She called all the objects alive. Signs, objects, connections, properties, types and differences of living and inanimate nature

Nature is everything that surrounds us and pleases the eye. Since ancient times, it has become an object of research. It was thanks to her that people were able to comprehend the basic principles of the universe, as well as make an unimaginable number of discoveries for humanity. Today, nature can be conditionally divided into living and non-living with all the elements and features inherent only to these types.

Not Live nature- This is a kind of symbiosis of the simplest elements, all kinds of substances and energies. These include resources, stones, natural phenomena, planets and stars. Inanimate nature often becomes a subject of study by chemists, physicists, geologists and other scientists.

Microorganisms are able to survive in almost any environment where there is water. They are present even in hard rocks. A feature of microorganisms is the ability to reproduce quickly and intensively. All microorganisms have horizontal gene transfer, that is, in order to spread its influence, a microorganism does not have to pass on genes to its descendants. They can develop with the help of plants, animals and other living organisms. It is this factor that allows them to survive in any environment. Some microorganisms can survive even in space.

It is necessary to distinguish between beneficial microorganisms and harmful ones. Beneficial ones contribute to the development of life on the planet, while harmful ones are created to destroy it. But in some cases, harmful microorganisms can become beneficial. For example, some viruses are used to treat serious diseases.

Vegetable world

Vegetable world today is large and multifaceted. Nowadays there are many natural parks that collect a large number of amazing plants. Without plants there can be no life on Earth, because thanks to them, oxygen is produced, which is necessary for most living organisms. Plants also absorb carbon dioxide, which harms the planet's climate and human health.

Plants are multicellular organisms. Today, no ecosystem can be imagined without them. Plants not only serve as an element of beauty on Earth, but they are also very beneficial for humans. In addition to production fresh air plants serve as a valuable source of food.

Conventionally, plants can be divided according to food characteristics: those that can be eaten and those that cannot. Edible plants include various herbs, nuts, fruits, vegetables, grains, and some algae. TO inedible plants include trees, many ornamental grasses, and shrubs. The same plant can contain both an edible and inedible element at the same time. For example, apple tree and apple, currant bush and currant berry.

Animal world

The fauna is amazing and diverse. It represents the entire fauna of our planet. The characteristics of animals are the ability to move, breathe, eat, and reproduce. During the existence of our planet, many animals disappeared, many evolved, and some simply appeared. Today animals are divided into different classifications. Depending on their habitat and method of survival, they are waterfowl or amphibians, carnivores or herbivores, etc. Animals are also classified depending on the degree of domestication: wild and domestic.

Wild animals are distinguished by their free behavior. Among them there are both herbivores and predators that feed on meat. IN different points planets are inhabited by the most various types animals. They all try to adapt to the place in which they live. If these are glaciers and high mountains, then the coloring of the animals will be light. In the desert and steppe, ocher color predominates. Every animal tries to survive by any means necessary, and the change in color of their fur or feathers is the main evidence of adaptation.

Domestic animals were once wild too. But man tamed them for his needs. He began to raise pigs, cows and sheep. He began to use dogs as protection. For entertainment, he tamed cats, parrots and other animals. The importance of pets in a person's life is very high if he is not a vegetarian. From animals he receives meat, milk, eggs, and wool for clothing.

Living and inanimate nature in art

Man has always respected and appreciated nature. He understands that his existence is possible only in harmony with her. Therefore, there are many works of great artists, musicians and poets about nature. Some artists, depending on their adherence to one or another element of nature, created their own movements in art. Such directions as landscape and still life appeared. The great Italian composer Vivaldi dedicated many of his works to nature. One of his outstanding concerts is “The Seasons”.

Nature is very important for humans. The more he takes care of her, the more he receives in return. You need to love and respect her, and then life on the planet will be much better!

It is customary to speak and write about living nature with primary school: animals, birds, plants, insects constitute the object of the closest observation. Inanimate bodies are somehow ignored and less interesting, so sometimes even adults cannot determine what belongs to inanimate nature. Let's finally understand this issue of natural history, especially since the Unified State Exam and State Examination tests periodically return to children's questions!

