What is precipitation? Definition and types. §36
Precipitation their classification.
Classification of precipitation. By type, precipitation is divided into liquid, solid and ground.
Liquid precipitation includes:
rain – precipitation in the form of drops of various sizes with a diameter of 0.5–7 mm;
drizzle - small droplets with a diameter of 0.05–0.5 mm, seemingly in suspension.
Solid sediments include:
snow – ice crystals that form various kinds of snowflakes (plates, needles, stars, columns) 4–5 mm in size. Sometimes snowflakes are combined into snow flakes, the size of which can reach 5 cm or more;
snow pellets - precipitation in the form of opaque spherical grains of white or matte white (milky) color with a diameter of 2 to 5 mm;
ice pellets are solid particles that are transparent on the surface and have an opaque, matte core in the center. The diameter of the grains is from 2 to 5 mm;
hail – more or less large pieces of ice (hailstones) having a spherical or irregular shape and complex internal structure. The diameter of hailstones varies within a very wide range: from 5 mm to 5–8 cm. There are cases when hailstones weighing 500 g or more fell.
If precipitation does not fall from clouds, but is deposited from atmospheric air on the surface of the earth or on objects, then such precipitation is called ground precipitation. These include:
dew - tiny drops of water that condense on the horizontal surfaces of objects (decks, boat covers, etc.) due to radiation cooling them on clear cloudless nights. A slight wind (0.5–10 m/s) promotes the formation of dew. If the temperature of horizontal surfaces is below zero, then under similar conditions water vapor sublimates on them and frost forms - a thin layer of ice crystals;
liquid deposit – tiny drops of water or a continuous film of water, formed in cloudy and windy weather on the windward predominantly vertical surfaces of cold objects (walls of superstructures, protective devices of winches, cranes, etc.).
glaze is an ice crust that forms when the temperature of these surfaces is below 0 °C. In addition, a hard coating may form on the surfaces of the vessel - a layer of crystals densely or densely sitting on the surface or a thin continuous layer of smooth transparent ice.
In foggy frosty weather with low winds, granular or crystalline frost may form on the vessel's equipment, ledges, cornices, wires, etc. Unlike frost, rime does not form on horizontal surfaces. The loose structure of frost distinguishes it from solid plaque. Granular rime is formed at air temperatures from -2 to -7 ° C due to freezing on the subject of supercooled fog droplets, and crystalline rime, which is a white precipitate of crystals of a fine structure, is formed at night with a cloudless sky or thin clouds from particles of fog or haze at a temperature from –11 to –2 °C and above.
According to the nature of precipitation, precipitation is divided into shower, heavy and drizzling.
Rainfall falls from cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds. In summer it is large drops of rain (sometimes with hail), and in winter it is heavy snowfall with frequent changes in the shape of snowflakes, snow or ice grains. Precipitation occurs from nimbostratus (summer) and altostratus (winter) clouds. They are characterized by small fluctuations in intensity and long duration of fallout.
Precipitation Atmospheric precipitation is water in a droplet-liquid (rain, drizzle) and solid (snow, pellets, hail) state, falling from clouds or depositing directly from the air onto the surface of the Earth and objects (dew, drizzle, frost, ice) as a result of condensation of water vapor, in the air.
Atmospheric precipitation is also the amount of water that falls in certain place over a certain period of time (usually measured by the thickness of the layer of fallen water in mm). Magnitude atmospheric precipitation depends on air temperature, atmospheric circulation, relief, sea currents.
There are continuous precipitation associated mainly with warm fronts, And rainfall associated with cold fronts. Precipitation deposited from the air: dew, frost, frost, ice.
Precipitation is measured by the thickness of the layer of fallen water in millimeters. On average per globe falls out approx. 1000 mm of precipitation per year: from 2500 mm in humid equatorial forests up to 10 mm in deserts and 250 mm in high latitudes. Precipitation measurements are carried out using rain gauges, precipitation gauges, pluviographs on weather stations, and for large areas- using radar.
Classification of precipitation
Precipitation falling on the earth's surface
Cover precipitation- characterized by monotony of loss without significant fluctuations in intensity. They start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous precipitation is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days), but in some cases light precipitation can last half an hour to an hour. They usually fall from nimbostratus or high stratus clouds; Moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Sometimes weak short-term (half an hour to an hour) precipitation is observed from stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus clouds, with the number of clouds being 7-10 points. In frosty weather (air temperature below −10...-15°), light snow may fall from a partly cloudy sky.
