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Monsoon is a phenomenon that affects the climate of entire continents. Monsoon rains

Who among us in childhood did not read adventure books about distant journeys, noble sailors and fearless pirates?

When we pronounce the words “monsoon” and “trade wind”, we recall precisely these romantic pictures: distant tropical seas, uninhabited islands, covered with lush greenery, the clanking of swords and white sails on the horizon.

Meanwhile, everything is much more prosaic: monsoons and trade winds are well-known names that have a significant impact on the formation of weather not only in tropical areas, but throughout the entire planet.

Monsoons

Monsoons are winds with a stable direction, characteristic of the tropical zone and some coastal countries. Far East. IN summer time Monsoons blow from the ocean towards land, and in winter - in the opposite direction. They form a peculiar type of climate called monsoon, characteristic feature which is a high level of air humidity in the summer.

One should not think that in areas where the monsoon prevails, there are no other winds. But winds from other directions appear from time to time and blow for short periods, while the monsoon is the predominant wind, especially during winter and summer. The autumn-spring periods are transitional, during which time the stable wind regime is disrupted.

Origin of the monsoons

The appearance of monsoons is entirely associated with annual cycles distribution atmospheric pressure. In summer, the land heats up more than the ocean, and this heat is transferred to the lower atmospheric layer. The heated air rushes upward, and a zone is formed over the land low blood pressure atmosphere.

The resulting lack of air is immediately filled with a colder air mass located above the ocean surface. It contains a large amount of moisture evaporated from the water surface.

Moving towards land, air from the sea carries this moisture and sheds it on the surface of coastal areas. Therefore, the monsoon climate is wetter in summer than in winter.

With the coming winter period the winds change their direction, since at this time the land surface warms up less actively, and the air above it turns out to be colder than above the sea surface, which explains the change in the direction of the monsoon at this time.

Geography of the monsoons

Monsoon climate most typical for the equatorial regions of Africa, the northern coast of Madagascar, many countries of Southeast and South Asia, as well as the equatorial part of the Southern Hemisphere, including the northern coast of Australia.

The Caribbean states are affected by the monsoons. South part Mediterranean Sea and some other areas, but in a weaker form.

Trade winds

Trade winds are winds that blow steadily in tropical zone all year round due to the inertial force of the Earth's rotation and climatic features tropics.

In the Northern Hemisphere, trade winds blow from the northeast, and in the Southern Hemisphere, from the southeast. The trade winds are most stable over the sea surface, while the land topography introduces certain changes in their direction.

The name "passat" comes from the Spanish expression "viento de pasada" - wind that favors movement. In the era of the Great geographical discoveries, when Spain was the queen of the seas, the trade winds served as the main factor favoring the movement sailing ships between the European continent and the New World.

How are trade winds formed?

Equatorial zone our planet is experiencing the most intense warming sun rays, therefore the air in the lower layer of the atmosphere always has enough high temperature. Because of this, there is a stable upward air flow in areas close to the equator.

In place of the rising air, colder air masses immediately rush from both subtropical zones - northern and southern. Thanks to the Coriolis force - the inertial force of the Earth's rotation - these air currents do not move strictly in the southern and northern directions, but are deflected, acquiring a southeastern and northeastern direction.

The cold air that rises up cools and falls down, but due to the outflow of air in the northern and southern temperate zones, it rushes there and also experiences the action of the Coriolis force. These winds blowing in upper layers atmosphere are called upper trade winds, or counter-trade winds.

Geography of trade winds

The trade winds are prevailing winds all along equatorial belt, except coastal zone Indian Ocean where they are in effect geographical features coastlines turn into monsoons.

MONSONS

MONSONS, steady seasonal winds. In summer, during the monsoon season, these winds usually blow from the sea to land and bring rain, and in winter it occurs abrupt change the directions are in the opposite direction, and these winds blow from the land, bringing dry weather. Some monsoon regions are very wet; Cherrapunji in India, for example, receives more than 11,000 mm of rain per year. Others, on the other hand, can be very dry, such as the Thar Desert between India and Pakistan, where rainfall is less than 250 mm per year. The main monsoon areas are located in Asia, where seasonal changes winds in the opposite direction are the most significant. This is because the largest continent, Asia, borders the most big ocean- Quiet. On smaller continents, in South America, Africa, Australia and North America, the effects of the monsoons are less pronounced. These continents do not experience such wet summers or such dry winters, and therefore the monsoons on their territory are often called “eastern border” monsoons, rather than true monsoons.

