Natural areas of the Far East. Climatic contrasts of the north and south of the Far East

The climate of the southern half of the Far East, which can be defined as the northern version of the monsoon type, is characterized by the predominance in both winter and summer of air masses formed outside its territory.

In winter, air masses originate in the depths of the continent, where, due to strong radiation, a high pressure area is established - the Siberian anticyclone. The pressure reaches 1040 mb at sea level.

Supercooled dense air, when moving from west to east, characteristic of all extratropical latitudes (western transport), spreads to the Far East, where it accumulates in intermountain basins and valleys.

In the surface layer of air in winter, westerly winds are observed, the strength of which is greater near the sea coast. Yes, in the beginning. On the Amur River, winter winds are very rare and weak, but on the Kuril Islands, on the contrary, in winter the northwest winds reach the force of a storm. The degree of humidity of winter air masses also increases from west to east. And if at the sources of the Amur snowfalls are rare and the height of the non-continuous snow cover does not exceed 10 cm, then on the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin snowfalls are very frequent and heavy, and the snow cover often exceeds 1 m. Southern Primorye, where the barrier role of the meridional ridges is felt, in climatic terms represents an exception.

During the warm period of the year, due to seasonal thermal differences between the continent and the ocean, a low pressure area (1000 mb) is formed in the center of the Asian continent. At this time, the Pacific Ocean in the Kuril Islands area is colder than land and the pressure above it rises to 1026 mb. Even more southern seas- Yellow, Japanese and East China - at this time it is colder than the mainland, and therefore the pressure above them is higher than on land. Summer monsoon rains are associated with cyclonic activity. Moisture comes mainly from the south-southeast. At the end of summer, tropical cyclones break into the mainland of the Far East, bringing especially heavy rainfall.

Summer precipitation is distributed unevenly across the Far East; their number increases from west to east. Interannual variability - a property of all climates of extratropical latitudes - also affects the southern half of the Far East, but deviations from the annual distribution of precipitation typical for monsoon regions are also observed; Sometimes summer can be as dry as the winter that precedes it.

Direct solar heating is important for the southernmost and western parts of the described territory and affects mainly in early spring and late autumn, when clear weather prevails. The effect of direct heating is expressed in extremely uneven thawing of slopes of different exposures. In summer, this effect does not occur, since due to the high altitude of the sun, more uniform heating of the slopes is ensured. In the eastern part in summer there is a lot of cloudiness, direct radiation turns into diffuse radiation, and the role of exposure becomes less significant. In the western part in summer the sky is clear and the area warms up higher.

Climatic knowledge. The study of the climate of the Far East relies heavily on data from meteorological stations.

First weather stations observations began in the southern half of the Far East only in the 50s of the 19th century; there were very few of them. Most of the stations were organized only after the establishment of Soviet power, and therefore the number of years of observations for many of them is small. Observations on climate especially intensified after the organization of the Far Eastern Geophysical Observatory in 1926.

However, general climate patterns East Asia were discovered at the end of the 19th century. major domestic climatologist A.I. Voeikov, who performed a climate analysis based on a small number of years of observations of several Russian weather stations (Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Olga, Posyet, Vladivostok, etc.) and individual stations in Japan and China: published by him back in 1879. in the book “Climate of the Monsoon Region of East Asia” the main patterns were subsequently confirmed by a large amount of factual material.

After the research of A.I. Voeikov, before the October Revolution, no general work was carried out on the characteristics of the climate of the Far East.

IN Soviet period It is necessary to note the works of P.I. Koloskov, which, in addition to their theoretical significance, are also valuable for their practical (agroclimatic) orientation. In particular, his research on the climate of soybeans and the general characteristics of the climate of the Amur region and adjacent foreign territories are of great interest (1932a, 1932b, 1947, etc.).

The climate of the southern half of the Far East was studied by M. M. Partansky (1929) and A. A. Polovinkin (1946), but their generalizations are excessively brief.

Of great interest are the summary works on the climate of the USSR by B. P. Alisov et al. (1952), L. S. Berg (1938) and S. P. Khromov (1948), where significant attention is paid to the Far Eastern territories. In the general physical-geographical works of L. S. Berg (1947) and S. P. Suslov (1954), as well as physical-geographical works devoted to the southern half of the Far East by Yu. A. Liverovsky and B. P. Kolesnikov (1949 .), significant attention has been paid to climate. Currently, an in-depth study of the climate of individual Far Eastern territories is being carried out by A. V. Stotsenko (1958, 1959, etc.), A. A. Zanina (1958), I. F. Sokolov and other researchers of the Far East.

Winds. The entire described territory, as indicated, is characterized by a monsoon alternation of northwestern winds, blowing in winter, and southeastern winds, blowing in summer. In addition to these winds, winds from other directions often occur in the lower surface layers of the atmosphere, the formation of which is associated with the distribution of mountain ranges, intermountain depressions, river valleys and sea coasts. Despite this, northwest winds are still predominant everywhere and recur more often than others, and the degree of recurrence decreases from east to west. Thus, in the Primorsky Territory, the degree of frequency of northwestern winds ranges from 64 to 99%; in the Amur region, the predominance of northern, northwestern and western winds ranges from 53 to 94% (only for two thirds of all available weather stations).

The speed of winter northwest winds is low: 2-4 m/sec. Calms are especially frequent in winter, in the valleys. The northwest wind has a significantly higher speed only on the sea coast, where it reaches more than 10 m/sec, and on the Kuril Islands up to 39 m/sec.

