United Nations. History of creation The creation of the United Nations became possible as a result of combining the efforts of states in
The United Nations was initiated by the Soviet Union, the United States of America and Great Britain, and the efforts of Soviet diplomacy were of particular importance. According to S. B. Krylov, a participant in all preparatory meetings for the development of the UN Charter, "Moscow was the birthplace of the United Nations," since it was here, at the Moscow conference of the foreign ministers of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, that the Declaration on the question of general security was adopted, which provided for close cooperation of the United Nations both in the waging of the war against fascism and in ensuring post-war security. The declaration contained the thesis of the need to establish a general international organization for the maintenance of peace and security, based on the principle of sovereign equality of all peace-loving states. The decisions of the Tehran (November-December 1943) and Crimean (February 1945) conferences of the heads of government of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain were of significant importance in the process of creating the UN.
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Presentation on the topic: United Nations
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GENERAL The United Nations is a unique international organization. It was founded after the Second World War on October 24, 1945 by representatives of 51 countries who were supporters of the course of maintaining peace and security throughout the world, developing friendly relations between countries and promoting social progress, improving living conditions and the situation in the field of human rights. The UN pursues the following goals: maintaining peace and security on the planet; development of friendly relations between countries; cooperation in solving international problems and in ensuring respect for human rights; coordination of actions of different countries. The official languages of the United Nations are: English; Arab; Spanish; Chinese; Russian; French.
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UN CENTRAL AGENCIES Welcome to the United Nations! The headquarters of this worldwide organization is located on an 18-acre site in East Manhattan. It is an international zone belonging to all member states. The UN has its own security service, fire department and post office. Visitors from all over the world often like to send postcards home with UN stamps - mail with such stamps can only be sent from the UN compound. The Headquarters complex consists of four main buildings: the General Assembly Building, the Conference Building, the 39-story Secretariat Building and the Dag Hammarskjöld, which was added in 1961. The complex was designed by an international team of 11 architects led by Wallace K. Harrison from the United States of America.
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UN FLAGS The membership of the United Nations has grown from an initial 51 Member States in 1945 to 192 in 2006. The colorful flags of Member States fly along First Avenue. Flags are arranged in English alphabetical order: the first flag - Afghanistan - is located at 48th Street, the last - Zimbabwe - at 42nd Street.
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The General Assembly Hall is the largest venue in the United Nations, accommodating over 1,800 people. The room was designed jointly by a team of 11 architects who designed Headquarters and, to emphasize the international character of the room, does not display any donations from Member States. The General Assembly is the only conference room in the United Nations to display the emblem of the Organization. It is a world map surrounded by olive branches - a symbol of peace, in the center of which is the North Pole. The General Assembly is the central organ of the United Nations. All 190 member states can gather here to discuss pressing problems of our time, most of which affect many countries and continents, and therefore international cooperation is necessary to resolve them.
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The Security Council Room is a gift from Norway - it was designed by the Norwegian architect Ahrenstein Arnenberg. In the Council Chamber, the first thing that attracts attention is a large panel (oil on canvas) by the Norwegian artist Per Krogh. It depicts the Phoenix bird rising from the ashes, a symbol of peace after the Second World War. Dark, ominous tones at the bottom of the panel are replaced by figures made in bright colors, which symbolize hope for a better future. The idea of equality is conveyed by a group of people weighing grain, which will be distributed to everyone. The tapestries embroidered with blue and gold silk threads on the walls and curtains on the windows overlooking the East River depict an anchor - a symbol of faith, ripening ears - a symbol of hope and a heart - a symbol of mercy. According to the Charter, the Security Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. As a kind of ambulance service for the United Nations, he must be ready to meet at any time when a threat to peace arises.
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The Economic and Social Council Hall is a gift from Sweden. It was designed by Swedish architect Sven Markelius, one of 11 architects on the international design team for United Nations Headquarters. For the decoration of the hall for the delegates, as well as for the manufacture of handrails and doors, Swedish pine was used. Particular attention in the hall is drawn to the pipes and vents visible in the ceiling above the gallery for visitors. As conceived by the architect, all structural elements with one purpose or another should have remained open. The unfinished ceiling is commonly seen as a symbolic reminder that the economic and social work of the United Nations never stops: there is always more that can be done to improve the lives of the world's people. The founders of the United Nations recognized that economic and social development and international cooperation are the keys to achieving world peace. According to the Charter, the Economic and Social Council is called upon to create conditions for economic and social progress and to promote universal respect for human rights. The Council coordinates the work of the United Nations system, which includes over 30 programs and specialized agencies.