Monsoons. In summer, monsoons arising from the zones low pressure over the continent, they bring moist winds from the sea, and in winter, on the contrary, arising due to high pressure over land, monsoons lead to the formation of dry winds blowing from the continent. During the summer (top picture), large areas of Asia are heated by the sun. The air above these areas increases in volume and rises, forming low pressure zones. Moist winds from the sea then blow into these areas, bringing the summer monsoons. In winter (bottom picture) the situation is reversed - zones form over land high blood pressure and winter monsoon winds blow towards the sea. The paths of these winds are deflected by the Coriolis force.

Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary.

See what "MONSONS" is in other dictionaries:

Modern encyclopedia

Monsoons- (French mousson, from Arabic mausim season), steady winds, the direction of which sharply changes to the opposite (or close to the opposite) 2 times a year. Caused mainly by seasonal differences in the heating of continents.... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Monsoons) winds that periodically change their direction depending on the time of year. M. are observed mainly in tropical zone. M. are formed due to the difference in air pressure arising from uneven heating of land and... ... Marine dictionary

- (French). Periodic winds in the Indian Ocean, blowing six months on one side and the other six on the opposite side. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. MONSONS winds of tropical countries, what is happening... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (as suggested from the Arabic mausim) the winds of the seasons or blowing from opposite directions in summer and winter. Summer M. blows from the sea and brings damp, rainy weather, in winter from land and brings clear and dry weather. Classic country M. India.… … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Monsoons- MONSONS. See Sea winds... Military encyclopedia

- (French mousson, from Arabic mausim season), stable winds, the direction of which sharply changes to the opposite (or close to the opposite) 2 times a year. They are caused mainly by seasonal differences in continental heating. Winter... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Air currents over large regions of the Earth, characterized by the predominance of one wind direction during the winter season and the opposite (or close to it) during the summer. In accordance with the season, winter and... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Monsoon (from French mousson and Arabic موسم (mosem), season) is a stable seasonal wind caused by differences in air temperatures over certain areas of the Earth and periodically changing its direction. Monsoon over the Vindhya range, a mountain range in... ... Wikipedia

- (French mousson, from Arabic mausim season) stable seasonal air transfers earth's surface and in the lower troposphere. Characterized by sudden changes directions from winter to summer and from summer to winter, manifested above... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

Dwarf forest, fog..., Anatoly Tkachenko. Elf woods, fog, the sound of the sea in summer and winter - these are the signs of the land where the heroes of A. Tkachenko’s stories live and work. This is Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands - the eastern outskirts of our country. The nor'easters blow here and...

The oceans on our planet have been the place that has always been the source of our information both about the entire Earth and about which it is characterized. The bulk of the “research” was carried out by sailors, since their knowledge of the seas and their weather features their lives depended in many ways.

Thus, it was the data accumulated by sailors that provided the basis for the study of trade winds. In addition, they also identified the so-called “horse latitudes,” where there were often no winds at all. Navigational data made us understand what a monsoon is.

There are places in coastal areas where traffic air masses characterized by rare constancy. Monsoons are just a type of this kind of wind. In many ways, the climate in tropical latitudes depends on them. This is especially noticeable in coastal areas

But how can you understand what a monsoon is if you don’t know the specifics of its formation? To understand this process, you must understand that there is much above the continent. As you may know from the most banal school physics course, the wind is formed precisely because it moves from areas with low pressure to latitudes with higher pressure.

But monsoons form somewhat differently. In the summer, the same Hindustan and adjacent areas of the rest of the Eurasian continent heat up greatly, which ensures a decrease in pressure. But above the ocean it becomes noticeably higher.

This is where the answer to the question of what a monsoon is lies. It's powerful tropical wind blowing from the ocean to the land. Moreover, it is extremely wet, as it is “saturated” with water that has evaporated from the surface. Therefore, over land, the clouds that have arisen in an incredible natural “laboratory” burst into abundant and warm rains.

It is the monsoons that give coastal areas high fertility, but the inhabitants of these lands are also “obliged” to them by devastating floods, when streams of water wash away entire cities into the sea.

Everything changes in winter, when the so-called “land” monsoons arrive, blowing from the dry highland areas of the mainland. Unlike their “colleagues,” they were not saturated with ocean moisture.

Therefore, they cause severe droughts, which often last until the next rainy period. Thus, the monsoon (wet) season does not last long, but the amount of precipitation that falls during this time is such that it allows the vegetation to survive until next year.

It must be said that almost a quarter of the entire population of the planet lives in zones with such a unique climate. In the Northern Hemisphere, they live in the rains from June, and the last ones come to the south in December.

