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The highest wheat yield per 1 hectare. Thank you! You are subscribed to our newsletter

Despite the significant achievements of domestic scientists in the field of breeding and crop production, the influence of hydrothermal conditions on the grain productivity of winter crops remains significant. Droughts, which often occur in the Steppe zone, can affect grain filling and significantly reduce wheat yields.

The influence of weather conditions on wheat yield

Often, ground drought in the spring-summer growing season is accompanied by air drought, as a result - well-developed crops of winter crops (winter wheat), which should provide high yields, rapidly reduce grain productivity. There is such a thing as “plant takeover” - the action of unfavorable factors. The main sign of the takeover of winter wheat plants is most often the flatness of the grain due to an imbalance in water balance, when the evaporation of moisture by the plant exceeds its supply from the soil. The harmful effect of dry winds mainly comes down to the fact that the consumption of soil moisture reserves is significantly accelerated. But the negative impact of drought can be reduced by properly providing winter wheat crops with moisture through irrigation.

The degree of damage to crops is determined by the period of drought:

The capture of plants during pollen formation negatively affects fertilization, resulting in crossgrain or even empty grain.
If the capture of bread occurs at the beginning of grain filling (before the milky ripeness phase), the grain consists almost entirely of shells and contains only a small amount of starchy substance.
If the capture of plants occurs at slightly later periods, a plush grain is formed.

The capture of plants is accompanied by the heat of the grain, leading to disruption of its development and premature ripening in spikelets due to negative impact droughts, high air temperatures and, especially, hot winds. As a result, the well-developed grain of winter wheat suddenly shrinks and becomes flat.

Grain capture in the Steppe zone occurs mainly in the second half of June - July.

Study of the formation of grain yield of winter wheat

The goal of the scientists’ work was to study the dynamics of grain filling of winter wheat under various hydrothermal growing conditions, depending on the influence of agrotechnical practices.

A method for determining the dynamics of grain filling, which was founded by M.M. Kuleshov (later improved by I. Strona and V.M. Kostromitin), is based on identifying the relationship between the specifics of growth and accumulation of dry matter by grain by sequentially determining grain moisture and the weight of 1000 grains.

Research to study the influence of sowing dates, predecessors, seed sowing rates and hydrothermal conditions during the growing season of winter wheat on grain filling was carried out at the Genichesk experimental station of the Institute of Grain Crops (Kherson region). The Sivashya zone is an arid region of Ukraine. The conditions for growing winter crops here are very harsh. This is due to high air temperatures, insufficient precipitation and its uneven distribution during the growing season of plants. The average long-term air temperature in the Sivash region is 10.3 ° C, the amount of precipitation is 398 mm. The soft winter wheat variety Kuyalnik was sown after black fallow and after sunflower. They sowed on three dates: September 5 and 25 and October 15. Seeding rates were 3, 5 and 7 million viable seeds/ha, respectively. The soil of the experimental field is dark chestnut, to varying degrees saline. The humus content in the arable layer is 2.2-2.4%, nitrogen - 0.11-0.13; phosphorus - 0.10-0.12; potassium - 0.14-0.16%. In addition to the elements that were studied in this study, the technology for growing winter wheat was generally accepted for Southern Steppe Ukraine.

The weather conditions during the research period were characterized by significant contrast, which in a certain way influenced the formation and filling of grain. To establish the exact volumes of water used by plants from the soil and their moisture supply, the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) was determined during the period of ear and grain formation. IN dry year STC research in May was the lowest - 0.04, in June - 0.12. Abnormally dry weather complicated by low relative humidity air, which in May was 55, and in June - 50% (Fig. 1).

On some days, air humidity dropped to 20-30%, and sometimes lower, which in combination with high temperature air and strong wind negatively affected the formation and filling of grain.

Such weather conditions caused its accelerated ripening, which subsequently affected the yield. It is known that the mass of 1000 grains determines the amount of substance contained in the grain and its size. And of course, larger grains have higher 1000 grain weights. So, in Fig. 2 shows that in a year with an insufficient level of moisture in May and June, grain moisture content rapidly decreased and already on June 21 in sowing carried out in black fallow it was 10%, and after sunflower - 7.1%. But the mass of 1000 grains gradually increased and reached 30.4 and 26.8 g, respectively.

Favorable moisture conditions in May and June extended the duration of the growing season of winter wheat. Thus, during the grain harvest (June 26), grain moisture in the variants where the predecessor was black fallow was 14%, and in winter crops after sunflower - 8%. The mass of 1000 grains reached 35.9 and 32.8 g, respectively. So, the difference in the weight of 1000 grains of winter wheat in the years since favorable conditions moisture and with an insufficient level of moisture supply in May and June after sowing in black fallow was 15.3, and after sunflower - 18.3% (Fig. 3).

The influence of predecessors on the yield of winter wheat

Analysis of grain moisture when growing winter wheat after various predecessors indicates that in black fallow, due to the weakening of moisture loss of the grain, the plants were more resistant to the adverse effects of drought. In our opinion, this is due to large reserves of moisture in the soil compared to sowing winter crops after their predecessor, sunflower. That is, after non-steam predecessors, due to water deficiency, grain moisture decreased much faster, which led to the formation of plush grains with a low weight of 1000 grains. In Fig. 2 and 3 it is clear that the importance of the precursor is not limited to the moisture supply of winter wheat plants in the main phases of development, but also manifests itself during grain filling and ripening.