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Trusteeship Council The Trusteeship Council Room is a Danish gift to the United Nations. It was designed by Danish architect Finn Juhl and all interior fittings were brought from Denmark. The walls are lined with ash wood panels to improve the acoustics of the hall. The large wooden statue in the hall of the Trusteeship Council by Danish sculptor Henrik Starke is a Danish gift to the United Nations in June 1953. The figure of a woman, carved from a teak tree trunk, releasing a bird from her open arms, marks "free flight upward, to new heights." When applied to the Trusteeship Council, this statue can symbolize colonies seeking independence. The Trusteeship Council is the main body tasked with overseeing the administration of the 11 Trust Territories until they achieve self-determination. Having fulfilled this task, the Council in 1994 decided to suspend its work and meet only when necessary.
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LIBRARY NAMED AFTER DAG HAMMARSHELD Dag Hammarskjold was named after the deceased Secretary General on November 16, 1961. The library building, a gift from the Ford Foundation, adjoins the Secretariat in the southwest corner of the Headquarters complex. Library named after Dag Hammarskjöld serves primarily the staff of the Secretariat, the United Nations delegation, the staff of the permanent missions and other official users.
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In the eastern part of the lobby for visitors, you can see a colored stained glass window, created according to a sketch by the French artist Marc Chagall. It is a gift from staff members of the United Nations, as well as from Marc Chagall himself, presented in 1964 in memory of Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, and 15 others who died with him in the 1961 plane crash. The memorial stained glass window, approximately 15 feet wide and 12 feet high, depicts a series of symbols of peace and love, such as a child in the center being kissed by an angelic face emerging from flowers. On the left, below and above, a mother with a child and people fighting for peace are depicted. The musical symbolism of the stained-glass window gives rise to associations with Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, Mr. Hammarskjold's favorite piece of music.
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One of the main exhibits in the lobby of the General Assembly is the Foucault pendulum, donated to the United Nations by the Netherlands in 1955. The Foucault pendulum, named for the French physicist Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, is a clear indication of the rotation of the earth. It is a gilded sphere, partially filled with metallic copper, which is suspended from the ceiling at a height of 75 feet by stainless steel wire. The gimbal allows the sphere to swing freely in any direction. An electromagnet installed under the pendulum compensates for air friction, ensuring uniform movement of the pendulum. Visitors can see how the swinging direction of the pendulum changes during the day due to the rotation of the Earth. The sphere makes a full cycle in 36 hours 45 minutes.
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SCULPTURE BREAKING SWORDS ON ORALS The United Nations Garden is decorated with a number of donated sculptures and statues. One of them is called "Let's Beat Swords into Plowshares" and is a gift from the then Soviet Union, presented in 1959 (sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich). She is a bronze figure of a man with a hammer in one hand and a sword in the other. The sword is reforged onto a plow, which symbolizes the desire of people to end war and transform the means of destruction into tools of creative labor for the benefit of all mankind.
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This mosaic panel was presented to the United Nations on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the Organization in 1985 by Ms. Nancy Reagan, then “First Lady,” on behalf of the United States. The mosaic is based on the painting "Golden Rule" by American artist Norman Rockwell. Rockwell wanted to show that the "Golden Rule" runs like a red thread through all the major religions of the world, and portrayed people of all races, religions and skin colors, full of dignity and respect. The inscription on the panel reads "Do unto Others as You Would Have Them Do unto You" The panel was made by Venetian mosaic masters.
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CHINESE SCULPTURE This ivory sculpture is a gift from China to the United Nations in 1974. It depicts a section of the Chengdu-Kunming Railroad, over 1,000 kilometers, opened to train traffic in 1970. This railway connects two provinces in China - Yunnan in the south and Sichuan in the north. The sculpture is carved from eight elephant tusks and is said to have been created by 98 craftsmen over a period of more than two years. The subtlety of the work is striking - you can even see small carvings of people inside the train.