It is no coincidence that we are talking about large quantities precipitation. Thus, the place of Cherrapunji in India is the “most-most” in terms of the amount of water that fell from the sky. For every day when a monsoon reigns over this territory, a photo of the manifestations of which is in the article, a whole meter of precipitation falls there!

Thus, these winds play a fundamental role in determining the climate of the entire region. Without them, the lives of millions of people would be impossible.

Now you know exactly what a monsoon is.

(supposedly from Arabic mausim) - winds of the seasons, or blowing from opposite directions in summer and winter. The summer monsoons blow from the sea and bring damp, rainy weather, while the winter monsoons blow from the land and bring clear and dry weather.

The classic monsoon country is India (see corresponding article). The correct change of winds in the seas washing India (northeast in winter, southwest in summer) is so important for shipping that the monsoons have been known since ancient times to sailors who sailed to India. Europeans became familiar with them during the campaigns of Alexander the Great, and the Chinese, Arabs and Phoenicians, of course, were aware of monsoons much earlier.

On the Indian mainland, the beginning of the rainy summer monsoon has the same significance as spring in our country, and the awakening of nature after a long drought is even faster than in the spring in our north. The beginning of the monsoon is glorified in many poetic works of India. The region of Indian, or more precisely, South Asian monsoon, in addition to India, it also covers the Zagang Peninsula or Indochina (see the corresponding article), then China.

Japan, Manchuria and the Amur region are in the region East Asian monsoon(see "Climate of the monsoon region East Asia", "Izvestia Imp.

Russian Geographical Society" for 1879). Here the winds do not alternate between northeast and southwest, as on the shores of south india, and the northwestern is dry and cold in winter and southeast humid and rainy in summer.

In this part of Asia, the monsoons therefore extend far north of the tropics, up to 55° north latitude and even further north.

African monsoon found between 5° and 17° north latitude almost throughout the entire African continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the west to the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea to the east.

Dry northern and northeastern winds also prevail here in winter, especially drier because they blow from the Sahara, the most extensive desert. globe; in summer they are replaced by humid and rainy winds from the south and southwest. The Arabs call this time of year kharif.

Finally, in northern Australia and the Malay Archipelago - the region Australian monsoons, humid and rainy from the northwest, during the summer of the southern hemisphere (our winter) dry and relatively cold from the southeast in winter. From this it is clear that real monsoons are characteristic of the eastern and equatorial coasts and slopes of vast continents (i.e., southern in the northern hemisphere and northern in southern hemisphere). The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows.

Let's consider the equatorial (southern) shores of a large continent. In winter, the air north of the sea will be colder and denser, both under the influence of the higher latitude and the position on the mainland. Therefore, the pressure will be higher, and the air will flow to the south, i.e., to the sea, deviating due to the rotation of the earth to the right, i.e., the northeast wind will prevail. This air will be dry, both because it is directed from a colder region to a warmer one, i.e., it moves away from saturation, and because its movement is downward (see.

Over the mainland in winter tropical countries and low middle latitudes, the temperature is higher than above the sea, the air density in the lower layer is less, this helps to reduce the pressure over the continent, so the air rushes from the sea to the mainland, deviating, due to the rotation of the Earth, to the right, i.e. the southwest wind. Moist in itself, this air becomes even wetter as it rises up mountain slopes, cooling and approaching saturation as it rises. Similar phenomena occur on the eastern shores and slopes of the continent. In winter, the air flows to the sea, in the form of a northwest cold and dry current; in summer, the movement of warm and humid southeast wind from the sea to the mainland.

When writing this text, material from
Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhausa F.A. and Efron I.A. (1890-1907).

English
monsoon– monsoon
wind
change of winds

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Travel, Vacation

What is the monsoon season?

The time when the majority of European residents begin the time for vacations and summer holidays, in traditionally popular holiday destinations in the countries of Southeast Asia, as well as in the equatorial part of Africa, the monsoon season begins, which can ruin such a long-awaited vacation. Therefore, when going on a tour to India, Bali, Vietnam and some other countries, it is important to inquire about the weather forecast for the duration of the tour. What is the monsoon season and what can you expect from it?

From a geography course you can learn that monsoons are strong, stable winds in which the direction of movement of air masses depends on the time of year. Monsoons predominantly prevail in the tropical latitudes of the Earth, although they are present in a weakly expressed form in the northern parts of the subtropics and southern regions of temperate latitudes.