The frequency of southeast winds in summer at only half of the stations in the Primorsky Territory ranges from 58 to 85%; according to the readings of the other half of the stations in Primorye, southeast winds are not predominant. They are repeated even less frequently in the Amur region, where only at half of the available stations the frequency of southern, southeastern and southwestern winds totals 40-67%.

In the summer, as noted, the invasion tropical cyclones-typhoons, which are associated with showers in late summer and autumn, sometimes with heavy snowfalls even at the beginning of winter. This phenomenon covers the southern half of the Sakhalin region, the lower Amur region and Primorye.

In some years, in the summer, the mainland is invaded by Mongolian cyclones, which bring summer drought. Periodic summer cold is associated with cyclones of the Arctic front. These cyclones sometimes cover almost the entire territory described; they were not recorded only on the southern coast of Primorsky Krai.

Calms in the valleys are less common in summer than in winter. Average speeds of southeast winds vary depending on topography, vegetation cover and time of day; approximately they are 3-7 m/sec. The maximum speed in summer is: for the mainland part 40 m/sec; for the island part, summer storms are rare and wind speeds are less than winter and autumn. There are breezes on the sea coasts.

Of great interest to the economy are various local winds, in particular hot winds, which cause periodic droughts that have a negative effect on the agricultural areas of the Primorsky Territory, as well as various valley winds - warm, promoting the movement of heat-loving vegetation along meridional valleys and depressions to the north, and cold boron winds ( mountain-valley), blowing in autumn.

Thermal mode. The southern half of the Far East, as in general areas with a monsoon climate in the middle latitudes, are characterized by lower temperatures in winter and summer than in the same latitudes in the west. The exception is the Kuril Islands, where the severity of winter is somewhat softened sea ​​conditions. In table Table 1 shows data on the temperature regime for several points in the Amur, Zeya and Burey basins (northwestern and western parts), for southern Primorye, for the island. Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands (eastern island part).

In winter, a temperature inversion is observed in the mainland, which is formed when denser cold air flows into the intermountain plains and valleys. Therefore, it is no colder in the mountains than in the valleys. The meridionally elongated ridges of the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed, and to the south the Bureinsky and Sikhote-Alin, serve as a barrier to the penetration of cold air masses moving from the northwest. Winter temperature inversion also affects the island. Sakhalin (in the Tym-Poronai depression), where it is somewhat obscured by temperature changes associated with the unequal heating of the seas washing the island from the east and west. This circumstance completely negates the phenomenon of winter temperature inversion on the Kuril Islands.

The coldest place on the globe within latitudes 49°30’-56°00’ is Chekunda, located in the middle reaches of Burei, where the average January temperature is -34.6°.

The absolute minimum for the Zeya and Burei basins ranges from -48° to -55° (Stotsenko, 1959).

The absolute minimum on the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed is -55.5° in Primorye, on the shore of lake. Khanka is -40°, and in Kartun in the valley of the Iman River - 51°. On about. Sakhalin, the absolute minimum in Tymovsky is -54°, ​​in Kirovsky -51°, in Poronaysk - 39.8°, and for the Kuril Island chain (Kurilsk) -23°.

The sums of negative temperatures in the basin of the upper Amur, Zeya and Burey range from 2600° to 4200°, in southern Primorye. 1600-2800°, both in one and the other region, the fluctuation of amounts over the years is very significant.

Within the continental part of the south of the Far East, summer temperatures are much more stable both in time and space. For coastal territories, the warmest month is August, for the upper Amur and Zeya basin and for the Aldan-Okhog watershed - July. The average monthly July temperature in the upper and middle Amur basin is 18-20°, and the absolute maximum is 38-40°. In southern Primorye, the average August temperature is 20.5°, with a maximum temperature of 36-39°. On about. On Sakhalin in August, the average temperature ranges from 13.7° to 16.7° in the northern half of the island and from 17.0° to 18.6° in the south. The absolute maximum in the south is 33.6°, in the north 32.7°.

In the northern part of the Kuril island arc, the temperatures of the warmest month - August - range from 10 to 13°, in the southern part from 12 to 19°. In the north of the islands the absolute maximum reaches 26-27°, in the south 30-31°. As for Fr. Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are characterized by sharp fluctuations in summer temperatures during the day. Thus, for Sakhalin the daily amplitude is 30°, on the Kuril Islands 15°, on the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed the amplitude of daily fluctuations in summer temperatures is 13.8-25.8°.

The sum of positive temperatures above 0° during the warm season is more uniform than the sum of negative temperatures. For the Zeya, Bureya and upper Amur basins it is 2750°, and in southern Primorye 2950°.

The duration of the warm period is 4-4.5 months on the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed, 5-6.5 months in the Amur basin and southern Primorye, on the island. Sakhalin 5-5.5 months, on the Kuril Islands - 7 months. Transition seasons are long in coastal areas.

If the indicators of the sums of positive temperatures during the warm season can guide agricultural workers to cultivate similar varieties of cultivated plants within the Amur Region and Primorsky Krai, then the above sums of negative temperatures and their fluctuations over the years force us to approach these territories differently. Winter temperatures warn farmers, gardeners, gardeners, as well as workers in the fishing industry and force them to develop measures to cover gardens, berry fields, fields and garden crops for late harvest, as well as protect spawning grounds from freezing.

Sharp fluctuations in amounts winter temperatures are forced to cultivate creeping forms of fruit trees, as they are more convenient for shelter.