The influence of sowing timing on the yield of winter wheat

In our experiments, the dynamics of grain filling and the weight of 1000 grains were influenced not only by predecessors, but also by sowing dates. Thus, when sowing winter wheat on September 5 (early date) with a seeding rate of 5 million viable seeds/ha, the difference in the weight of 1000 grains between plants in crops after sunflower and in black fallow was 3.3%, on September 25 - 7.5; October 15 - 5.6%. For each of the predecessors, the largest mass of 1000 grains was at early stages sowing, the value of this indicator gradually decreased with a shift in sowing dates towards later ones. The lowest weight of 1000 grains when sowing winter wheat at late dates is explained by the difference in the development of such crops compared to early ones. Plants in winter wheat crops late dates sowing, of course, later began to flower, form and fill grain and in this case were exposed to drought and more intensively damaged by dry winds.

Seed sowing rates also influenced the dynamics of grain filling, since the density of plants per unit area differed. In areas where the seeding rate was 3 million viable seeds/ha, grain moisture was higher compared to more dense crops. The difference in this indicator was insignificant in areas with a seeding rate of 3 and 7 million viable seeds/ha and amounted to 0.8-2.4%. Since wheat yield is determined by the interaction of productivity elements, in particular the number of productive stems, grain weight per ear, weight of 1000 grains, grain size significantly influenced the size and quality of the crop.

Despite the significant density of productive stems in a year with an insufficient level of moisture during May and June, which was manifested in some areas by exceeding the corresponding indicators in a year with a favorable level of moisture in these months, the wheat yield this year was significantly lower.

In a dry year unfavorable for grain filling, wheat plants formed small seeds, the weight of which, depending on the timing and sowing rates, ranged from 23.9-29.7 g when grown after sunflower and 29.1-31.7 g when grown after the predecessor black steam.

The influence of nutrition and fertilizer on the yield of winter wheat

To determine the influence of the level of mineral nutrition on the dynamics of grain filling and the formation of winter wheat yield during 2010-2014, we conducted research at the Dnepr experimental farm of the Institute of Grain Crops (Dnepropetrovsk region). The winter wheat variety Litanivka was sown in black fallow and after the stubble predecessor. The technology for growing wheat in the experiments was generally accepted for the northern part of the Steppe. The studies were carried out in two versions: without applying fertilizers (control) and with the application of background fertilizer N60P60K60 - after sunflower and N30P30K30 (background) - after black fallow; background + N30 on permafrost soil (MTS) + N30 in the tillering phase of plants in the spring by spraying (working solution concentration - 9.5%). Nitrogen fertilizers were applied in the form of UAN - a urea-ammonium mixture.

Determination of the hydrothermal coefficient in May and June showed that the growing season conditions in the experimental farm were more favorable than in the Sivash region. Low HTC values in May and June were noted in 2013 - 0.34 and 0.36, respectively. 2014 was favorable in terms of humidification: the HTC in May was 2.19, in June - 1.85, and the average monthly relative humidity was high - 69% (Fig. 4).

At the same time, despite the relatively high average monthly values of relative air humidity over the years of research, dry winds often occurred during the grain filling period. The year 2012 was characterized by low relative air humidity; in May the value of this indicator was 58, and in June - 56.3%.

According to the research results, it was established that when growing winter crops after stubble predecessors in the control variant, the wheat yield decreased more intensively, which was due to low grain moisture and the formation of the lowest mass of 1000 grains. On average, in 2010-2014, the weight of 1000 grains in these areas was 33.5 g (Fig. 5).

In areas with the application of background fertilizer N60P60K60, the weight of 1000 grains reached 35.1 g, and for N60P60K60 with subsequent feeding of N30 by MTG and N30 in the tillering phase in the spring - 38.9 g.

Grain moisture decreased less intensively in variants with a high level of mineral nutrition. Thus, as of June 29, grain moisture in these options was 12.3%, while in areas with the application of only background fertilizer N60P60K60 - 11.2, and without application of fertilizers - 9.4% (Fig. 5). In our opinion, this is due to the fact that the application of mineral fertilizers activated growth processes in plants, and with a more favorable nutritional regime, the duration of the growing season of winter wheat increases.

Due to the better moisture supply of winter crops in black fallow, the intensity of grain filling of winter wheat increased compared to areas where winter crops were grown after sunflower, but the decrease in grain moisture occurred more slowly. Thus, on average for 2010-2014, the weight of 1000 grains as of June 29 in variants with the application of background mineral fertilizer N30P30K30 was 38.4 g, and grain moisture was 11.2%. After additional feeding of crops with nitrogen, an increase in the weight of 1000 grains was observed to 40.8 g and a decrease in grain moisture to 13.9%. Minimum values The weight of 1000 grains (36.2 g) and grain moisture content (11.2%) were in the control variant - without the application of mineral fertilizers (Fig. 6).

Based on the analysis of the level of moisture loss of winter wheat grains per day, it was found that in moderate temperature conditions day, grain moisture content during ripening decreased by 1.0-1.5%, and in the event of dry winds occurring on certain days - by 2.0-3.0%.

Thus, winter wheat, sown in black fallow and sufficiently provided with mineral nutrition elements, turned out to be more resistant to drought conditions during the grain filling period. The accumulation of dry matter in the grain and, accordingly, the increase in the weight of 1000 grains in such crops was characterized by high rates compared to winter crops, which were sown after non-fallow predecessors.