In winter, monsoon winds blow from land towards the ocean, and in summer, on the contrary, from ocean to land. All problems begin in the summer, because air masses collect moisture over the ocean expanses, from which they are then released, pouring it out in showers on the mainland. The peculiarity of this rain is its special strength and duration. Sometimes it can go on endlessly for several days or weeks, flooding areas. The countries of Southeast Asia very often suffer from floods caused by monsoon rains: crops are flooded, buildings collapse, and people die. This climate is called monsoon.

The rainiest place on the planet is the Indian city of Cherrapunji. During the month of the rainy season, a thickness of water 10 m high can easily pour out here. And the famous Mount Wai-ale-ale in the Hawaiian archipelago is almost always shrouded in a shroud of rain - precipitation occurs here 300 days a year. On average, more than 10 m of precipitation falls here per year.

Advice to those vacationers who are going on vacation to tropical countries: at least in general, study the climate of the country of travel, and be sure to find out the weather report for the near future in order to adjust the departure time and not regret the lost vacation.

How is the weather forecast made?

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What is the largest continent on Earth

Variable winds (air currents) are monsoons (Arab, Mawsim - time of year). These are winds that change their direction twice a year: in the summer they blow from sea to land, in winter - from land to sea. The reason for the change in direction is that in winter and summer there are different pressures over land and sea, and the wind always blows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. The continent heats up more during the summer (because the land warms faster than the water). The air heats up from the continent, it expands, becomes light and rises, so a low pressure area is established above the ground. The ocean heats up more slowly, an area of high pressure sets up above it, and the wind begins to blow from the ocean to the land. It brings not very hot, but moisture-saturated air, from which precipitation falls. In winter, the continent cools much faster than the ocean, and a high pressure area develops above it. An area of low pressure is forming over the ocean. The winter monsoon blows from the mainland to the ocean and carries cold, dry air. The climate of the Russian Far East is highly dependent on the monsoon circulation.

Constant and variable winds - air currents - are part of the general atmospheric circulation system.

Story

Back in the Middle Ages, when the sea and ocean spaces were plied only by sailing ships, many Arabs went to the fabulously rich India in June and July. At this time, the southwest wind inflated the sails of the ships and they quite quickly traveled from the shores of South Arabia to the peninsulas of Indo-stan and Indochina. During the winter months, the ships were loaded with necessary goods and headed back. And again a fair wind, but now blowing in the opposite direction, urged the ships on.

The Arabs called the wind, which helped the sailors so much, “mausim”, which in their language means “season”, “season”. The name given to the wind was quite apt, because in one season (summer) it actually blew in one direction, and in another season (winter) - in the opposite direction. Subsequently, the French began to pronounce this word in their own way - “monsoon”; with a slight change it entered into use among all peoples.

Spreading

Territories that are subject to monsoons are said to have a monsoon climate. Monsoon climate is observed in certain areas of the Far East, on the Korean peninsula, Indochina, Hindustan and in a number of other areas, but it is most pronounced in India.

Description of the monsoon

Monsoons in India

The summer monsoons in India sometimes come quickly and suddenly. Just yesterday the hot southern sun burned mercilessly, and it seems there is nothing in the world that would moderate its heat, but today on the horizon, where the mighty chest of the ocean touches the sky, it has turned blue. The joy of local residents knows no bounds: the long-awaited monsoon is finally coming.

“Mansun, mansun,” is heard everywhere (that’s what Indians call monsoons). After a few hours, the sky turns leaden-black, the sea begins to ripple, and the waves crash onto the shore with a roar. And there is complete calm over land. Everything seems to calm down, as it happens before a thunderstorm. And suddenly lightning cuts the sky, the peals of thunder and the sound of the sea surf drown out human voices, streams of rain rush onto the parched land.

And this four-kilometer thick layer of clouds, from which streams of rain pour down, cut by arrows of lightning, moves for about a month from the ocean to the Himalayan mountains.

The rain pours down like buckets day and night, the thunderclaps almost never stop. A day passes, two days, ten days, a month passes, then two, and the rain comes and goes with short breaks. Nature, yearning for moisture, is being transformed. Fields, meadows and trees are covered with delicate greenery. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

But then autumn comes. The land cools and again becomes colder than the sea. The pressure over the land begins to increase, and the wind blows again, but towards the warmer sea, carrying dry air from the continent to the ocean.