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The Japanese Peace Bell was presented to the United Nations in June 1954 by the Japan United Nations Association. It was cast from coins collected by children from 60 countries, and fortified under the vault of a typically Japanese cypress-wood structure, reminiscent of a Shinto shrine. It is customary to ring the bell twice a year: on the first day of spring - the vernal equinox - and on September 21, on the International Day of Peace. In 1994, the fortieth anniversary of the Japanese bell was celebrated with a special ceremony. On this occasion, Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali said: “The Japanese Peace Bell sends a clear message whenever it rings. This is a signal for all of humanity. Peace is a great value. It is not enough to dream of peace: achieving peace requires work - long, persistent, hard work. "
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On 24 October 2003, at 1230 hours, the Memorial to commemorate the United Nations staff who gave their lives in the cause of peace was unveiled on the north lawn of the park located at the United Nations Headquarters complex in New York The centerpiece of the memorial's architectural design, funded by the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize to which the United Nations peacekeeping force was awarded, is a crystal stele engraved in the Organization's six official languages: “Let us remember here those who gave life for peace. " The memorial to the victims, designed by the New York-based architecture firm Arquitectonica International, consists of 191 slabs of stone, the same as the number of UN member states in 2003. The slabs are installed in the immediate vicinity of the footpath and form an irregular polygon. The slab stone comes from quarries on five different continents. Fifteen vertical onyx blocks of different heights serve as benches, for the Memorial is conceived as a place of commemoration and meditation. At night, the Memorial is illuminated by lanterns.
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History of creation The creation of the United Nations became possible as a result of combining the efforts of states in the fight against fascism during the Second World War. The creation of the United Nations became possible as a result of combining the efforts of states in the fight against fascism during the Second World War. The predecessor of the UN was the League of Nations, created after the First World War; The predecessor of the UN was the League of Nations, created after the First World War.
History of creation The name "United Nations" was proposed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations signed on January 1, 1942, in accordance with which representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue their joint struggle against the Axis countries. Nations "was proposed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the United Nations Declaration signed on January 1, 1942, in accordance with which representatives of 26 states pledged, on behalf of their governments, to continue the joint struggle against the Axis countries.
History of creation The final text of the UN Charter was adopted at a conference in San Francisco, held from April to June 1945, and signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 states, entered into force on October 24 The date of entry into force of the Charter is celebrated as United Nations Day. The final text of the UN Charter was adopted at a conference in San Francisco, held from April to June 1945, and signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 states, entered into force on October 24 The date of entry into force of the Charter is celebrated as United Nations Day. Currently, 192 states are members of the UN.
UN Charter When the United Nations was created, the very first line of the preamble to the UN Charter stated that When the United Nations was created, the very first line of the UN Charter preamble stated that “We, the peoples of the United Nations, are fully determined to rid future generations of the disasters of war, which twice in our lives brought untold grief to humanity, we strive to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights and freedoms. "
The UN Charter The UN Charter also enshrines the basic principles of international cooperation: The UN Charter also enshrines the basic principles of international cooperation: sovereign equality of all UN members; sovereign equality of all UN members; settlement of international disputes exclusively by peaceful means; settlement of international disputes exclusively by peaceful means; refusal in international relations from the threat of force or its use in any way incompatible with the goals of the UN; refusal in international relations from the threat of force or its use in any way incompatible with the goals of the UN; non-intervention of the UN in matters that are essentially within the internal competence of any state, and other non-interference of the UN in matters that are essentially within the internal competence of any state, etc.
UN Declarations and Conventions Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, 1948 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, approved and opened for signature in 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, approved and opened for signature in 1968 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, entered into force and was ratified by Russia in 1994. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force and was ratified by Russia in 1994, adopted in 1997, opened for signature in 1998, ratified by Russia in 2004, Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, opened for signature in 1998, ratified by Russia in 2004 Millennium Declaration , 2000 Millennium Declaration, 2000
UN structure General Assembly General Assembly Security Council Security Council Economic and Social Council Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice International Court of Justice Secretariat Secretariat Trusteeship Council Trusteeship Council
UN activities Ecology Ecology Economy Economy Statistics Statistics Safety Security Family Family Education Education Population Population Crime Crime Healthcare Healthcare Disabled people Disabled Science Science Elderly people Elderly people Communication Communication
Economic activities of the United Nations The activities of the United Nations are to assist UN member states in conducting scientific research in such areas as: taxation and public finance taxation and public finance management systems and organization of management systems and organizations public sector economics and public policy public sector economics and public policy
UN Budget The budget is put forward by the UN Secretary General after agreement with the bodies of the organization and on the basis of their requirements. Subsequently, the proposed budget is reviewed by the 16-member Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the 34-member Committee for Program and Coordination. The budget is put forward by the UN Secretary General after agreement with the bodies of the organization and on the basis of their requirements. Subsequently, the proposed budget is reviewed by the 16-member Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the 34-member Committee for Program and Coordination.