Under the conditions of the current year, the level of moisture supply to winter wheat plants during the spring period was very favorable. Therefore there is good reasons to obtain a high yield of winter wheat grain this production season. So, the examples given in this article convincingly indicate that the level of grain productivity of winter grain crops directly depends on hydrothermal conditions during the period of grain formation and filling. The reserves of productive moisture in the soil in most of the Steppe zone are quite high, which prevents a decrease in the yield of winter wheat due to soil drought. The risk of reducing winter crop yields can only be the possible occurrence of dry winds during the grain filling period.

A. Zhelyazkov, Ph.D. Agricultural Sciences, State Institution Institute of Grain Crops NAAS

By July 19, winter and spring wheat in Russia had been threshed on 7.3 million hectares, or 27% of the harvested area, according to data from the Ministry of Agriculture. This is twice as much as on the same date in 2017. In South federal district and in the North Caucasus, 83% of the work has already been completed, and farmers in the Center and Volga region have also begun collecting.

The gross wheat harvest is now estimated at 27.6 million tons in bunker weight, compared to 11.3 million tons a year ago. The average yield is 38.2 c/ha versus 45.8 c/ha. The SovEkon analytical center explains the decline by the fact that recent months for the most part European Russia were extremely dry. From the data of the agricultural department it follows that the yield exceeds last year’s only by Kursk region, as well as in Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and North Ossetia. In other regions, including all subjects of the Southern Federal District, the wheat yield per 1 hectare is inferior to last year’s result. Including in the Stavropol Territory - 36.9 c/ha versus 43.2 c/ha, in Rostov region- 34.9 c/ha versus 39.4 c/ha, in Krasnodar region- 63.5 c/ha versus 63.7 c/ha. On average, the yield in the South lags behind by 15%, in the North Caucasus District - by 10%, in the Central District - by 13%, and in the Volga District - by 34%.
At the same time, if we compare wheat yields not with the same date in 2017, but with a comparable harvested area in 2017, then the difference in yield is somewhat smaller, SovEcon notes. “The yield from a similar area in 2017 was 44.4 c/ha. In 2016 - 41.6 c/ha, in 2015 - 36.9 c/ha,” the center’s analysts report. However, the figure is the lowest in the last three years. “Dry weather in many regions of the European part of the country in last days gave way to rains, which may complicate harvesting,” SovEcon analysts warn.

In general, grain and leguminous crops in Russia by July 19 had been threshed on 8.6 million hectares or 18.5% of the area. 31.7 million tons of grain in bunker weight were collected with an average yield of 37 c/ha versus 44.3 c/ha as of the same date in 2017. Winter and spring barley were harvested on 9% of the area, 2.4 million tons of bunker weight were obtained, with the average yield decreasing by 19% from 39.7 c/ha to 32.1 c/ha. Including in the Southern Federal District, where barley harvesting is almost half completed, the yield decreased by 23% to 30.8 c/ha.

As harvesting progressed, grain market experts lowered their grain harvest forecasts. Thus, after receiving the first data on yields in the southern regions, SovEcon reduced the forecast for grain production this season to 113.9 million tons in net weight, which is 16% lower than the record 135.4 million tons in 2017. Including wheat, according to analysts, 69.6 million tons can be harvested this year compared to 85.9 million tons last year. The ProZerno company forecasts gross harvest at 115.4 million tons (including 70.9 million tons of wheat), the Russian Grain Union - 114 million tons (including 69-73 million tons of wheat), the Rusagrotrans analytical center - 115.7 million tons, including 71.4 million tons of wheat. The Institute for Agricultural Market Studies (IKAR) earlier in July lowered the gross harvest forecast from 114.7 million tons to 112.8 million tons, including for wheat the estimate was adjusted from 71.5 million tons to 70.8 million tons, for corn - from 12.3 million tons to 11.8 million tons, for barley - from 17.8 million tons to 17.5 million tons.

The US Department of Agriculture forecasts grain harvest in Russia at 103.4 million tons, including 67 million tons of wheat. American analysts do not include rice production in their calculations, and also do not take into account data on Crimea. The Russian Ministry of Agriculture adheres to the previously made conservative forecast that the grain harvest this year will be 100 million tons. Including the wheat harvest is projected at 64.4 million tons, a ministry representative told TASS. “The total volume of crop losses could be about 30 million tons,” he noted.

Earn up to five thousand hryvnia per hectare of wheat

It is profitable to sow everything. But we have been betting on wheat for several years now. Because after it there is no need to let the field rest. And sunflower or rapeseed deplete the soil, * says Nikolai Doloban, 56 years old. He is the chief accountant farm-ROM- in the village of Bolshaya Sevastyanovka, Khristinivsky district in Cherkasy region. The farm has 876 hectares of land. Half was sown with winter wheat, 50 hectares with barley. 100 hectares were allocated for rapeseed. Seeds are ordered varietal. For 1 hectare you need up to 180 kg. * Neighbors used to collect 20 centners of wheat per hectare. And we * 71. Because we do soil analysis in the Smilyan laboratory. This allows you to determine the appropriate fertilizers. In Bolshaya Sevastyanovka there are deep black soils. Therefore, for example, we did not introduce ammonium nitrate. They gave us urea and limestone-ammonium nitrate. This year we are also using these fertilizers, * says Nikolai Doloban. * To make good money on wheat, the yield must be at least 50 centners per hectare. As soon as the snow melts, winter crops are checked for germination. Monoliths * layers of soil with crops measuring meter by meter are taken out onto the field. Place them in a warm place. When winter crops germinate, the plants are counted. Grain is sold in winter, when the price rises * If winter crops are too thin, we add more. These are additional costs. Last winter the crops overwintered successfully. We treat them with herbicides, weed killers and poison against the turtle bug. It is more profitable to apply the herbicide than to drive the equipment several times later. Our yield is good. Hot product. There is no need to look for buyers, they will find themselves.