Rain- liquid precipitation in the form of droplets with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm. Individual raindrops leave a mark on the surface of water in the form of a diverging circle, and on the surface of dry objects - in the form of a wet spot.
Freezing rain- liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm, falling at negative air temperatures (most often 0...-10°, sometimes up to −15°) - falling on objects, the drops freeze and ice forms.
freezing rain- solid precipitation that falls at negative air temperatures (most often 0...-10°, sometimes up to −15°) in the form of solid transparent ice balls with a diameter of 1-3 mm. There is unfrozen water inside the balls - when falling on objects, the balls break into shells, the water flows out and ice forms.
Snow- solid precipitation that falls (most often at negative air temperatures) in the form of snow crystals (snowflakes) or flakes. With light snow, horizontal visibility (if there are no other phenomena - haze, fog, etc.) is 4-10 km, with moderate snow 1-3 km, with heavy snow - less than 1000 m (in this case, snowfall increases gradually, so Visibility values of 1-2 km or less are observed no earlier than an hour after the start of snowfall). In frosty weather (air temperature below −10...-15°), light snow may fall from a partly cloudy sky. Separately, the phenomenon of wet snow is noted - mixed precipitation that falls at positive air temperatures in the form of flakes of melting snow.
Rain with snow- mixed precipitation that falls (most often at positive air temperatures) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If rain and snow fall at subzero air temperatures, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms.
Drizzle- characterized by low intensity, monotony of loss without changing intensity; start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous loss is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days). Fall out of stratus clouds or fog; Moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Often accompanied by decreased visibility (haze, fog).
Drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (less than 0.5 mm in diameter), as if floating in the air. A dry surface becomes wet slowly and evenly. When deposited on the surface of the water, it does not form diverging circles on it.
Freezing drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm), as if floating in the air, falling at negative air temperatures (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to −15 °) - settling on objects, the drops freeze and form ice
Snow grains- solid precipitation in the form of small opaque white particles (sticks, grains, grains) with a diameter of less than 2 mm, falling at negative air temperatures.
Rainfall- characterized by the suddenness of the beginning and end of the loss, abrupt change intensity. The duration of continuous loss usually ranges from several minutes to 1-2 hours (sometimes several hours, in the tropics - up to 1-2 days). Often accompanied by a thunderstorm and a short-term increase in wind (squall). They fall from cumulonimbus clouds, and the amount of clouds can be both significant (7-10 points) and small (4-6 points, and in some cases even 2-3 points). The main feature of precipitation of a torrential nature is not its high intensity (storm precipitation can be weak), but the very fact of precipitation from convective (most often cumulonimbus) clouds, which determines fluctuations in the intensity of precipitation. IN hot weather light showers can fall from powerful cumulus clouds, and sometimes (very light showers) even from mid cumulus clouds.
shower rain- torrential rain.
Shower snow- shower snow. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in horizontal visibility from 6-10 km to 2-4 km (and sometimes up to 500-1000 m, in some cases even 100-200 m) over a period of time from several minutes to half an hour (snow “charges”).
Shower rain with snow- mixed rainfall precipitation, falling (most often at positive air temperatures) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If heavy rain with snow falls at sub-zero air temperatures, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms.
Snow pellets- solid precipitation of a storm nature, falling at an air temperature of about zero degrees and having the appearance of opaque white grains with a diameter of 2-5 mm; The grains are fragile and easily crushed by fingers. Often falls before or simultaneously with heavy snow.
Ice grains- solid rainfall precipitation, falling at air temperatures from −5 to +10° in the form of transparent (or translucent) ice grains with a diameter of 1-3 mm; in the center of the grains there is an opaque core. The grains are quite hard (they can be crushed with your fingers with some effort), and when they fall on a hard surface they bounce off. In some cases, the grains may be covered with a film of water (or fall out along with droplets of water), and if the air temperature is below zero, then falling on objects, the grains freeze and ice forms.
hail- solid precipitation that falls in the warm season (at air temperatures above +10°) in the form of pieces of ice various shapes and sizes: usually the diameter of hailstones is 2-5 mm, but in some cases individual hailstones reach the size of a pigeon and even chicken egg(then hail causes significant damage to vegetation, car surfaces, breaks window glass etc.). The duration of hail is usually short - from 1-2 to 10-20 minutes. In most cases, hail is accompanied by rain showers and thunderstorms.