The concept of "nature" from the point of view natural sciences includes everything that is not created by people. Living nature includes all living organisms, and nonliving nature includes all material bodies that appeared without the conscious participation of humans. Quite easy to distinguish live cat, for example, from an inanimate stone, but confusion often arises with the details. Here is a cobblestone - a material body of inanimate nature. And brick is no longer a natural body, but an artificial one. A block of marble is a natural body, and David from under Michelangelo’s chisel is art and, accordingly, its nature of the same name.

If we distinguish natural objects from artificial ones is quite realistic, knowing their origin, then the differences between living and non-living things can sometimes be completely unobvious. To determine them, it is necessary to know the structure and functioning of the object of study. Bodies of inanimate nature:

• do not exchange matter, energy and information with the environment (do not eat, do not breathe, do not release energy and substances);
• are not capable of self-reproduction;
• do not develop;
• do not respond to stimuli;
• have a simple structure.

The combination of these features allows us to speak of an object as inanimate.

In addition, there is a certain pattern in the existence of systems of inanimate nature: the principle of least action is relevant for them. The system always tends from a less stable state to a more stable one, maintaining a minimum of surface energy. Nonliving things do not resist influence environment, while the living fights against it in order to continue the normal functioning of the body.

Inanimate nature: interesting examples

Stone, star, water, ice, air, earth - all these are bodies of inanimate nature, possessing all its characteristics. Their determination does not cause any difficulties. But, for example, a tree: undoubtedly, a living organism that grows, develops, reproduces, reacts to the world and dies over time. What about a fallen tree in the forest? When the roots stopped pumping nutrients and the foliage stopped renewing itself, the lying tree ceased to be an organism and became a body - inanimate nature. Of course, changes occur to him, but under the influence of living organisms or external factors: bacteria cause wood to rot, insects feed on it, and the wind breaks it.

In any discussion about what objects belong to inanimate nature, viruses are mentioned as examples - either living organisms, or a complex of organic molecules. The fact is that they do not have a complex cellular structure, but multiply only in foreign cells, assembling from molecules like a crystal. Viruses also have no metabolism. However, they are susceptible natural selection and carry their own genetic code, which is characteristic only of living organisms.

Coral reefs are similar to rock in all respects, but they are created by simple invertebrates coral polyps. This, however, does not make corals (and their colonies - reefs) living objects: polyps are living organisms, after the death of which a calcareous (sometimes organic) skeleton remains, forming the coral. Polyps that feed, reproduce, develop and die are living nature, while coral is non-living.

In natural history classes, children are asked what belongs to objects of inanimate nature: the sun - yes, a tree - no, the Moon - an inanimate body, the GLONASS satellite - an artificial object, water - yes, a stump - ... There are problems with the stump: it seems to almost a tree, but at the same time it feeds, breathes and reproduces somehow completely imperceptibly (and when new shoots appear, it seems that it is no longer a stump, but a tree again). A dead stump, a dried stump is a non-living body, a fresh one is a crippled living tree. Mushrooms, although not plants, are also alive, flowers in a flower bed are alive, flowers in a vase are dying, and in a herbarium they are inanimate.

As we see, there are intermediate states of objects between living and nonliving matter: the functioning of the body after death is no longer possible, but individual cells and tissues are still alive. But plant seeds exhibit all the properties of inanimate bodies: their metabolism is extremely slow, they do not react to stimuli, and do not reproduce (for example, in a bag in the refrigerator). Many plants look dead in winter. This is called the state of hidden life, and differs from the dead in that in favorable conditions the body comes to life.

Nature is a broad concept that includes inanimate objects natural origin and diversity of living organisms surrounding humans. Plants, animals and birds are living nature. Its peculiarity is the absence of dependence on civilization, the ability for natural regulation and self-healing. Can be found various items inanimate nature, not prone to mobility and significant modifications. What is inanimate nature and what is living organisms - let's talk in more detail.

Inanimate nature is a group of objects in the surrounding world that do not correspond to the characteristics of living things and do not depend on human activity and participation.