Grain can be sold to the State Reserve. The farm -ROM- has a new combine harvester -Fiat agro- and a grain storage facility. Therefore, the harvest is not sold immediately after harvest, but when the price rises. Usually in winter. * For a ton of food grain in the fall they gave up to 1100 hryvnia. Currently 150 hryvnia more. Those who can hold it receive additional income. As a rule, 3(R)6 tons of wheat are harvested from 1 hectare. Using new technologies * 9 tons. The cost of cultivating such an area is 1(R)4.5 thousand UAH. Consequently, for 1 hectare of wheat they earn 1.7 (R) 5.2 thousand UAH. It is not profitable to grow sugar beets. Farmers are refusing sugar beets. * We previously planned 130 hectares for it. But it has happened more than once: people will deliver beets to a sugar factory. And he doesn’t give away either sugar or money. Then you go and beg. But the state only issues instructions on what to sell and how much, * says Nikolai Doloban from the farm -ROM-. * That's why we don't sow beets. Once upon a time, 23 sugar factories operated in the Cherkassy region, producing 500(R)700 thousand tons of sugar. Now there are two enterprises. In 2009, they produced only 46 thousand tons of products. * The price of sugar was formed artificially. For a long time it was dictated at the level of 3.5 (R) 4.5 hryvnia per kilo. Sugar factories were losing, that's why they closed, * says CEO vegetable processing enterprise - Zlatodar - Vladimir Lukyanets, 53 years old. * Formerly the government paid peasants a subsidy of * 750 hryvnia for each hectare of beets. And they raised it. In 2009, there was no talk of subsidies. Now there are few factories. You will have to sell beets far away. It is not profitable. As a consequence * deficiency and high price Sahara.

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Yield limit, or increasing wheat yield (part 1)

“The history of mankind from the very beginning has been the history of the struggle for daily bread,” wrote the Brazilian scientist and public figure Josué de Castro. This struggle continues today. IN last years in many parts of the planet it has even worsened. To provide people with food, every country needs profound social transformations, accompanied by scientific and technological progress in agriculture. This is especially important for developing countries Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Today, only a small part of the land is used for Agriculture. Of the 13 billion hectares of land, only 3 billion are allocated to meadows and pastures, and only 1.5 billion hectares to arable land. Thus, for each person there is about a hectare of agricultural land, a third of which is arable land. To meet the minimum annual food requirement, 500 kilograms of grain per person are required. At the same time, a significant part of the grain is spent to obtain livestock products.

The main grain crop is wheat. It is cultivated on all continents. The boundaries of the areas occupied by wheat reach the northernmost and southern latitudes. It is most common in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Europe, Asia, America, and Australia. The enormous popularity of this crop is determined primarily by its agricultural importance. After all, it is the main cereal. Wheat grain is also an indispensable raw material for the pasta and confectionery industry; it is used to prepare different kinds cereals, starch, alcohol and so on. Flour milling waste is a valuable component of animal feed. Straw is also used as livestock feed. Wheat occupies a leading place in the energy and nutritional balance of humans. To have enough grain, it is necessary to obtain a grain harvest of an average of 15 centners from each hectare of arable land. Is this real?

An ancient farmer, growing wild einkorn and einkorn wheat, was satisfied with grain yields of 3-3.5 centners per hectare. At feudal system Thanks to the plow, the spelled wheat harvest was already 4.5 centners per hectare. After the invention of the iron plow, this figure increased to 7 quintals. At the beginning of the century in Russia grains were received at 8.2 centners per hectare. In the 70s, the average harvest in the USSR was 16.6 centners per hectare, and in some places of the country it was much higher - 35-40 centners per hectare. Winter wheat produced a record harvest in Kyrgyzstan at the Przhevalsky variety plot - 126 centners per hectare. But this is not the limit of productivity. The more grain is contained in each ear of the plant and the more such productive plants there are in the field, the higher the harvest will be. 400 centners of wheat per hectare - this is the forecast of the Swedish breeder J. McKay. Impressive, isn't it? According to the calculations of Professor N.V. Turbin, the theoretical limit of plant productivity is still lower - 200 centners per hectare.

Our country is the largest wheat producer. The accelerated and sustainable increase in grain production is a key problem in agriculture, the Food Program emphasizes. In the coming years, it is necessary to meet the growing needs for high-quality food and feed grain.

One of the most accessible ways to increase the yield of grain crops is the introduction of new, more productive varieties and hybrids of the so-called intensive type into agricultural production.

A real revolution in domestic plant growing was made by Academician P. P. Lukyanenko, who created the famous winter wheat Bezostaya 1, and on its basis - the Aurora and Caucasus varieties with a yield of up to 100 centners per hectare.

After repeated group and mass selections of plants, Academician V.N. Remeslo created the intensive type variety Mironovskaya 808.

Its varieties Mironovskaya 808 improved, Mironovskaya Yubileynaya, Ilyichevka have exceptionally high potential yields - up to 100 centners per hectare. At the same time, they have many economically valuable characteristics: resistance to harsh winter temperatures and the main disease of cereals - brown leaf rust, as well as drought.

The grain of the new Mironov wheat has high technological and baking qualities.