The summer monsoon ends, the sky clears of clouds and turns blue. Now, for six months, India will be dominated by continental air masses coming from the north of the country. At this time, dry, clear weather prevails in most of the country. Dryness and temperature increase from month to month. In March-April, the daytime temperature reaches 30°, and at the end of May in some areas it reaches 50°. In places where there is no artificial irrigation, vegetation burns out; from the unbearable heat the trees shed their leaves; dust raised by the wind obscures the horizon. Due to excessive dryness, fires break out here and there. At night the heat subsides somewhat and people can rest a little from the heat of the day. When the sun rises, people close their windows, and many hang wickerwork made of grass, generously moistened with water, on their doors.

At the end of winter, the air over India warms up greatly. Low atmospheric pressure is established over the country. Moist oceanic air begins to move and flows onto land. The summer monsoon is heading to India again.

Monsoon means “season” in Arabic. Monsoon- wind that sharply changes direction twice a year. During the summer season, the monsoon blows from sea to land; during the winter season, on the contrary, from land to sea.

On this page there is material on the following topics:

What is monsoon definition grade 6
Monsoons concept
Wind monsoon
Additional monsoon wave material
In what direction do the summer monsoons blow and why do they form?

Questions for this article:

In which direction do the summer monsoons blow?
Describe winters in India.

Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru

Moosoni- the persistent winds of the lower sphere of the troposphere, which tend to change their direction twice to the river.

The winter monsoon moves directly from the dry land to the sea, the summer monsoon - from the sea to the dry land.

Characteristic areas of monsoons are similar continental coasts, as well as tropical latitudes of the snowy climate.

Wider[ed. ed. code]

Monsoon winds are the most persistent and windy in some areas of the tropics (especially in Equatorial Africa, the countries of Pivdeniya and Pivdenno-Skhidnaya Asia and in Pivdeniya up to the northern parts of Madagascar and Australia). In a weak form in adjacent territories, monsoons appear in subtropical latitudes (in the region, in the Mediterranean Sea and near Southern Africa, in the area of the Mexican tributary, at the confluence of Asia, and in Northern Africa). in America, in Africa and Australia). Monsoons are found in many areas of the middle and high latitudes (for example, in the Far East, in the lower part of Alaska, along the lower edge of Eurasia). In a number of places, there is a tendency to change until the end of the monsoon, for example, there may be a seasonal change in the most important wind directions, and the rest are characterized by less seasonal persistence.

Satisfaction[ed. ed. code]

Monsoon wind currents, as all of them manifest the solar circulation of the atmosphere, the formation of expansion and interaction of areas of low and high atmospheric pressure (cyclones and anticyclones). The specificity lies in the fact that during monsoons, the mutual expansion of these areas is saved for three hours (over the entire season), the disruption of this expansion indicates interruptions in the monsoon. In these regions of the Earth, cyclones and anticyclones are characterized by rapid movements and frequent changes, and monsoons do not occur. The vertical thickness of monsoon currents in the tropics is 5-7 km, winter - 2-4 km, and is especially guarded against the wind transport that dominates the latitudes (similar - in the tropics, western - at higher latitudes).

The main reason for the monsoon is the seasonal movement of areas of atmospheric pressure and wind, associated with changes in the necessary solar radiation, as a result, with differences in the thermal regime on the surface of the Earth. From now on, the areas of low atmospheric pressure near the equator and poles, as well as the two zones of subtropical anticyclones near the skin shift to the afternoon, and from the daytime to the afternoon. At the same time, from these planetary zones of atmospheric pressure, the associated wind zones move, which also have global dimensions - the equatorial zone of setting winds, similar transfers in the tropics (grazing), setting winds three dead latitudes. Monsoons are avoided in such places of the Earth, which during one of the seasons grow in the middle of one such zone, and during the last season the rock is in the middle of the same zone, in addition, the wind regime during the season reaches the same level. cue In this way, the monsoons were divided by the laws of geographical zoning.

Another reason for the strengthening of the monsoon is the uneven heating (and cooling) of the sea and great land masses. For example, over the territory of Asia there is a tendency for anticyclones to recur in winter, and cyclones inflow, contrary to the waters adjacent to the oceans. The sudden appearance of the majestic continent on the night equatorial setting winds in the basin of the Indian Ocean flows far into Western Asia, shaping the summer rainy-set monsoon Winter and winds give up the place of snowfall (winter monsoon). At posttropical latitudes, due to persistent winter anticyclones and summer cyclones over Asia, monsoons are avoided in the Far East of Russia (summer - daytime and rainy-day, winter - rainy) ichny and day-going) and on the day-time edge of Eurasia (the snail of the day-going, winter - rainy and rainy-setting winds).

Dzherelo [ed. ed. code]

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