Freezing of rivers to the bottom in years with a high sum of negative temperatures can cause the death of eggs of anadromous fish. Therefore, workers in the fishing industry are developing special measures for snow retention on frozen rivers, for covering the places where eggs develop, and for fish-protective afforestation.

Precipitation. Annual precipitation amounts within the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed range from 200 to 300 mm. This amount of precipitation, according to A.V. Voznesensky (1930), is not enough for forest growth. According to this climatic indicator, the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed could be classified as a steppe climate. A.V. Voznesensky explains the presence of taiga by the peculiarities of the hydrological regime created by the continuous distribution permafrost soil.

The greatest annual precipitation falls on the Kuril Islands - up to 1000 mm in the southern and 700 mm in the northern.

In Primorye the annual precipitation is 617 mm, on Sakhalin - 573.7 mm, in the Zeya basin - 450-550 mm, in the Burei basin - 550-650 mm. (The average data given refers to lower altitude levels; in the mountains the amount of precipitation is higher, but they are not taken into account, since there are few weather stations there)

The annual precipitation for most of the territory varies greatly from year to year. A sharp contrast in the distribution of precipitation is observed throughout the year. On average for the territory summer period 60% of the annual precipitation falls.

Snowfalls in the mainland part of the southern half of the Far East are rare and only in the second half of winter. On Sakhalin, in the very lower reaches of the Amur River and on the Kuril Islands, snowfalls occur more often and are accompanied by blizzards, which makes the winters of these areas more severe. In the Primorsky Territory, the number of days with a snowstorm during the winter is 5-10.

Relative humidity. In winter, relative humidity is slightly lower than in summer. Relative humidity is especially low in spring and late autumn, when it is 40-45% in the Amur region, and 21-35% in Primorye. Forest fires are associated with low relative humidity. In summer, relative humidity on the mainland is 74-81%, and on the coast it reaches 90%. In the island part there are seasonal variations relative humidity smoothed out.

Winter is characterized by an abundance of clear days (20-25 days per month). Only on the islands is there often cloudy weather in winter. Summer for most of the territory is cloudy (15-25 days per month); spring is dry and clear. Dry and clear autumn is only on the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed. The coast is characterized by fog. There are 15-20 fogs a year on the mainland.

The Kuril Islands have a distinct summer period of fog, when they occur 26-28 times a month. In other seasons, fogs are rare.

In summer, thunderstorms rarely occur in the island part: 1 - 2 times a summer, and sometimes less often. On the mainland, the frequency of thunderstorms reaches 30 times a summer, more often in the mountains than on the plains. The territories of the mainland are characterized by low snow cover and... its late formation, are characterized by deep (200-300 cm) seasonal freezing of the soil and its slow thawing during the summer, as well as the development of permafrost in the soil.

Winter. The beginning of winter in the mainland part of the southern half of the Far East should be taken to be the first half of October in the north and the beginning of December in the south. The beginning of winter is often snowless and accompanied by deep freezing of the soil. Snow cover often sets in only in January. Average winter temperatures on the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed are -35, -40°, and in the south of the mainland -10, -15°.

In winter, strongly supercooled air from Arctic latitudes constantly penetrates into the mainland from the eastern edge of the Siberian anticyclone. Its entry is carried out so quickly that the air, reaching the Amur basin, retains almost the same temperatures as it had at the place of its formation under polar night conditions. The temperature difference created due to differences in radiation conditions is only 2-3°. Dry Arctic air does not become wetter in the south either due to the complete freezing of the soil and the covering of reservoirs and streams with ice. On Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, under the influence of the sea, the climate is milder. Cyclonic disturbances arise over the seas due to the contrast in temperatures of the Arctic continental air and warmer sea masses.

On the coast of Sakhalin, average winter temperatures in the north are -17, -19°, in the interior of the island -20, -23°, and in the south -8, -9.5°. The winter months here are the poorest in terms of precipitation, but the snow cover is significant and continuous; in the southern part of the island it is greater than in the northern. The second half of October should be considered the beginning of winter on Sakhalin; the end of winter - the second half of May in the north and the second half of April in the south of the island.

Even more mild conditions winter on the Kuril Islands, where winter begins in December and ends in April, lasting only 5 months. Average winter temperatures are -7°, -8°. There are frequent thaws, which are not typical for most areas of the mainland. Snowfalls are heavy, creating a powerful, heavily blown snow cover. In December and March, snowfall often alternates with rain.

In winter, the climatic conditions of the southern half of the Far East are determined primarily by the circulation of air masses; radiation is of subordinate importance.

Spring. In spring, the thermal conditions of the Asian continent equalize and Pacific Ocean, and the monsoon features are smoothing out this season. At the end of March in the south of Primorye daily temperature rises above 0°. Usually, from the end of March to the first half of May, all lowland areas are free of snow, and by the end of the first half of June the snow melts everywhere in the mountains, even near the northern border; later, only individual snowfields-transports are preserved.

In agricultural terms, the areas of greatest interest are the flat areas, where spring is friendly and short, during which the soil quickly warms up and dries out. Agricultural workers must take into account this feature of spring in the south of the Far East when planting. On the forest-steppe Prikhankai and Zeya-Bureya plains, which are the main agricultural territories of the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, and on the adjacent plains of the People's Republic of China, it is also necessary to take into account spring dry winds, which lead to the blowing out of not only the top layer of soil, but also the seeds sown in it. Dry spring winds penetrate these plains from Central China and Mongolia, and are also formed due to the transformation of sea air.