Ten states that contributed the most significant part to the UN budget (2005 data) USA 22% mln. USA Japan 19.47% USD mln. USA Germany 8.66% mln. USA UK 6.13% 88.0 mln. USA France 6.03% 86.6 mln. USA Italy 4.89% 70.2 mln. USA Canada 2.81% 40.4 mln. USA Spain 2.52% 36.2 mln. USA China 2.05% 29.5 mln. USA Mexico 1.88% USD 27.0 mln. USA
Members of the UN The original members of the UN include the 50 states that signed the UN Charter at the San Francisco conference on June 26, 1945, as well as Poland. During the course of the UN, 141 more states were accepted (in fact, during this period, more states were part of the UN, but the figure is lower due to the secession from a number of states, such as Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia due to their division into independent states). The original members of the UN include the 50 states that signed the UN Charter at a conference in San Francisco on June 26, 1945, as well as Poland. During the course of the UN, 141 more states were accepted (in fact, during this period, more states were part of the UN, but the figure is lower due to the secession from a number of states, such as Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia due to their division into independent states).
Demchenko Oleg and Wunder Inna
Students of 10 "B" grade
On the subject of Geography.
UNITED NATIONS (UN)
International Organization of States, established into maintain and strengthen peace, security and
development of cooperation between states.
The predecessor of the UN was the League of Nations, established in
1919. The name "United Nations" was proposed
President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt and for the first time
used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1
1942.
The main UN bodies are: the Security Council,
General Assembly, Secretariat, Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council,
International Court.
UN Charter
UN was established on June 26, 1945 at the ConferenceUnited Nations in San Francisco (USA): on this day
representatives of 50 states signed the UN Charter,
previously developed by representatives of the USSR,
USA, UK and China at a conference in
Dumbarton Oaks (Washington, USA) in August-October 1944.
Poland, which signed the UN Charter on October 15, 1945, became
51 founding states of the UN. After approval
Of the UN Charter by the governments of the signatory countries, he
entered into force 24 October 1945: since that day
celebrated annually as UN Day.
By 2007, the total number of UN member states reached 192.
Headquarters
European
UN offices
in Geneva
(Switzerland).
UN headquarters building in
New york
(USA).
UN cooperation.
UN concluded agreements oncooperation with 13
specialized
institutions
carrying out broad
activities related to
goals of the UN. Among them
International organization
Labor (ILO), Food
and agricultural
organization (FAO), Organization
UN Education,
Science and Culture (UNESCO),
World organization
health care (WHO),
organization of the World
bank, etc. These are independent
bodies based on
intergovernmental
agreements.
Flag of the International Organization
labor (ILO).
Flag
Food and
agricultural
UN organizations
World Flag
organization
health care.
UNESCO flag.
UN tasks
The most important tasks of the UN are peacekeeping,respect for human rights, maintenance of peace and international
security, curbing the proliferation of weapons, reducing and
elimination of all stocks of weapons of mass destruction.
Over the years, the UN has helped prevent and
ending international crises and armed conflicts. UN
took part in the resolution of the Cuban missile crisis (1962), the crisis in
Middle East (1973), participated in the settlement of the Iranian-Iraqi
War (1988), Civil War in Afghanistan (1979-2001), Guatemala,
Cambodia, Mozambique, etc.
The official languages of the United Nations are English and
French, while office work is carried out at six
languages (English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese,
Russian, French). Organization headquarters
located in New York. In October 2006, General
Minister of Foreign Affairs was elected UN Secretary
Korea's Ban Ki-moon.