Unclassified precipitation
Ice needles- solid precipitation in the form of tiny ice crystals floating in the air, formed in frosty weather (air temperature below −10…-15°). During the day they sparkle in the light of the sun's rays, at night - in the rays of the moon or in the light of lanterns. Quite often, ice needles form beautiful glowing “pillars” at night, extending from the lanterns upward into the sky. They are most often observed in clear or partly cloudy skies, sometimes falling from cirrostratus or cirrus clouds. Ice needles
Precipitation formed on the surface of the earth and on the surface metax
Dew- water droplets formed on the surface of the earth, plants, objects, roofs of buildings and cars as a result of condensation of water vapor contained in the air at positive air and soil temperatures, partly cloudy skies and weak winds. Most often observed at night and early morning hours, and may be accompanied by haze or fog. Heavy dew can cause measurable amounts of precipitation (up to 0.5 mm per night), draining water from roofs onto the ground.
Frost- a white crystalline sediment formed on the surface of the earth, grass, objects, roofs of buildings and cars, snow cover as a result of sublimation of water vapor contained in the air at negative soil temperatures, partly cloudy skies and weak winds. It is observed in the evening, night and morning hours, and may be accompanied by haze or fog. In fact, it is an analogue of dew, formed at negative temperatures. On tree branches and wires, frost is deposited weakly (unlike frost) - on the wire of an ice machine (diameter 5 mm), the thickness of frost deposits does not exceed 3 mm.
Crystal frost- a white crystalline sediment consisting of small, fine-structured shiny particles of ice, formed as a result of sublimation of water vapor contained in the air on tree branches and wires in the form of fluffy garlands (easily crumbling when shaken). It is observed in lightly cloudy (clear, or clouds of the upper and middle tier, or broken-stratified) frosty weather (air temperature below −10...-15°), with haze or fog (and sometimes without them) with weak wind or calm. Frost deposition occurs, as a rule, within several hours at night; during the day it gradually crumbles under the influence of sun rays, however in cloudy weather and can remain in the shade throughout the day. On the surface of objects, roofs of buildings and cars, frost is deposited very weakly (unlike frost). However, frost is often accompanied by frost.
Grainy frost- white loose snow-like sediment formed as a result of the settling of small droplets of supercooled fog on tree branches and wires in cloudy, foggy weather (at any time of the day) at air temperatures from zero to −10° and moderate or strong wind. When fog droplets become larger, it can turn into ice, and when the air temperature drops in combination with weakening winds and a decrease in the amount of clouds at night, it can turn into crystalline frost. The growth of grainy frost continues as long as the fog and wind last (usually several hours, and sometimes several days). The deposited granular frost may persist for several days.
Ice- a layer of dense glassy ice (smooth or slightly lumpy), formed on plants, wires, objects, the surface of the earth as a result of freezing of precipitation particles (supercooled drizzle, freezing rain, freezing rain, ice pellets, sometimes rain with snow) in contact with the surface, having a negative temperature. It is observed at air temperatures most often from zero to −10° (sometimes up to −15°), and during sudden warming (when the earth and objects still maintain a negative temperature) - at an air temperature of 0…+3°. It greatly impedes the movement of people, animals, and vehicles, and can lead to broken wires and breaking off tree branches (and sometimes to massive falls of trees and power line masts). The growth of ice continues as long as the supercooled precipitation lasts (usually several hours, and sometimes with drizzle and fog - several days). The deposited ice may persist for several days.
Black ice- a layer of lumpy ice or icy snow formed on the surface of the earth due to the freezing of melt water when, after a thaw, the temperature of the air and soil decreases (transition to negative values temperature). Unlike ice, black ice is observed only on earth's surface, most often on roads, sidewalks and paths. The resulting ice can persist for many days in a row until it is covered with freshly fallen snow or melts completely as a result of an intense increase in air and soil temperatures.
Precipitation
Atmospheric precipitation is called moisture that has fallen to the surface from the atmosphere in the form of rain, drizzle, cereals, snow, and hail. Precipitation comes from clouds, but not every cloud produces precipitation. The formation of precipitation from a cloud occurs due to the enlargement of droplets to a size capable of overcoming rising currents and air resistance. The enlargement of droplets occurs due to the merging of droplets, evaporation of moisture from the surface of droplets (crystals) and condensation of water vapor on others.