For the next decade, the food program sets the task for breeders to create varieties and hybrids that meet the requirements of industrial technologies. New varieties must be created that are resistant to unfavorable environmental factors, immune to diseases and pests, with high quality grains At the same time, their potential yield should be no lower than 60-90 for winter wheat, and 45-60 centners per hectare for spring wheat.

What does it mean: “New varieties of intensive type”? First of all, these varieties have many economically valuable traits, which makes it possible to obtain high yields. But, in addition, there is one more feature, perhaps the main one - most of them have a short stem. If in old varieties the grain weight was four times less than the straw weight, then in intensive varieties this ratio is approximately the same. Short-stemmed or dwarf varieties have a strong stem, do not lie down in the rain and wind, and produce high yields.

Events known as the “wheat revolution” are associated with dwarf and semi-dwarf varieties of wheat.

In the late 60s and early 70s, grain production increased sharply in the most populous countries of Asia, where mass famine seemed inevitable. There was a wheat revolution. This name is associated with the name of the world-famous breeder N. E. Borlaug, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970 for the creation of highly productive dwarf wheat, which now occupies vast areas. The scientist achieved success while working in Mexico. By numerous crossings of local varieties with Japanese dwarf wheat Norin 10, he obtained a group of dwarf varieties Rojo 64 and Sonora 64. If in 1945 wheat yields in Mexico were low and amounted to 7 centners per hectare, then ten years later they increased to 30-40 centners per hectare, which made it possible to fully provide the country with grain. Two harvests per year have become a reality, with the first sowing in December and the second in May.

Indian scientists, by irradiating red-grained Mexican wheat, also obtained dwarf varieties, but with grains of golden amber color, increased protein content and high yield - up to 45-50 centners per hectare. N. Borlaug and Indian breeders managed to disrupt genetic connection between the length of the ear and the stem. In such wheats, the type of plant growth was changed. New varieties have stronger stems, do not lie down, and produce high yields. The creation of dwarf wheat required a change in old agricultural techniques. They require shallow seed placement and high doses of fertilizer. They are more sensitive to moisture and weed contamination.

Confidently short-stemmed forms of wheat, rice, barley and other crops occupy the fields of Asia and America. But in Western Europe, in cold and temperate climate and in our country Borlaug's wheat did not spread. They turned out to be unstable to dangerous diseases of cereals: powdery mildew, rust, dusty smut.

According to available data from Rosstat, the UN agricultural organization and the US Department of Agriculture, the total world wheat yield in 2015 was equal to 729 million tons. The dynamics of the past half century demonstrate a constant increase in yield with a slight increase in the sown area. Since 1960, average wheat yields have increased from 1.16 to 3.14 tons. The increase in sown area over the years was about 10-15%. Record wheat yields per hectare were recorded in New Zealand (91 quintals), Ireland (90 quintals), Belgium (89 quintals), the Netherlands (87 quintals) and Germany (80 quintals).

The volume of wheat trade on Earth has almost quadrupled since 1960. Consequently, the rate of trade growth significantly exceeds the rate of increase in output. Moreover, in the last ten years the market big influence has many weather, socio-economic and political circumstances. The four leaders in wheat production in the world are represented by China, India, the USA and Russia.

The most efficient wheat exporting countries in the world among the leaders in terms of export volume are the USA, Australia, Canada and India. In 2014, they managed to sell cereal at prices ranging from $300 per ton (335, 319, 300 and 323, respectively). It is noteworthy that India sells abroad 7 times less wheat than the United States and 5 times less than Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Argentina sell wheat at prices of 232, 204, 173 and 110 dollars per ton.

Wheat yield in Russia

Russia occupies an important place in world wheat production and trade, mainly produced in the Krasnodar region and Chelyabinsk region. Over the past 10 years, its share of global production has been approximately 8%, with a record 9.3% in the 2008/09 season. In 2010, an export ban caused the share of production to fall to 6.4%, and a poor harvest in the 2012/13 season saw this figure drop to 5.7%. In subsequent years, Russia managed to improve the situation and occupy 8.4% of world wheat production in the 2015/16 season.

In general, the dynamics of changes in global production volumes coincide with Russian indicators. This is due to the natural diversity of the country, which offsets the low yields of individual regions due to successful campaigns in other areas.

Wheat producing countries

Today Russia is one of the systemically important players in the global wheat trade market. With the exception of 2010 and 2012, our country’s share here is 12-14% and in the long term is growing slightly (1.6% for 2008-15). Today Russia sells a significant part of its harvest for export rather than for domestic use.

Considering the increase in demand for imports in the countries of the Middle East and the Maghreb, as well as the possibility of increasing the value of exports to the levels of the USA, India and Australia, the Russian Federation has significant potential for increasing export revenues. In addition, the country can take a noticeably larger share in world production by increasing crop yields to the world average.

how to increase wheat yield

Green manure for grain yield

The most useful green manures for wheat are beans, soybeans, peas, lentils, other legumes, buckwheat, and rapeseed. Typically, for high yields, a gap of two years is maintained between wheat sowings. It is noteworthy that in households, wheat itself is sometimes planted as green manure before vegetables.

Before sowing in a field or on private territory, you need to carry out full list preparatory measures: disking, plowing, breaking up fertilizers, leveling and compacting the area. To obtain a rich harvest per 1 hectare of area, you can apply potassium or phosphorus fertilizers to the soil.

Experts advise planting winter varieties that enter an active phase of development with the arrival of spring warmth. For this reason, in most cases in Russia, wheat is sown in mid-September, immersing the seeds by 50 mm. In this case, up to 4 leaves are formed on the sprouts before frost begins.