Signs of living and nonliving things

Determining whether objects in the surrounding world belong to one group or another allows us to better form an understanding of the interaction of the biosphere with the hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Examples of signs of various bodies of inanimate or living nature for class 3:

Contrary to erroneous belief, growth is not an essential feature of life, since objects such as minerals and crystals possess this ability. However, the growth of rocks and other objects differs significantly from the properties possessed by animals and plants. Inanimate growth is based on the attachment of new structural elements to the original form, while living objects increase in size by forming new cells.

Growth using a snowflake as an example:

Useful video: how living things differ from non-living things

Examples of inanimate nature

Let us consider in detail objects of inanimate nature. The world around us is rich various forms objects - inanimate bodies. For ease of understanding, a classification was introduced that allows bodies to be divided into several groups.

Let's list the types of bodies:

1. Solid ( rocks, minerals, ice).
2. Liquid (water, lava, dew, rivers and lakes).
3. Gaseous (vapors of various substances, stars).

The inanimate does not die and is not born, yet one can observe the destruction of mountains and evaporation natural sources. Changes in body shape and size are a response to changes in temperature, pressure or other factors external environment.

During the process of changing the state of aggregation, nonliving things retain their structural particles, which makes it possible to restore the original state (condensation of water vapor).

Air and atmosphere

Air, necessary for life for a large number of living beings on our planet, is part of the atmosphere or “air envelope of the earth.” The atmosphere consists of a mixture of numerous gases with different compositions and properties.

Properties of gas vapors:

• inert in movement (move under the influence of external factors);
• do not have their own metabolic processes (do not breathe, do not need food and water);
• are not born and do not die (they arise during the evaporation of moisture);
• do not show irritability;
• do not reproduce or grow.

Gases do not have the characteristics of living things, but their presence is necessary not only for humans, but also for other organisms. Despite the fact that the air itself is not a living structure, the air envelope of the planet is a habitat for birds and flying mammals ( bats), insects and a huge number of microorganisms.

Air and atmosphere

Water

Unlike other forms of inanimate, water has apparent independent mobility, but in its composition it is also a mixture of various liquids.

Children who enter 3rd grade learn the following: water forms, How:

• lakes,
• rivers,
• streams,
• springs.

These bodies are distinguished by their natural origin, while the pond is a product of human activity. Water and other liquids are classified as inanimate bodies due to the lack of irritability, growth and other properties. However, like the air envelope of the earth, the hydrosphere is home to many animals, plants and microorganisms.

Soil and lithosphere

Soil is a collection of salts and tiny earth rocks, permeated with thin layers of water and air. Even though plants grow out of the ground, soil is also an inanimate object.

Depending on the form of sediments, the presence of organic inclusions, the ability to pass liquids and the oxygen content of the earth, the properties of the soil can vary significantly.

However, this form of inanimate is home to mammals (mice, foxes, badgers, moles), worms, arthropods (beetles, spiders), bacteria and a source of minerals and organic matter for plants and fungi.

It is worth noting that plants and fungi do not absorb the soil, but only take dissolved substances from it. minerals. That is why all plant organisms require a regular supply of moisture for abundant growth.

The sun and other cosmic bodies

In addition to planet Earth, there are billions of other cosmic bodies in our Universe. The stars and our Sun are just one of them.

Scheme and general information about the Sun:

Inanimate nature is a definition that applies equally to our Sun. Despite the light and heat it emits, the luminary does not meet the properties of living things and is not suitable for the life of other creatures.

The presence of a number of inanimate structures, such as water, air, earth, is the most important factor in the emergence and development of life on any planet:

• air – for breathing (oxidation of organic substances);
• water – for the transport of mineral and organic substances inside plants and the implementation of vital important processes inside animal organisms (biological fluids include: blood, lymph, gastric juice);
• soil and minerals – conservation nutrients, material for building dwellings.

Interesting! Large inanimate bodies such as planets have additional properties that are also necessary for life. One of them is gravity.

In the vastness of space there are many stars, the study of which is one of the most important tasks of modern science.