By state of aggregation emit liquid, solid and mixed precipitation.
TO liquid precipitation include rain and drizzle.
ü rain – has droplets ranging in size from 0.5 to 7 mm (average 1.5 mm);
ü drizzle – consists of small droplets up to 0.5 mm in size;
TO solid are snow and ice pellets, snow and hail.
ü snow pellets - rounded nucleoli with a diameter of 1 mm or more, observed at temperatures close to zero. The grains are easily compressed with your fingers;
ü ice pellets - the kernels of the groats have an icy surface, they are difficult to crush with your fingers, and when they fall to the ground they jump;
ü snow – consists of hexagonal ice crystals formed during the process of sublimation;
ü hail – large rounded pieces of ice ranging in size from a pea to 5-8 cm in diameter. The weight of hailstones in some cases exceeds 300 g, sometimes reaching several kilograms. Hail falls from cumulonimbus clouds.
Types of precipitation: (according to the nature of precipitation)
- Cover precipitation– uniform, long-lasting, falling from nimbostratus clouds;
- Rainfall– characterized by rapid changes in intensity and short duration. They fall from cumulonimbus clouds as rain, often with hail.
- Drizzle– fall as drizzle from stratus and stratocumulus clouds.
The daily variation of precipitation coincides with the daily variation of cloudiness. There are two types diurnal cycle precipitation – continental and marine (coastal). Continental type has two maximums (in the morning and afternoon) and two minimums (at night and before noon). Marine type – one maximum (at night) and one minimum (daytime).
The annual course of precipitation varies according to different latitudes and even within the same zone. It depends on the amount of heat, thermal conditions, air circulation, distance from the coasts, and the nature of the relief.
The heaviest precipitation is in equatorial latitudes ah, where their annual quantity (GKO) exceeds 1000-2000 mm. On the equatorial islands Pacific Ocean 4000-5000 mm falls, and on leeward slopes tropical islands up to 10,000 mm. Reason heavy rainfall are very powerful ascending currents humid air. To the north and south of the equatorial latitudes, the amount of precipitation decreases, reaching a minimum of 25-35º, where the average annual value does not exceed 500 mm and decreases in inland areas to 100 mm or less. IN temperate latitudes and the amount of precipitation increases slightly (800 mm). At high latitudes the GKO is insignificant.
The maximum annual precipitation was recorded in Cherrapunji (India) - 26461 mm. The minimum recorded annual precipitation is in Aswan (Egypt), Iquique (Chile), where in some years there is no precipitation at all.
By origin There are convective, frontal and orographic precipitation.
- Convective precipitation (intramass) characteristic of the hot zone, where heating and evaporation are intense, but in summer they often occur in temperate zone.
- Frontal precipitation are formed when two air masses meet different temperatures and others physical properties, fall from warmer air that forms cyclonic vortices, typical of temperate and cold zones.
- Orographic precipitation fall on the windward slopes of mountains, especially high ones. They are abundant if the air comes from the side warm sea and has great absolute and relative humidity.
Types of precipitation by origin:
I - convective, II - frontal, III - orographic; TV - warm air, ХВ - cold air.
Annual course of precipitation, i.e. change in their number by month, in different places The earth is not the same. Precipitation over the earth's surface is distributed zonally.
- Equatorial type – precipitation falls fairly evenly throughout the year, there are no dry months, only after the days of the equinox two small maximums are noted - in April and October - and after the days of the solstice two small minimums are noted - in July and January.
- Monsoon type – maximum precipitation in summer, minimum in winter. Characteristic of subequatorial latitudes, as well as east coasts continents in subtropical and temperate latitudes. The total amount of precipitation gradually decreases from the subequatorial to the temperate zone.
- Mediterranean type – maximum precipitation in winter, minimum in summer. It is observed in subtropical latitudes on the western coasts and inland. Annual precipitation gradually decreases towards the center of the continents.
- Continental type of precipitation of temperate latitudes – in the warm period there is two to three times more precipitation than in the cold period. As the continental climate in the central regions of the continents increases, the total amount of precipitation decreases, and the difference between summer and winter precipitation increases.
- Marine type of temperate latitudes – precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year with a slight maximum in autumn-winter. Their number is greater than observed for this type.