Wheat yield by variety

The yield of some types of Russian wheat, which can be achieved with proper care:

"Galina" - 70 c/ha;
"Augusta" - 86 c/ha;
“Moskovskaya” - 75 c/ha;
“Nemchinovskaya” - 70 c/ha;
“Governor of the Don” - 45 c/ha.

How to care for wheat in the field

Every agronomist knows that the quality of crop care can be assessed by what wheat yield is recorded at the end of the season. It is necessary to take care of the plant even before its seeds are planted in the soil, because the soil from which the wheat will draw nutrients is much more important.

The first stage of preparation is carried out immediately after harvest. To do this, the soil is disked using disc harrows. The land on which perennial grasses grew is plowed at the surface at this stage.

Next important stage is the treatment of seed material with liquid organic matter or specialized means designed to protect it from pests and diseases.

After this, sowing is carried out using mechanized seeders. In dry weather, the soil is rolled before sowing, and sometimes, in order to save money, rolling is combined with sowing. In addition, minerals are added to the soil along with the seed material, among which the most important are phosphorus and potassium.

In the process of growing a crop, it is necessary to protect it from rodents. In cases where the number of mouse colonies exceeds 8, their holes must be buried after filling with ammonia water. Grain traps can also be used for control.

Soil harrowing is also carried out in the spring to close cracks and protect the moisture in the ground from evaporation. After harrowing, wheat is usually fed with nitrogen fertilizers to protect and accelerate the development of the crop.

Weeds are removed from the sown area using herbicides. For example, when using Granstar, 35 g of the drug, 200-300 ml of surfactants and about 300 liters of water are needed per 1 ha. It is better to spray the planting in the evening or morning, but it is also possible during the day if the air temperature does not exceed +25˚C.

When the wheat ripens in the fields

The arrival of full maturity and the beginning of the harvesting campaign on the field when cultivating spring wheat starts in accordance with climatic zone, in which it is sown. In the warm regions of Russia, the finished cereal is harvested already in July, and in the north - in August-September. Farmers in the eastern regions of the country begin harvesting in August.

Depending on the place of sowing, harvesting can be done in the middle phase of wax ripeness or at the beginning. Upon reaching ripeness, direct harvesting is done. Spring crops of soft species, as a rule, are harvested earlier, since plants of this group quickly crumble.

In the eastern regions, to extend harvesting periods, they practice sowing one of the types of wheat or both at once, but with great time maturation: late and early. This allows you to avoid crop losses and harvest crops at the most appropriate time.

The timing of ripening and harvesting of winter wheat sometimes varies noticeably even within one climate zone. The success of wintering and yield, as well as the final ripening period, depend on the weather, the care of the site, and the preparation before sowing.

The ripeness of the crop is determined by the moisture content of the grains. When this indicator decreases to 15-17%, it is time to harvest, because further loss of moisture leads to a decrease in the beneficial properties of the product. It is possible to begin harvesting winter crops earlier separately: first, it is mowed into windrows and kept in this state for 2-3 days, then threshed with a combine. When the humidity drops below 22%, direct harvesting begins.

How to increase the yield of winter wheat

Increasing wheat yield per 1 hectare of sown area is the main task of breeding and agricultural technologists. As mentioned above, over the past 55 years, the average yield in the world has increased 3 times with a slight increase in area.

To increase the yield of winter wheat from 1 hectare it is necessary to ensure following conditions growing crops:

Nitrogen is necessary for wheat throughout the growing season, but in the heading and booting phases the plants need it most. Nitrogen fertilization in early spring effective because it neutralizes the negative effect of leaching nitrate nitrogen into deeper layers.
For seedlings and the initial stages of crop development, it is important to feed the plants with phosphorus to develop and strengthen the roots. Phosphorus also promotes the formation more grains in ears.
A deficiency of potassium in the plant's nutritional base before flowering begins leads to weather sensitivity and developmental delays. As a result, the culture becomes less resistant to winter conditions and changes in humidity.
Excessive moisture and nitrogen addition to the soil should be avoided. As a result, plants lay down and die.

Irrigation intensity, adjusted according to the characteristics of the terrain and climate, is of great importance for productivity. In areas with a rainy autumn, pre-sowing and traditional watering should be less intense, and in regions with a dry end of the year, it is necessary to artificially bring the soil to the required humidity.

How to increase the yield of spring wheat

To protect the seed material of spring varieties from pathogens, it is treated with formaldehyde before sowing. The seeds are immersed for several minutes in a solution of 300 liters of water and 1 liter of 40% formaldehyde. After this, the grains are kept covered under a tarpaulin or thick cloth for about 2 hours, since a steam environment is necessary for the disinfecting effect. After pickling, the raw material is dried with periodic stirring. Drying in the sun is prohibited as it may reduce seed germination.

For high productivity of growing spring wheat varieties, it is necessary to carry out vernalization. It produces more uniform shoots, stronger roots, and accelerates the development of the plant. Wheat, subject to vernalization before sowing, ripens before dry winds and autumn frosts.

The yield of spring wheat can also be increased through the correct choice of predecessor (green manure). In the Urals and Western Siberia it grows well after potatoes, corn, perennial grasses, sunflowers and grain legumes. In arid steppe regions, wheat is perfectly preceded by clean fallow. In the forest-steppe zone good choice there will be peas, corn, perennial grasses, and in the Volga region - grain legumes, black fallow, winter and row crops.