The spring dry winds of the Khanka Plain were carefully studied by I. F. Sokolov (1958). We present some of the data he collected in Table 4.

There are 6-9 days with dry winds in April, 6-8 in May. Using the methodology of Academician V.R. Williams (1930), I.F. Sokolov calculated the moisture supply of plants in the spring for the central part of the Khanka Plain (Table 5). As a result of the harmful effects of dry winds, the moisture supply is very low.

The table shows that, although there is enough precipitation to fully supply the plants, since due to the flatness of the territory the runoff is small, drying winds prevent the penetration of moisture into the soil, and the plant suffers a water shortage measured from 27 to 63%.

In the eastern, island part of the southern half of the Far East, in spring the winds blow at high speed, gradually changing from winter to summer directions. At sea in spring there are storms 6-8 times a month. In spring (April) there are frequent snowfalls, but the snow does not lie for more than 2-3 days. Negative temperatures are also observed in May. As it warms up, fogs appear.

Summer. Summer on the mainland temperature regime is determined not only by the circulation of air masses, but also depends on radiation conditions, which are very favorable.

From May to July on the mainland part of the described territory, each centimeter of horizontal platform receives 12-14 kcal of total solar radiation per month. Near the sea (Vladivostok) during the warm period, the value of the monthly total radiation remains almost unchanged and is equal to 10-12 kcal/cm2. On the islands and coasts, the effect of radiation is mitigated by significant cloudiness.

In the summer in the middle Amur valley, in the Ussuri basin and on the Khanka plain, the average daily temperature remains above 20° for more than a month and a half

In the Zeya valley, Burey, on the upper and lower Amur, with the exception of the very mouth part, this temperature lasts for a little less than a month.

In the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean and in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk in spring and early summer there is a lot of floating ice of the destroyed coastal fast ice of the Arctic seas. This circumstance lowers the temperature of the water in the eastern seas, which does not have time to warm up during the summer and cools the air masses that form over the sea, as well as the adjacent parts of the islands. Average daily summer temperatures in the north are 13-16°, in the south - 17-18°, on the Kuril Islands average daily summer temperatures are 10°-18°. The island part is characterized by sharp temperature fluctuations during the day. Cool oceanic air masses entering the mainland under the influence of direct solar radiation over a long period summer day get very hot.

Although, as indicated, temperature conditions on the mainland are largely determined by radiation conditions, in summer, in particular, cyclonic activity associated with the summer monsoon and typhoons of tropical latitudes, and the phenomenon of intrusion of dry air from Central Asia, which are observed in certain years. In summer, with low pressure over the continent, air masses, moving from the ocean and due to obstacles in the form of meridionally elongated ridges standing in the way, rise upward into the colder layers of the atmosphere and give moisture to the mountain slopes facing the sea.

In normal years, 70 to 80% of the annual precipitation falls during the summer. Precipitation is often of a torrential nature and causes high rain floods on rivers, often turning into catastrophic floods; this happens in cases where downpours are preceded by long continuous rains that saturate the soil.

Periodically (more often in the western half than in the eastern) there are years when the summer is dry. The frequency of such dry years is observed irregularly (such summers occurred on the Zeya-Bureya Plain in 1950 and 1954). Dry summers are associated, like dry springs, with the invasion of dry air masses from the center of China and Mongolia.

Summer winds everywhere on the mainland have higher speeds than winter ones, but their frequency is less frequent. In the island part, summer winds have lower speeds than in other seasons. In summer, as was said, there are frequent fogs on the islands.

Autumn. In autumn, due to the reduction in day length and the associated heat influx, cooling of the Asian continent begins and the formation of an anticyclone. In the north, the growing season stops in early - mid-September and frosts begin. In the south of Primorye, the growing season continues until the end of October. By the end of November, winter monsoon circulation conditions are created throughout the described territory. In the eastern, coastal and island parts of the southern half of the Far East in autumn months, when the summer winds change to winter, there are the most severe storms, and this time is considered the most difficult for navigation in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

There is often rain in early autumn, but most of autumn is generally dry. Snow falls late (in winter) on frozen ground.

According to I.F. Sokolov (1958), in autumn in Primorye there are very low relative humidity levels at high temperatures (see Table 6).

September and October are still growing months for Primorye, and rare deviations can have a detrimental effect on many cultivated plants: field, garden, melon and garden plants.

In September, dry winds in Primorye repeat 2-4 times, in October - 3-6 times.

The table data indicates that in September the effect of dry winds can to some extent be considered favorable, since thanks to them the negative effect of autumn rains is extinguished, and the lack of moisture for plants is measured at only 1.3 mm (4%), in October harmful action dry winds affect new strength, and the lack of moisture increases to 58%.

A. V. Stotsenko (1959) notes that in mid-autumn there is one of two minimum relative humidity. In the island part in autumn the amount of fog is small. The transition to winter begins with the establishment of snow cover. On the Aldan-Okhotsk watershed this occurs in. early October, in the Amur basin - early November. The snow is falling, and no more thaws are observed. To the east, on the sea coast and islands, after the first snowfall and before its final establishment, the snow melts and falls again more than once.

Human influence on climate. Human economic activity has undoubtedly influenced the climate of the southern half of the Far East. It affected mainly a local change in the moisture regime. Deforestation and plowing affected the amount of evaporation; In addition, plowing also affected the nature of soil warming and aeration and, in many places, resulted in the degradation of permafrost in the soil.