Types of annual precipitation:
1 - equatorial, 2 - monsoon, 3 - Mediterranean, 4 - continental temperate latitudes, 5 - maritime temperate latitudes.
Ministry of Education and Science
Federal agency of Education
Federal state budgetary educational institution
Higher vocational education
"Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov"
Faculty of History and Geography
Department physical geography and geomorphology named after. E.A. Archikova
"Atmospheric precipitation and its chemical composition"
Performed
student gr. IGF 22-12
Grigorieva O.V.
Scientific adviser:
Art. Shlempa Ave. O.A.
Cheboksary 2012
Introduction
1.1 Types of precipitation
2.1 Precipitation falling on the earth's surface
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
Introduction
The relevance of studying atmospheric precipitation lies in the fact that it is the main water-balance component of all types of natural waters and the main source of natural resources groundwater are precipitation. Atmospheric deposition constantly affects all components environment, represent an irremovable factor and therefore, in risk theory, belong to the most high category.
Atmospheric precipitation as products of condensation and sublimation of water vapor in the atmosphere is an important climatic parameter that determines the moisture regime of the territory. For precipitation to occur, moisture must be present. air mass, upward movements and condensation nuclei.
Therefore, by the amount and intensity of precipitation, one can indirectly judge the nature of vertical movements in the atmosphere, which are most difficult to assess in the energy cycle of the atmosphere.
The purpose of the work is to study atmospheric precipitation and its chemical composition.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
.Consider the concept of precipitation;
2.Explain the distribution of daily and annual precipitation amounts;
.Consider the classification of precipitation;
.Find out what chemical components are part of atmospheric precipitation
Work structure. The course work consists of an introduction, six chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.
atmospheric precipitation chemical composition
1. Atmospheric precipitation and its types
Atmospheric precipitation is moisture that falls to the surface from the atmosphere in the form of rain, drizzle, cereals, snow, and hail. Precipitation comes from clouds, but not every cloud produces precipitation. The formation of precipitation from a cloud occurs due to the enlargement of droplets to a size capable of overcoming rising currents and air resistance. The enlargement of droplets occurs due to the merging of droplets, evaporation of moisture from the surface of droplets (crystals) and condensation of water vapor on others. Precipitation is one of the links in the moisture cycle on Earth.
The main condition for the formation of precipitation is the cooling of warm air, leading to condensation of the steam contained in it.
.1 Types of precipitation
Cover precipitation - uniform, long-lasting, falls from nimbostratus clouds;
Rainfall - characterized by rapid changes in intensity and short duration. They fall from cumulonimbus clouds as rain, often with hail.
Drizzle - falls in the form of drizzle from stratus and stratocumulus clouds.
By origin they distinguish:
Convective precipitation is typical for the hot zone, where heating and evaporation are intense, but in summer they often occur in the temperate zone.
Frontal precipitation is formed when two air masses with different temperatures and other physical properties meet; they fall from warmer air, forming cyclonic vortices, and are typical for temperate and cold zones.
Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward slopes of mountains, especially high ones. They are abundant if the air comes from the warm sea and has high absolute and relative humidity. (see appendix 4)
2. Classification of precipitation
.1 Precipitation falling on the earth's surface
They are characterized by monotony of loss without significant fluctuations in intensity. They start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous precipitation is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days), but in some cases light precipitation can last half an hour to an hour. Usually fall from nimbostratus or altostratus clouds; Moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Sometimes weak short-term (half an hour - an hour) precipitation is observed from stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus clouds, with the number of clouds being 7-10 points. In frosty weather (air temperature below?10...-15°), light snow may fall from a partly cloudy sky.
Rain- liquid precipitation in the form of droplets with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm. Individual raindrops leave a mark on the surface of water in the form of a diverging circle, and on the surface of dry objects - in the form of a wet spot.
Supercooled rain is liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm, falling at negative air temperatures (most often 0...-10°, sometimes up to? 15°) - falling on objects, the drops freeze and ice forms.
freezing rain- solid precipitation that falls at negative air temperatures (most often 0...-10°, sometimes up to? 15°) in the form of solid transparent ice balls with a diameter of 1-3 mm. There is unfrozen water inside the balls - when falling on objects, the balls break into shells, the water flows out and ice forms.