Useful video: inanimate nature

Conclusion

On our planet, living and inanimate nature is in close relationship, which can be observed everywhere. The atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere are, to one degree or another, rich in animate organisms for which land, water or air are a home, a place of shelter or an element of a food production system. All internal processes of organisms are based on interaction with inanimate objects (respiration, absorption of mineral salts by plants).

Remember! Nonliving is part of the external environment, surrounding a person, in need of attention and preservation for future generations. Even if mountains, seas and oceans do not die, in the process of change they can become fundamentally uninhabitable for a large number of creatures.

Material according to the textbook program: “The world around us, grade 2”

What is a natural phenomenon?

Definition: A natural phenomenon is any change in nature: the wind changed direction, the sun rose, a chicken hatched from an egg.

Nature can be living or inanimate.

Weather phenomena of inanimate nature in winter.

Examples of weather changes: drop in temperature, frost, snowfall, blizzard, blizzard, ice, thaw.

Seasonal natural phenomena.

All changes in nature associated with the change of seasons - seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) are called seasonal natural phenomena.

Examples of winter phenomena in inanimate nature.

Example: ice has formed on the water, snow has covered the ground, the sun is not warm, icicles and ice have appeared.

The transformation of water into ice is seasonal phenomenon in inanimate nature.

Observable natural phenomena in inanimate nature that occur around us:

· Frost covers rivers and lakes with ice. Draws funny patterns on the windows. Bites nose and cheeks.

· Snowflakes are falling from the sky and swirling. Snow covers the ground with a white blanket.

· Blizzards and blizzards sweep roads.

· The sun is low above the ground and provides little warmth.

· It's cold outside, the days are short and the nights are long.

· Comes New Year. The city dresses up in elegant garlands.

· During the thaw, snow melts and freezes, forming ice on the roads.

· Large icicles grow on the roofs.

What phenomena of living nature can be observed in winter. 2nd grade.

To the textbook: “The world around us, grade 2”

For example: bears are hibernating, trees have dropped their leaves, people are dressed in winter clothes, the children went outside with a sled.

In winter, trees stand without leaves - this phenomenon is called seasonal.

Examples of changes that occur in winter in wildlife that we observe:

· Flora, wildlife, resting in winter.

· The bear sleeps in its den and sucks its paw.

· Trees and grass sleep in the meadows, covered with a warm blanket - snow.

· Animals are cold in winter, they wear beautiful and fluffy fur coats.

· The hares change clothes - they change their gray fur coat to a white one.

· People wear warm clothes: hats, fur coats, felt boots and mittens.

· Children go sledding, ice skating, make a snowman and play snowballs.

· On New Year's Day, children decorate the Christmas tree with toys and have fun.

· The Snow Maiden and Father Frost come to us for the holiday.

· In winter, birds - tits and bullfinches - fly from the forest to our feeders.

· Birds and animals go hungry in winter. People feed them.

Phenomena of nature, in spring, in inanimate nature.

Examples: snow and ice have melted, the sun is shining brighter, the air has become warmer.

Spring is a seasonal phenomenon - the ice has disappeared from the rivers.

What phenomena in inanimate nature can be observed while walking in the spring:

• In spring, the sun shines brighter and rises higher in the sky.
• The air temperature has become warmer. Instead of snow, it rains.
• The snow is melting, streams are flowing, ice is melting from rivers and lakes.
• The ice slides are melting, icicles are dripping from the roofs.
• Puddles and spring mud appear on the roads.

What are the spring phenomena in wildlife?

Example: leaves are growing on the trees, starlings have flown in from the south, flowers have bloomed, grass has grown.

A seasonal phenomenon in the spring – the bird cherry blossoms.

Examples of spring phenomena in wildlife that we can observe in our native land:

• Wildlife is waking up, bears and hedgehogs are waking up.
• The first insects and flowers appear - willow, snowdrops and dandelions.
• The buds on the trees swell and leaves appear.
• The entire surrounding living world changes clothes in the spring.
• The flora puts on a green and blooming outfit.
• Animals begin to shed - they change their winter coats to summer ones.
• People wear rubber boots and light jackets.