Significant changes in the climate of the territory have been brought about by frequently recurring forest fires, which are currently being fought fiercely. The burned area acquires completely different conditions of insolation and evaporation and, in the flat conditions of the permafrost zone, quickly becomes swamped.

Deforestation and forest fires led to a redistribution of snow cover, which, as established (Gartsman, 1958), is better preserved under forests and has a more evenly distributed thickness than in open spaces from which snow is blown away.

Industrial centers, which emit a lot of smoke and dust into the lower layers of the atmosphere, the particles of which serve as moisture condensation nuclei, have acquired their own microclimate, characterized by more frequent cloudy weather and precipitation than in the surrounding areas.

But even more significant changes will occur when the Amur problem, on which scientists of the USSR and China are now working, is resolved, and a plan for hydraulic construction on the Amur and its major tributaries- Zeya, Bureya and others. The plans for this construction provide for the construction of large reservoirs with a total capacity of tens of billions of cubic meters of water and a total area of ​​thousands of square kilometers.

In connection with the emergence of such large bodies of water, the climate of the adjacent territories will undoubtedly change, not only in terms of moisture conditions, but also in terms of heat conditions.

According to rough forecasts by A.V. Stotsenko (1959), changes in climate are expected in the territories adjacent to the future reservoirs on Zeya, Amur and Bureya. According to his calculations, winter warming is expected by 2-3°, summer cooling by 1-2°, and relative humidity will increase by 5%. The annual amount of precipitation will increase somewhat, but not significantly, as internal moisture circulation will increase. There will be further degradation of permafrost. Local winds will arise - coastal breezes, which, however, will only affect a narrow strip of the coast of the reservoirs. Due to the limited action of cold breezes, these changes should not negatively affect the climate of the main agricultural territories of the Amur Region, located on the Zeya-Bureya Plain, where winds from the south will continue to dominate in the summer.

The Far East is the largest economic region of our country with great potential opportunities.

The main agricultural regions of the Far East are concentrated in three administrative divisions of the Far East - the Amur Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories.

The largest areas of arable land are located in the Amur region and Primorsky Krai. If in the Amur region there is 1 hectare of arable land for each resident, then in the Primorsky Territory - 0.3 hectares, and in the Khabarovsk Territory - only 0.06 hectares.

The forest cover of the territory is 65-68%. The Far Eastern meadow forest zone occupies more than 15 million hectares, or approximately 0.7% of the country's territory.

The climate has a pronounced monsoon character. Winters have little snow, with a predominance of clear sunny days. The average annual temperature in January is minus 16-24°C. Summer is warm - the average daily temperature in July is 18-22°C. The duration of the frost-free period is 140-172 days, the growing season (with temperatures above +5°C) is 125-157 days. The sum of positive temperatures during the growing season is 2150-2800°C. Autumn frosts occur on September 14-29, and spring frosts end on May 9-30.

Cold and strong winds from land in winter are replaced by cool, moist air currents from the ocean in summer.

Annual precipitation ranges from 400 mm in the north to 800-900 mm in mountainous areas. In the main agricultural areas, 500-700 mm falls, of which about 10% falls in winter. In spring and the first half of summer there are frequent droughts, and the second half is characterized by an abundance of precipitation, often in the form of downpours.

The relief of the zone is predominantly flat, in places gently undulating and undulating with swampy depressions.

The area of ​​arable land in the zone is about 1675.3 hectares. About 4% of arable land is irrigated, over 12% is drained. The main part of the arable land (about 65%) is located on meadow-chernozemic and meadow soils, almost 30% - on brown forest soils, including gleyed ones. Agriculture and crop production are most developed in the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory, where 94% of the total arable area is concentrated. In agricultural terms, the production of soybeans, rice, potatoes, vegetables and livestock products is of greatest importance in the region.

The soils of the Far East were formed under conditions of periodic waterlogging, water erosion and its sedimentation. They are represented by soddy-podzolic, gleyed and meadow-gleyic ones of heavy granulometric composition. In the lowland plains, the most common are meadow-marsh and bog soils, and in the taiga-forest zone - peat-gley, light-brown forest matohumus soils. The Zeya-Bureya Plain is dominated by meadow chernozem-like soils with a humus horizon thickness of 16-25 cm and a humus content in the arable layer of 6-10%. The acidity pH is 4.8-5.2. Quite fertile light alluvial soils are common in river valleys, while rocky and gravelly soils are found on watersheds and gently sloping slopes.

In the southern part of the Far East on the Ussuri-Khanka and Middle Amur plains, brown forest soils with a humus content of up to 2.5% are located along the trails of hills. They are poor in phosphorus (no more than 2.5 mg per 100 g of soil) and have an acidic soil reaction.

Most soils in the Far East have a heavy granulometric composition and contain little organic matter, poor in phosphorus, with an acidic reaction and a weakly expressed structure.

The climate on planet Earth is very diverse. Somewhere almost every day it's raining, and there is no shelter from the heat anywhere else. And yet weather conditions obey their own laws. And just by looking at a world map, a specialist will be able to say with a high degree of confidence what the climate is in a particular point on the globe. Did you know that, for example, in the Russian Far East and in India the same thing is true? Surprisingly, it’s true.

Monsoon climate on planet Earth

So, what are the main features of this type? Well, firstly, the monsoon climate is characteristic of those areas of our planet where there is a change in winter and summer. And on a more global scale, the Monsoon movement is a wind that generally blows from the mainland in winter, and from the sea in summer. But the opposite is often true.