Snow- solid precipitation that falls (most often at negative air temperatures) in the form of snow crystals (snowflakes) or flakes. With light snow, horizontal visibility (if there are no other phenomena - haze, fog, etc.) is 4-10 km, with moderate snow 1-3 km, with heavy snow - less than 1000 m (in this case, snowfall increases gradually, so Visibility values of 1-2 km or less are observed no earlier than an hour after the start of snowfall). In frosty weather (air temperature below?10...-15°), light snow may fall from a partly cloudy sky. Separately, the phenomenon of wet snow is noted - mixed precipitation that falls at positive air temperatures in the form of flakes of melting snow.
Rain with snow- mixed precipitation that falls (most often at positive air temperatures) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If rain and snow fall at subzero air temperatures, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms.
Drizzle
Characterized by low intensity, monotonous loss without changing intensity; start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous loss is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days). Fall out of stratus clouds or fog; Moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Often accompanied by decreased visibility (haze, fog).
Drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (less than 0.5 mm in diameter), as if floating in the air. A dry surface becomes wet slowly and evenly. When deposited on the surface of the water, it does not form diverging circles on it.
Freezing drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (less than 0.5 mm in diameter), as if floating in the air, falling at negative air temperatures (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to? 15 °) - settling on objects, the drops freeze , and ice forms.
Snow grains- solid precipitation in the form of small opaque white particles (sticks, grains, grains) with a diameter of less than 2 mm, falling at negative air temperatures.
Rainfall
They are characterized by the suddenness of the beginning and end of the loss, and a sharp change in intensity. The duration of continuous loss usually ranges from several minutes to 1-2 hours (sometimes several hours, in the tropics - up to 1-2 days). Often accompanied by a thunderstorm and a short-term increase in wind (squall). They fall from cumulonimbus clouds, and the amount of clouds can be both significant (7-10 points) and small (4-6 points, and in some cases even 2-3 points). The main feature of precipitation of a torrential nature is not its high intensity (storm precipitation can be weak), but the very fact of precipitation from convective (most often cumulonimbus) clouds, which determines fluctuations in the intensity of precipitation. In hot weather, light showers may fall from powerful cumulus clouds, and sometimes (very light showers) even from mid-cumulus clouds.
Rain shower- torrential rain.
Shower snow- shower snow. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in horizontal visibility from 6-10 km to 2-4 km (and sometimes up to 500-1000 m, in some cases even 100-200 m) over a period of time from several minutes to half an hour (snow “charges”).
Shower rain with snow- mixed rainfall precipitation, falling (most often at positive air temperatures) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If heavy rain with snow falls at sub-zero air temperatures, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms.
Snow pellets- solid rainfall precipitation that falls at an air temperature of about 0° and has the appearance of opaque white grains with a diameter of 2-5 mm; The grains are fragile and easily crushed by fingers. Often falls before or simultaneously with heavy snow.
Ice grains- solid rainfall precipitation, falling at air temperatures from -5 to +10° in the form of transparent (or translucent) ice grains with a diameter of 1-3 mm; in the center of the grains there is an opaque core. The grains are quite hard (they can be crushed with your fingers with some effort), and when they fall on a hard surface they bounce off. In some cases, grains may be covered with a film of water (or fall out along with droplets of water), and if the air temperature is below 0°, then falling on objects, the grains freeze and ice forms.
hail- solid precipitation that falls in the warm season (at air temperatures above +10°) in the form of pieces of ice of various shapes and sizes: usually the diameter of hailstones is 2-5 mm, but in some cases individual hailstones reach the size of a pigeon and even a chicken egg ( then hail causes significant damage to vegetation, car surfaces, breaks window glass, etc.). The duration of hail is usually short - from 1 to 20 minutes. In most cases, hail is accompanied by rain showers and thunderstorms.
Unclassified precipitation
Ice needles- solid precipitation in the form of tiny ice crystals floating in the air, formed in frosty weather (air temperature below? 10...-15°). During the day they sparkle in the light of the sun's rays, at night - in the rays of the moon or in the light of lanterns. Quite often, ice needles form beautiful glowing “pillars” at night, extending from the lanterns upward into the sky. They are most often observed in clear or partly cloudy skies, sometimes falling from cirrostratus or cirrus clouds.
Insulation- precipitation in the form of rare and large (up to 3 cm) water bubbles. A rare event, which occurs during weak thunderstorms.
