increased cloudiness or precipitation, as the moist air cools as it rises. This effect is clearly visible when invisible water vapor contained in the air, as a result of contact with the outside of cold glass, is forced to condense into droplets. But the drops will not begin to form if the glass is not cold enough. Thus, rain formation from rising low-pressure air is only possible if the air is cold enough to condense water vapor into droplets heavy enough to be suspended by the rising air. Clouds are just drops of water that, due to their light weight, are held in place by the rising air current.
• Areas of very low air pressure tend to form hurricanes (if they haven't already). It also results in the formation of cloud cover that moves across the sky. When moist air rises very high, it causes a thundercloud to form. The collision of very high pressure air with warm, moist air very low pressure results in tornadoes.

1. Study the weather map. You may see it on television news, the Internet, or your local newspaper (other sources include magazines and books, but the maps in these may be out of date). Due to their low cost and reliability, newspapers are the most convenient source of weather maps. This map can be cut out and carried with you while you learn to interpret the symbols.

   Analyze small areas of the weather map. It is advisable that you use maps for a small area - they are easier to interpret. Working with a large-scale map can be overwhelming for beginners. As you explore the map, pay attention to locations, lines, arrows, patterns, colors, and numbers. All elements have meaning and are different from each other.

   Consider the movement of a cold front. Such designations indicate possible heavy rains and high wind speed. Blue lines with triangles on one side are used on weather maps to represent cold fronts. The vertices of the triangles indicate the direction in which it is moving cold front.

   Let's consider the movement of a warm front. Typically, as a front approaches, there is a gradual increase in rainfall, followed by a sharp warming and clearing after the front passes. If the warm air mass is unstable, weather conditions may include prolonged thunderstorms. A red line with semicircles on one side indicates warm front. The side on which they are located indicates the direction of movement of the warm front.

   Let's consider the front of occlusion. It occurs when a cold front merges with a warm one. The movement of the front is accompanied by various weather phenomena (even thunderstorms), which depend on whether the occlusion front is warm or cold. The passage of an occlusion front usually brings with it drier air (lower dew point). The purple line with semicircles and triangles on one side represents the occlusion front. The side on which semicircles and triangles are located indicates the direction of movement of the front.

   Let's consider a stationary front. Denotes a fixed boundary between two different air masses. Such fronts are characterized by long periods of continuous rain that linger in one area for a long time and move in waves. Semicircles on one side and triangles on the other indicate that the front is not moving in any direction.

Every day there are changes in weather conditions. Kids starting from kindergarten, learn to characterize, describe and recognize natural phenomena. In each group, starting from younger age, a nature calendar hangs on the walls, where children daily note the phenomena that occur outside the window. This is done using weather symbols drawn on the poster.

In each age group, the number of symbols increases as children's knowledge expands. They will learn many new weather phenomena. In the article we will look at all the known symbols and their diversity, how children are taught to determine the weather, wind direction, measure temperature and distinguish between types of clouds.

Weather calendar for the younger group of kindergarten

Kids are not yet familiar with all the subtleties of natural phenomena; they distinguish only a few basic definitions of weather. When the sky is shining bright sun and there are no clouds, then the day is considered sunny, and the child turns the arrow with its tip towards the drawn sun. When it's raining outside, the arrow turns to the image of a cloud with drops.

If the weather is cloudy, the sun is hidden behind the clouds, then the arrow turns to a picture in which the cloud half blocked the sun. In winter, when it snows, the child points to the image of a cloud with snowflakes. Conventional weather signs for kids are more like pictures. This way children can immediately see what they have to choose.

Determining the weather in the middle group

This weather calendar already has more symbols, but they are still represented by pictures. Weather phenomena such as thunderstorms and rainbows are added. Children already know that not every rain is accompanied by thunder and lightning. There is also a picture of precipitation with a rainbow. The children become familiar with this phenomenon during summer rain, when the sun illuminates the drops in the air. You can also see a rainbow while the teacher is watering flowers or next to the fountain.

There is also one more of the new conventional weather signs - wind. First, children learn to understand his presence. For this, a weather vane, ribbons, windmills, and just pieces of paper are used. You can see the foliage on the trees from the window of the group room. If there is wind outside, the leaves move, and when there is no wind, they remain motionless.

Conventional signs of weather phenomena for older preschoolers

This calendar of nature shows how more phenomena Preschoolers already know the weather. This scheme can also be used in primary school. Children learn to distinguish calm weather from weak or strong gusty, squally winds.

Also, the guys can already understand how much the air temperature has changed. It varies - hot, warm, cool or completely cold. On the table of weather symbols, the following is distinguished: temperature scale images of people different colors. If it is hot, then the person is orange, if warm, then the person is yellow. But the frozen people are drawn in cold shades. In cool weather - blue, on frosty days - blue.

Lessons from the world around us

Conventional weather signs at school are studied according to the generally accepted notation system in the world. These are no longer pictures, but symbols, the meaning of which cannot always be guessed from appearance. The direction of the wind is indicated by an arrow facing some direction of the world. Children should be able to distinguish and correctly show all four main cardinal directions, as well as intermediate ones, for example, the northeast or southwest wind. The direction is determined by a weather vane.

Also in such a calendar, the air temperature is noted, which is monitored on a thermometer outside the school window. Sometimes children keep a weather calendar for a whole month, filling in workbook empty cells in which only symbols are entered.

To fill out the table correctly, the signs must be memorized. Some are easy to learn. For example, snow is indicated by a snowflake, dew is like a droplet on the grass, ice is a slippery road, so a wavy line is drawn.

How the wind strength is noted is also easy to remember. Calm is just an arrow, and as its powers increase, the number of lines on it also increases.

When studying signs, it is important to come up with some comparisons and analogies for the child. This will make it easier to remember everything. Children need to understand the value of such observations. Such information collections are also used in weather reports; they are useful for Agriculture and comparison of the weather on a given day in different years. Scientists are studying changes in weather conditions on the planet, knowledge helps plant seeds in the soil in time so that they do not freeze and produce healthy shoots.