Such winds can bring heavy rainfall, and the stifling heat. And therefore the main characteristic Monsoon climate means an abundance of moisture in the summer and a virtual complete absence of it in the cold period. This distinguishes it from other types, where precipitation is distributed more or less evenly throughout the year. There are, however, places on Earth where this is not so obvious. In some areas of Japan, for example, the climate is also monsoonal. But due to the geographical location and terrain features, it rains there almost all year round.

In general, monsoon climate is common only at certain latitudes. As a rule, these are subtropics, tropics and For temperate latitudes, as well as for equatorial zones, it is not typical.

Varieties

Mainly due to the terrain and latitude, monsoon climates are usually divided into several types. And, of course, each of them has its own characteristics. Moderate monsoon climate is found in China, North Korea and partly in Japan. In winter, there is little precipitation in this area, but it is quite cold due to air masses from Eastern Siberia. There is more moisture in summer. But in Japan it’s the other way around. the coldest month in the region is minus twenty, and the warmest month is +22.

Subequatorial

Distributed mainly in the Indian and western Pacific oceans. In addition, the tropical monsoon climate (as it is also called) is found at the corresponding latitudes of Africa and in the southern regions of Asia and America. It is as warm here as in the tropics.

The subequatorial tropical monsoon climate is divided into several subtypes. All of them belong to the corresponding zones of the Earth. So, these are continental, oceanic, as well as monsoons of the western and eastern shores. The first subtype is characterized by a sharp difference in precipitation between seasons. In winter there are practically none, and in summer almost the annual norm falls. Examples include the African states of Chad and Sudan.

The oceanic subtype of tropical monsoons is characterized by a small amplitude of both annual and daily temperatures. As a rule, it is from 24 to 28 degrees Celsius. The dry period in these places does not last long.

The monsoons on the western shores are Indian and West African. During the dry season there is also almost no precipitation, but during the rainy season there is simply an abnormal amount of it. This happens, for example, in some places in India. And in Cherrapunji the most a large number of precipitation in the world - twenty-one thousand millimeters!

In this climate, the course is also unusual. annual temperatures: their maximum occurs in spring.

The eastern coastal monsoon also has a long rainy period. However, maximum moisture occurs at the end of summer or in September, as in Vietnam, where only seven percent of precipitation falls during the dry season.

Monsoon climate of the Far East

Basically, such conditions exist in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, as well as on Sakhalin. Winter in these places is dry: it accounts for 15 to 25 percent of the annual precipitation. Spring also doesn't bring much rain.

In summer, the monsoon from the Pacific Ocean predominates. But it only affects the climate of coastal areas.

In the lower reaches of the Amur, winter, on the contrary, is snowy, the average temperature is minus 22. In summer it is also not hot: within plus 14.

Winter is harsh on Sakhalin, but in the southwest of the island it is much warmer due to the Sea of ​​Japan. Summer is cool.

In Kamchatka, January temperatures vary from -18 to -10 degrees Celsius. The same can be said about July: from +12 to +14, respectively.

Monsoons have a significant impact on the climate of many regions of the planet. It is impossible to say for sure whether it is positive or negative. However, people should always be prepared for weather surprises characteristic of this type of climate. Perhaps in the future we will have to deal more often with such manifestations as, for example, the Amur flood.

Outstanding Russian naval commander and explorer of the Far East, Admiral Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876)

3.3 Exploration of the Far East

Inspired by the support of Nicholas I, Nevelskoy returned to the Amur. In Irkutsk, he received a decree signed by the sovereign on February 12, 1851...

Geography of the gas industry of the Russian Federation (region)

2.1.5. Oil and gas bearing areas of Eastern Siberia and the Far East

Oil and gas bearing areas of Eastern Siberia administratively cover the territories Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk region.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the Taimyr, Messoyakha fields and in the Irkutsk region - the Bratsk field...

Far East

1. General characteristics of the Far East

The Far East and its importance in the country's economy

Chapter I.

Characteristics of the Far East

Far East of Russia

Territorial organization and structure of production forces of the Far East

In the Far East there are currently three free economic zones: “Nakhodka”, “Big Vladivostok”, “Sakhalin”.

The vast territory of the Far Eastern region can be divided into three zones according to the level of economic development: southern...

Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries

10. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF SIBERIA AND THE FAR EAST

Siberia and the Far East have great potential.

They account for 78% of the forest area of ​​Russia.

Climatic contrasts of the north and south of the Far East

These are mainly coniferous species: spruce, fir, aspen, larch. However…

Population of the Far East

4. National composition of the population of the Russian Far East

Volga physical-geographical province

2.1 Climate characteristics

For the Volga region, as for all temperate climate zone In general, there are 2 main seasons of the year - winter and summer and 2 transitional seasons - spring and autumn.

Usually they are not a consequence of any independent climate formation factors...

Regional features and recreational resources of the Far East and Siberia

3. Characteristics of the natural resource potential of Siberia and the Far East.

recreational resources

Elementary recreational resources are divided into 3 groups - natural, recreational-economic and socio-cultural recreational resources...

Temperate rivers.

Annual temperature range

2. Characteristics of temperate rivers

Rivers are permanent channel flows. The volume of water contained in rivers is 1200 km3, or 0.0001% of the total water volume.

Rivers usually include watercourses with a basin area of ​​at least 50 km2. Smaller watercourses are called streams...

Sustainable development of the Far East

2 Analysis of relations between the Russian Far East and the Asia-Pacific region from the point of view of sustainability and security

Characteristic natural areas temperate zone Asia

Chapter 1.