• Summer residents are digging up the ground and doing spring work.
• People begin to sow vegetables and plant trees.
• In cities, the population cleans the streets and holds clean-up days.
• Schoolchildren make boats and birdhouses.
• Migratory birds arrive from the south.

An amazing phenomenon of living nature.

Winter phenomena in nature, such as the life of animals, can be observed by footprints in the snow. You've probably heard about Bigfoot footprints. He is also called the Yeti.

About it, amazing natural phenomenon, can be read in the book by the authors Larina O. V. and Moshenskaya G. N. This book was written for family reading. It will be very interesting for both children and adults. It talks about the most interesting phenomena nature. The publication will be useful in writing an essay, preparing a report or presentation on the topic of the surrounding world. Electronic version of the book " Amazing phenomena nature", can be purchased on the liters website. Cost 100 rub.

Many people wonder why he hasn't been caught yet, if he actually exists. There were different hypotheses that he lives in a world parallel to us and catches our eye - by chance or that he is of extraterrestrial origin. But these assumptions are not very convincing. The Yeti corresponds to the appearance of earthly creatures - a stocky body covered with hair, like great monkeys and primitive people. Many people say that it appears suddenly, without any rustle or noise of branches, and also suddenly disappears.

There is a hypothesis among scientists and researchers that the Yeti has the power of suggestion. Therefore, it is difficult to see, much less catch. He does not disappear, as it seems to people, but becomes invisible with the help of his suggestion. Scientists are sure that our distant ancestors also mastered such techniques. But, in the process of evolution, speech developed, and people gradually lost the ability to transmit thoughts at a distance and influence the consciousness of another person. A, big Foot didn’t learn to talk, so he still had this opportunity to influence people’s consciousness, as if to suggest that he doesn’t exist. And all this makes him even more mysterious...

Names everything living and nonliving created without his participation. This is the whole world around us. In the article we will consider what nature is, what it consists of and what impact it has on human life.

Meaning of the word

In science, nature is usually called the material world located in the universe. It is the main subject of study and research in the natural sciences. The everyday meaning of the word “nature” is somewhat simplified and means natural habitat.

In natural science, there are several kingdoms of nature. Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist and physician, in his 1735 work System of Nature, identified the following kingdoms:

• mineral, which covers inanimate nature: stones, water, sun;
• vegetable, which includes all plants (studied by botany);
• an animal that includes all living organisms (studied by zoology).

Dokuchaev V.V., geologist and soil scientist, believed that another kingdom should be distinguished - bioinert, which includes knowledge about soils, as he stated in 1883.

The word "nature" can also be considered in other meanings:

• Set of conditions natural environment habitats: relief, climate, plants and animals. For example, tropical nature.
• The set of properties and needs of the human body. For example, male and female nature.
• The essence of something and its basic properties. For example, the nature of light.
• In common parlance, “nature” is used to describe human qualities. For example, leisurely by nature, witty by nature.

The word “nature”: analysis and synonyms for it

The word "nature" is a noun female. According to new morphemic and word-formation dictionaries, it consists of two parts:

• “nature” is the root and basis of the word;
• "a" is the ending.

If we consider the word “nature” according to its etymology, then there are three parts in the composition:

• “at” is a prefix;
• "genus" - root;
• “a” - ending;
• The basis of the word is “nature”.

Many consider the second option to be more correct. Because the word “nature” itself means everything that was in nature, that is, on Earth, where people lived - the race. Words with the same root are: homeland, people, relative, parents, spring and the like.

Synonyms for the word “nature”: essence, world, likeness, universe, fundamental principle, organism, nature, nature, substance, reality.

Usually the word we are considering is associated with the following concepts: trees, forest, plant air, security, love, sky, animals, plants, seasons, mountains, clouds and more.

Life on Planet Earth

Our planet today is the only one (at least according to official data) on which life and the existence of living matter have been recorded. Her natural features have been studied for many centuries by scientists and researchers.

Life on Earth is possible due to the nature of the planet: two polar regions and a tropical region in the middle. Precipitation falling on the surface and the presence of the atmosphere make it possible for all living things to grow and feed. And soil is the basis for building and growing crops.