Wheat is the most demanding in terms of nutrition compared to any other spring crops:

Throughout the vegetative process it requires nitrogen. The consumption of this element increases from the beginning of growth and reaches a peak at heading, and then decreases, remaining necessary until the stage of milk ripeness.
The strongest need for phosphorus nutrition is observed from tillering to exit into the tube, since during this time is running root system and spikelets.
Feeding with potassium is most necessary at the stage of heading and filling of grains, as it stimulates the transport function of stems and leaves, improving the transfer of carbohydrates into grain.

Thickened seeding

With thickened sowing, due to the fact that the plants do not receive enough light at the 1U-U stage of organogenesis, most of the existing shoots immediately die off and become unsuitable for further growth processes, so it is necessary to observe the wheat sowing rate per 1 hectare. Otherwise, the agronomist will not get the desired result.

The surviving plants continue to grow, but at the same time it slows down, the formation of puny grains occurs, all this contributes to a small amount of the resulting harvest. In the case of thickened sowing, wheat also germinates poorly, becomes less frost-resistant, more susceptible to all sorts of diseases, damage by harmful insects, and the risk of lodging increases. Due to non-compliance with the uniform distribution of crops, the formation of crops that are unequal in density occurs. The planted wheat turns out sparse in some places, thickened in others. The uniform standing of wheat depends entirely on the seeding volume. The higher it is, the worse the correct distribution of sowing. This is favorable bad harvest, reduction in sowing productivity, life cycle he is at great risk. An increase in the sowing rate of wheat by one hectare, which is not justified in any way by the sowing campaign, leads to a significant decrease in the expected rate of the resulting harvest.

Sparse seeding

In this case, potential productivity decreases due to the fact that big square is not fully used, unsown gaps remain, if the wheat seeding rate per 1 hectare is not observed, they become clogged. Due to the large area of infestation, wheat does not receive the full range of necessary minerals and vitamins. Sparse sowing causes the plants to receive less liquid and vitamins; the amount of pushing and subsquatting increases greatly, so the grain is formed incompletely.

Winter wheat gives a large number of harvest, if the seeding rate has not been violated. The value of the norm depends entirely on the weather conditions of a particular area, on the soil, the wheat precursor, the fertilizers used, and also takes into account the specific characteristics of a particular variety, sowing time, sowing method and the quality of all seeds used.

With fertile soil, beneficial crops that grew in the area before wheat, and high-quality fertilizers, the amount of wheat for sowing per 1 hectare is necessarily reduced. Varieties that have a high level of bushiness are planted at a reduced rate compared to those with low bushiness. According to experts, the crop seeding rate should increase in those areas where there is sufficient field moisture. A pre-inspection of the soil also leads to several conclusions. With poor soil and low germination rate, the norm definitely becomes higher; the soil of chernozems assumes good germination, so the norm is deliberately reduced several times.

Wheat sowing dates

The seeding rate of the product depends on the timing of sowing. Early sowing of wheat suggests good formation and clustering, due to this the amount of wheat for sowing is reduced. Late sowing suggests longer time for the normal formation of good stems, therefore the seeding rate for the sowing campaign is increased by 14%.

Some statistics: wheat seeding rate per 1 ha

These statistics were collected through inspections and observations of specialists. 2-3 cm is the recommended sowing depth, and the norm for most varieties is up to 4-5 million viable grains per 1 hectare (160-250 kg). In the first few years, with the development of new technologies, it was necessary to adhere to the requirement that per 1 sq. m there should be up to 600 healthy and persistent stems, while the sowing density can be adjusted by increasing the rate. This requirement led to people starting to sow 5-6 million per hectare. But such standards do not promise an abundant and healthy harvest; some of the stems die and growth decreases.

The amount of yield and growth process with a small amount of planted product can be explained by the fact that intraspecific competition and lodging become less, and the size of the roots, germination rate and persistence increase. Each plant, each stem develops individually.

Final words from experts

When reducing the amount of wheat planted, you need to follow all the rules, because failure to comply may lead to thinner sowing (when the wheat sowing rate per 1 hectare is below 0.3 million). Experts determine the required amount of wheat for sowing using a special formula that prevents thinning and thickening. The norm is determined by the technology formulas used by the sowing campaign.

Wheat yield by regions of Russia

The highest wheat yield in 2016 was recorded in the Krasnodar Territory - 58.5 c/ha. For comparison, in 2015 it was 57.5 c/ha, five years ago (in 2011) - 55.2 c/ha.

In the Republic of Adygea, which is in second place in the ranking, in 2016 wheat yield reached its maximum values in recent years - 51.4 c/ha (in 2015 - 49.2 c/ha, in 2011 - 41.1 c/ha).

IN Belgorod region in 2016, wheat yield was 44.9 c/ha, which is 19.1% or 7.2 c/ha more than in 2015 and 32.8% or 11.1 c/ha higher than in 2011 of the year.

In 2016, the Stavropol Territory ranks 4th in the ranking of regions with a yield of 42.8 c/ha. Over the course of a year it grew by 8.4% or 3.3 c/ha, over 5 years - by 10.3% or 4.0 c/ha.

In the Kursk region in 2016, 40.9 centners per hectare were collected, in 2015 - 31.4 centners / ha, in 2011 - 27.6 centners / ha. The growth was 30.3% and 48.2%, respectively.

The Lipetsk region is in 6th place in the ranking with indicators of 39.6 c/ha, which is more than the 2015 values by 55.3% or 14.1 c/ha, 2011 - by 57.1% or 14. 4 c/ha.