Characteristics of climate types in the temperate zone of Asia

Asia covers a huge area. On its territory there are very diverse physical and geographical conditions. The large extent of Asia causes in certain parts of it significant differences in the amount of solar radiation...

1.

The role of the Far East and Transbaikalia in the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation

The region has a rich natural resource base. According to geological exploration data, mineral reserves in the Far East and Transbaikalia amount to about 12 billion tons of iron, over 15 million tons of manganese, more than 2 million.

tons of tin, 0.4 million...

Economic and social development Far East and Transbaikalia

2. Analysis of the socio-economic situation of the Far East and Transbaikalia

Despite the presence of rich natural resources, the economy of the Far East and Transbaikalia can be characterized as weak, oriented mainly towards the foreign market, and predominantly focused on raw materials...

Economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia

3.

Main directions and mechanisms of state support for socio-economic development of the Far East and Transbaikalia

It is obvious that in the near future the region will not be able to compete with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region in the production of mechanical engineering products, information technologies and other industries...

The climate in the Russian Far East is a monsoon, which is most pronounced in the south, but gradually weakens in the northeast.

Seasonal changes in ocean and continental influences influence the character of the climate: summers are moderately warm and rainy, winters are cold and without snow.

The spread of cold air in winter from the depths of Siberia causes a low average temperature, which downstream the Amur is -27 ° C, and in the southern Far East of the Crimean width - 20 o C. Sakhalinu it is less harsh than on land. In Kamchatka, where winters are mild, the influence of the continental monsoon is lower.

In the southern part of Primorye there is so little snow that there are no floods in the rivers. In the north of the Amur region, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the amount of precipitation and snow cover is increasing.

Heater doesn't mean it's better

Snow cover is especially heavy in Kamchatka, where it reaches 2 m. In summer they dominate southerly winds, with which strong continental air spreads across the continent. This area is divided as a western cyclone (Mongolia, Siberia) and the South Pacific. Wet air Far East is mainly associated with southern cyclones, which have significant precipitation, sometimes leading to floods.

On rare occasions, the southern regions of the Far East are visited by typhons. Typhoons usually occur in this area in the fall.

The approach of sea air to the land, large clouds and precipitation slightly reduce the temperature of the sun and the air temperature.

Warm period precipitation reaches 500 mm on the plains and 800-1000 mm in the mountains and accounts for 80% of the annual amount.

The annual rainfall around the world is exceedingly volatile and therefore, to a greater or lesser extent, excess moisture. Mixed forests predominate.

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Climate on Wikipedia in the Far East
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The Far East occupies the far eastern part Soviet Union, which is located between the ridges of the canon system - becoming Yablonovovo, Dzhugdzhuro, Kolyma - and the shores of the Bering Sea, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan.

It includes the hydrographic river basin of the Pacific Ocean - the Amur basin, acetylpiperizin, Anadirja and many small rivers starting in the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. This includes the Kuril Islands, o.

Sakhalin and the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Relief of the Far East

The relief of the Far East is highly rugged and predominantly mountainous. In addition to the already mentioned Watershed Range - Kolyma, Dzhugdzhuro, Yablonovovo and become in the country, so powerful mountain ranges, of which can be called, reefs and Tukuringra Dzhagdy, which together form a powerful mountain range that runs directly south of the become reefs, reefs and Bureya DUSS - Alin is a continuation to the north of the Lesser Khingan, finally, the ridge of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, which stretches along the coast of the Sea of ​​​​Japan from Vladivostok to the mouth of the Amur - more than thousands of kilometers.

The altitude of the mountainous regions of the Far East is relatively low and usually does not exceed 2000-2500 m.

Along with many mountainous regions, there are also vast plains - Ze-Bureynskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhanskaya.

In the northern part of this region there is a relatively wide lagoon that occupies the central part of the Anadyr basin. The far east is by its nature a forest zone and belongs to the distribution of mixed deciduous forests. Only in the southwestern part (Argun basin) does forest vegetation in some places replace steppes.

Climate in the Far East

Climatic conditions in the Far East are significantly different from other regions of the USSR.

The climate is mainly determined by the interaction between the continent and the ocean and is called monsoon climate. Its main characteristics are harsh and lightly snowy winters and relatively warm and rich summer precipitation.

In winter, due to great cooling, a high-pressure space (Siberian anticlone) is established on the continent. covers the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

At the same time, low pressure sets in in the Pacific Ocean. As a result of this pressure ratio between land and ocean, air flows from land to ocean in winter. Calm prevails over the land in the center of the high pressure area, with light winds observed towards the periphery, gradually rising towards the sea.

In summer, on the contrary, the continent becomes very hot and therefore the pressure on the earth becomes low.

At this time, the sea is much colder than the land, and high pressure rises above it, but like the winds, they fly from the ocean to the continent in the summer.

Winter in a monsoon climate is characterized by a predominance of calm or very weak winds, an abundance sunlight, low precipitation, light snow cover and frost.

Far East: minerals, geographical location, climate

The most obvious is that these characteristics appear in regions remote from the sea, for example, in Transbaikalia, where the average winter precipitation is no more than 10 mm of precipitation. The snow falls so low that the sleigh's path is undetectable every year.

If in winter it is the main part of the Far East in a polar climate, it approaches subtropical climatic conditions in the south of summer.

The entire thermal regime of the Far East is continental, from the sea to the depths of the continent.