There is a constant evolution of geological and biological processes on the planet. The presence of water is the basis for the life of all organisms. It occupies approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. Thanks to climatic conditions An ecosystem has formed that includes many living organisms, including humans.

Live nature

Living nature includes everything that is capable of independently surviving, developing, eating, growing and reproducing: plants and animals, as well as humans.

The main signs of living nature are:

• birth, development, growth - all life begins small: a seed grows into a tree, a baby into an adult;
• reproduction - the ability to reproduce one's own kind;
• food - any Living being should feed: trees on liquid, and animals on plants or other animals;
• breathing and movement - living organisms are able to move independently, for which they need oxygen: animals walk with the help of their paws, and plants turn towards the sun;
• dying is the end of the existence of an organism, after which it becomes an object of inanimate nature: a tree is animate nature, and a felled trunk is inanimate.

Biology distinguishes the following objects of living nature:

• microorganisms are the very first forms of life on the planet;
• plants - the world of flora, which is presented in a rich variety - from single-celled algae to huge trees;
• animals are the most large group wildlife;
• Man is considered the highest level of development of living nature.

What is inanimate nature and why is it called that? Let's look at it below.

In addition to vegetation and animals, a person is surrounded by other objects created without his participation. These are stones, clouds, rivers, mountains, wind, leaves, sun rays.

Inanimate nature is the primary source; it is from it and thanks to it that life appeared on the planet. All organisms use inanimate objects in the process of life.

Signs of objects of inanimate nature are:

• resistance to weather conditions and other environmental changes;
• low variability;
• lack of the ability to breathe, eat, reproduce, grow, move and die.

The following sciences study such objects: physics, chemistry, hydrography, geology, astronomy and others.

Objects of inanimate nature are classified as follows:

• solids - minerals, rocks, glaciers, stones, rocks, comets;
• liquid bodies - dew, rain, clouds, lava, river;
• gaseous bodies - steam, nebulae of the universe, some planets, air masses.

The lives of living and inanimate nature are closely interconnected and one is impossible without the other. Particularly necessary are soil, air, water, and sun.

The connection between nature and seasons

Nature dear to man The planet is in constant motion. The main feature of life is its cyclical nature - successively changing seasons that set the rhythm of existence, the phases of sleep and awakening, the development and slowdown of processes.

The change of seasons during the year is usually called the seasons - these are winter, spring, summer and autumn. This natural phenomenon attracts scientists and influences artists.

Poets and artists have dedicated many works to the seasons. They praise the beauty of nature. And medical scientists associate many processes occurring in the human body with the change of seasons.

Nature in art

What is nature in art? This is an image that is often endowed with human qualities: will, desire or opposition.

The theme of nature began to be revealed most widely from the era of romanticism. It was described as an instinctive principle, something opposed to man. Nature in art is perceived as the beginning of all living things, which is why it is often called pure and virgin, as well as mother. When a person gets tired of civilization, he finds peace in nature.

Since the 20th century, the personified image has been endowed with vengeance. Nature is described as the Earth's response to human activity in the form natural Disasters and disasters. Natural phenomena complex and diverse, they speak of nature’s ability to teach humanity.

Nature and human life

Man is an integral part of nature. He exists only thanks to her - atmospheric pressure, liquids, oxygen, soil. If you remove just one component, a person will not be able to exist.

People create luxury goods for themselves, and satisfy their primary needs with the help of nature. It is she who provides protection, resources, food. Humanity has long stopped living in caves and hunting; instead, people build houses and shops.

For humans, nature is an inexhaustible source of information. Thanks to knowledge, scientists analyze the past and try to predict the future.

But with the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, humanity ceases to take nature into account. IN modern world exist global problems- warming, lack of forests, extermination of animals... All this throws the ecosystem out of balance. Governments are drawing up projects to restore nature, planting areas and more carefully analyzing the remaining resources.

Instead of an afterword

To the question: “What is nature?” you can answer in different ways, because it is so ambiguous, incomprehensible and limitless. But one thing can be stated: man calls himself the king of nature, but in fact he is only a part of it, a component of something larger, a grain of sand in the ocean of the universe.