In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the yield in 2016 was 39.5 c/ha, in 2015 - 38.8 c/ha, in 2011 - 33.2 c/ha.

The Rostov region, with a yield of 38.9 c/ha, is in 8th place in the regional ranking. In 2015, 32.4 c/ha were collected there, in 2011 - 29.1 c/ha.

IN Oryol region in 2016, the yield reached 37.3 c/ha, which is 26.0% or 7.7 c/ha more than in 2015 and 62.2% or 14.3 c/ha more than in 2011 year.

Closes the top ten leading regions Voronezh region(36.8 c/ha). Over the course of a year, the yield in the region increased by 27.3% or 7.9 c/ha, over 5 years - by 47.2% or 11.8 c/ha.

Bryansk region (yield - 35.0 c/ha).
Tambov region (34.6 c/ha).
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (33.6 c/ha).
Ryazan region (33.1 c/ha).
Tula region (33.1 c/ha).
Pskov region (32.8 c/ha).
Kaliningrad region (31.7 c/ha).
Astrakhan region (31.6 c/ha).
Novgorod region (31.0 c/ha).
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (30.4 c/ha).
Penza region (30.1 c/ha).

The lowest yield in 2016 was observed in the Republic of Tyva (8.1 c/ha), the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - 9.1 c/ha, the Republic of Buryatia (9.7 c/ha), Perm region(10.5 c/ha), Altai Republic (11.2 c/ha), Jewish Autonomous Region (12.1 c/ha), Altai Territory (12.6 c/ha), Orenburg region(12.6 c/ha), Trans-Baikal Territory (12.8 c/ha), Khabarovsk Territory (13.5 c/ha).

The dynamics of sown areas and gross wheat harvests, including by regions of Russia, are presented at the link - Agriculture.

By July 19, winter and spring wheat in Russia had been threshed on 7.3 million hectares, or 27% of the harvested area, according to data from the Ministry of Agriculture. This is twice as much as on the same date in 2017. In the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasus, 83% of the work has already been completed, and farmers in the Center and Volga region have also begun collecting.

The gross wheat harvest is now estimated at 27.6 million tons in bunker weight, compared to 11.3 million tons a year ago. The average yield is 38.2 c/ha versus 45.8 c/ha. Analytical Center " SovEkon” explains the decline by the fact that recent months in most of European Russia have been extremely dry. From the data of the agricultural department it follows that the yield exceeds last year’s only in the Kursk region, as well as in Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and North Ossetia. In other regions, including all subjects of the Southern Federal District, the wheat yield per 1 hectare is inferior to last year’s result. Including in the Stavropol Territory - 36.9 c/ha against 43.2 c/ha, in the Rostov region - 34.9 c/ha against 39.4 c/ha, in the Krasnodar Territory - 63.5 c/ha against 63.7 c/ha. On average, the yield in the South lags behind by 15%, in the North Caucasus District - by 10%, in the Central District - by 13%, and in the Volga District - by 34%.

At the same time, if we compare the wheat yield not with the same date in 2017, but with a comparable harvested area in 2017, then the difference in yield is somewhat smaller, notes “ SovEkon" “The yield from a similar area in 2017 was 44.4 c/ha. In 2016 – 41.6 c/ha, in 2015 – 36.9 c/ha,” the center’s analysts report. However, the figure is the lowest in the last three years. “Dry weather in many regions of the European part of the country has given way to rain in recent days, which may complicate harvesting,” analysts warn. SovEcona».

As harvesting progressed, grain market experts lowered their grain harvest forecasts. Thus, after receiving the first data on yields in the southern regions, “ SovEkon"reduced the forecast for grain production this season to 113.9 million tons in net weight, which is 16% lower than the record 135.4 million tons in 2017. Including wheat, according to analysts, 69.6 million tons can be harvested this year compared to 85.9 million tons last year. Company " ProZerno» predicts gross harvest at 115.4 million tons (including 70.9 million tons of wheat), Russian Grain Union— 114 million tons (including 69-73 million tons of wheat), analytical center " Rusagrotrans"—115.7 million tons, including 71.4 million tons of wheat. ( ICAR) earlier in July lowered the forecast for gross harvest from 114.7 million tons to 112.8 million tons, including for wheat the estimate was adjusted from 71.5 million tons to 70.8 million tons, for corn - from 12.3 million tons to 11.8 million tons, for barley - from 17.8 million tons to 17.5 million tons.

USDA forecasts grain harvest in Russia at 103.4 million tons, including 67 million tons of wheat. American analysts do not include rice production in their calculations, and also do not take into account data on Crimea. Ministry of Agriculture of Russia adheres to the previously made conservative forecast that the grain harvest this year will be 100 million tons. Including the wheat harvest is projected at 64.4 million tons, a ministry representative told TASS. “The total volume of crop losses could be about 30 million tons,” he noted.

The Russian Agrarian Ministry refers to unfavorable weather conditions in a number of regions. In particular, as a result of the death of crops from drought emergency declared on the territory of Chechnya, Crimea, Volgograd region, Altai Republic, Kalmykia, Astrakhan region. In addition, a state of emergency is planned to be introduced in the Rostov region; drought phenomena are observed in the territories of the Samara and Saratov regions, and in part of the territory of the Stavropol Territory. Since July 13, a state of emergency has also been in force in Adygea due to drought and hot weather. In another eight regions, a state of emergency was declared as a result of soil waterlogging. This Altai region, Arhangelsk region, Yakutia, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk region and Kemerovo region, as well as the Trans-Baikal Territory.

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