Compared to the European part of Russia, the air temperature in the same latitudes is much lower.

For example, Primorye, located at the latitude of Crimea, with average temperature the coldest month - January, is approaching Arkhangelsk.

Rain in the East

The annual rainfall, with the exception of Primorye, where it reaches 800 mm, usually differs slightly from the central part of the European part of the USSR and is mainly 450-600 mm per year.

However, the distribution of precipitation throughout the year has important characteristics compared to the European part of the USSR: in warm season they are abundant and extremely small in winter. The summer monsoons carry large amounts of moisture from the ocean, while the winter monsoons are characterized by great drought.

Under these conditions, up to 95% of precipitation occurs in the warm part of the year and only 5% falls before the cold. Most precipitation (up to 70-80% of its annual amount) occurs in July and August. For example, in January in Blagoveshchensk an average of 1 mm of precipitation falls, and in August - 130 mm.

There are storms far away in the Far East, they cover large areas and are very intense.

Particularly heavy showers were observed along the coast. There are times when one day drops to 150-250 mm.

Almost everything is in the Far East, with the exception of Primorye and the southern part of Kamchatka, which is in the zone permafrost, which, together with the characteristics of the monsoon climate, left a recognizable imprint on the regime of local rivers - abundant in summer and low water in winter period,

The Far East is characterized by widespread development surface waters, especially in the vast plains - Zee-Burein, Nizhny-Amur, Birobidzhan and Prikhanka; groundwater reaches 15-20%.

The thickness of the fluctuations in the swamp is usually low. Large areas here are inhabited by Mars, representing a transitional form from swampy grassland to peat bog; to distinguish between dry marines who are in relatively good conditions outflow, and wet mars caused by the slow flow of surface water.

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Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes that are caused by the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates.

All this became a prerequisite for the formation of variegated natural conditions.

The Far Eastern region is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, which resulted in the formation mountain systems, which stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed during the Mesozoic period, but mountain-building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern region is determined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses of the temperate zone.

Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are harsh and frosty.

When exposed to warm currents from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summers in the region are quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to overflow in the summer, since due to the protracted spring, the snow gradually melts.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of different air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of vegetation cover in the Far Eastern region.

The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

There are spruce trees here coniferous forests adjacent to impenetrable thickets of bamboo. In the forests you can find linden, spruce, hornbeam, pear, pine and walnut trees. Dense thickets broadleaf forests are entwined with vines, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also very diverse: reindeer, squirrels, sables, moose, which belong to the Siberian species, live here, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, and Amur tigers.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are characteristic and for the economy of the region.

Nature and climate of the Far East

Industry is quite well developed in the Far East and Agriculture. Rice, potatoes, soybeans, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables are grown in the central and southern parts.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are produced. Fishing predominates in coastal areas.

In the depths of the Far Eastern region there is a large-scale ensemble of minerals that are rarely found in one territory: copper, non-ferrous and iron ores, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.

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The Far East is Russian region the most distant from the European part. Administratively located within the Far Eastern federal district RF. Geographically, the region occupies approximately 36% of Russia, the area is 6,169.3 thousand km². The region stretches along the Pacific coast for 4,500 kilometers.

Today, the Russian Far East includes the following subjects of the federation - Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin and Amur regions, the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia, the Jewish Autonomous Region, Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs.

In the south, the region borders with China, in the extreme south - with the DPRK, in the southeast - with Japan, in the northeast, in the Bering Strait, with the USA.

In the Far East there are the Kuril Islands, an archipelago with a large number of islands, Sakhalin, the largest island of the country, Kamchatka, the largest peninsula.

There are many rivers flowing in the Far East, the largest of which are the Amur, Kolyma, and Indigirka.

The region is located in three time zones:

Yakut time: UTC +10 (to Moscow: +6 hours) - official time of the Amur region, Trans-Baikal Territory and Western Yakutia;

Vladivostok time: UTC +11 (to Moscow: +7 hours) - official time of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, the central part of Yakutia, the Jewish Autonomous Region, as well as the island of Sakhalin;

Magadan and Kamchatka times: UTC +12 (to Moscow: +8 hours) - official time of the Kuril Islands, Magadan Region, eastern Yakutia, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatka Territory.

Climate

The region is located in a zone of a special continental climate, transitioning from sharply continental to monsoon. The climate is formed by the influence of marine and continental air masses. In the northern part of the region the climate is more severe. As a rule, winter has little snow and lasts about 9 months. In the south, the monsoon climate prevails, with cold winters and humid summers.

In winter, cold air flows from the Asian High to the southeast. In the northeastern part, the cold air of Eastern Siberia interacts with the sea warm air, in connection with which cyclones occur, affecting large amounts of precipitation. In the Kamchatka region there is a lot of snow, and there are often blizzards. On east coast On the peninsula, the snow cover can reach up to 6 meters in height. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, sea air currents rushing from the Pacific Ocean interact with continental ones. air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains are observed throughout the region. The monsoon type of climate prevails in the Amur region and Primorsky Krai. As a result, the Amur River and its tributaries overflow in the summer and not in the spring, which most often leads to floods.

In the interior regions of the Far East, precipitation falls 500-500 mm per year, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm per year, in mountainous areas - 800-900 mm per year.

Big cities Far East: Vladivostok, Yakutsk, Blagoveshchensk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Artem.

Major resorts Far East: Nachiki, Comet, Mountain Air, Krasnaya Sopka, Paratunka, Moroznaya Mountain.