Precipitation formed on the surface of the earth and on objects
Rosa -water droplets formed on the surface of the earth, plants, objects, roofs of buildings and cars as a result of condensation of water vapor contained in the air at positive air and soil temperatures, partly cloudy skies and weak winds. Most often observed at night and early morning hours, and may be accompanied by haze or fog. Heavy dew can cause measurable amounts of precipitation (up to 0.5 mm per night), running off water from roofs onto the ground.
Frost- a white crystalline sediment formed on the surface of the earth, grass, objects, roofs of buildings and cars, snow cover as a result of desublimation of water vapor contained in the air at negative soil temperatures, partly cloudy skies and weak winds. It is observed in the evening, night and morning hours, and may be accompanied by haze or fog. In fact, it is an analogue of dew, formed at negative temperatures. On tree branches and wires, frost is deposited weakly (unlike frost) - on the wire of an ice machine (diameter 5 mm), the thickness of frost deposits does not exceed 3 mm.
Crystal frost- a white crystalline sediment consisting of small, fine-structured shiny particles of ice, formed as a result of desublimation of water vapor contained in the air on tree branches and wires in the form of fluffy garlands (easily crumbling when shaken). It is observed in lightly cloudy (clear, or clouds of the upper and middle tier, or broken-stratified) frosty weather (air temperature below? 10 ... -15 °), with haze or fog (and sometimes without them) with weak wind or calm. Frost deposits usually occur over several hours at night; during the day, it gradually crumbles under the influence of sunlight, but in cloudy weather and in the shade it can persist throughout the day. On the surface of objects, roofs of buildings and cars, frost is deposited very weakly (unlike frost). However, frost is often accompanied by frost.
Grainy frost- white loose snow-like sediment formed as a result of the settling of small droplets of supercooled fog on tree branches and wires in cloudy, foggy weather (at any time of the day) at an air temperature of 0 to? 10° and moderate or strong wind. When fog droplets become larger, it can turn into ice, and when the air temperature drops in combination with weakening winds and a decrease in the amount of clouds at night, it can turn into crystalline frost. The growth of grainy frost continues as long as the fog and wind last (usually several hours, and sometimes several days). The deposited granular frost may persist for several days.
Ice- a layer of dense glassy ice (smooth or slightly lumpy), formed on plants, wires, objects, the surface of the earth, as a result of the freezing of precipitation particles (supercooled drizzle, freezing rain, freezing rain, ice pellets, sometimes rain with snow) in contact with the surface having a negative temperature. It is observed at air temperatures most often from 0 to?10° (sometimes up to?15°), and during sudden warming (when the earth and objects still maintain a negative temperature) - at air temperatures of 0...+3°. It greatly impedes the movement of people, animals, and vehicles, and can lead to broken wires and breaking off tree branches (and sometimes to massive falls of trees and power line masts). The growth of ice continues as long as the supercooled precipitation lasts (usually several hours, and sometimes with drizzle and fog - several days). The deposited ice may persist for several days.
Black ice- a layer of lumpy ice or icy snow that forms on the surface of the earth due to the freezing of melt water when, after a thaw, the air and soil temperatures decrease (transition to negative temperature values). Unlike ice, black ice is observed only on the earth's surface, most often on roads, sidewalks and paths. The resulting ice can persist for many days in a row until it is covered with freshly fallen snow or melts completely as a result of an intense increase in air and soil temperatures.
3. Chemical composition of precipitation
Precipitation is dominated by: HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+. They enter sediments due to the dissolution of air gases, the wind bringing salts from the sea, the dissolution of salts and dust of continental origin, volcanic exhalations and other sources. The total amount of dissolved substances, as a rule, does not exceed 100 mg/l, often it is less than 50 mg/l. These are ultra-fresh waters, but in some places the mineralization of sediments increases to 500 mg/l or more. The pH of rainwater is usually 5-7. Rainwater also contains some hydrogen peroxide.
As a result of physical evaporation of salts, as well as splashing sea water during waves in the surf zone and subsequent evaporation of water droplets sea air enriched with elements of sea water, and winds blowing from the sea bring sea salts to land. Most of the Cl, Li, Na, Rв, Cs, B, I in river waters are probably maritime origin. These are the so-called “cyclic salts”, which fall onto land with precipitation and then return to the ocean with runoff. According to V.D. Korzh and V.S. Saenko, on average up to 15% of salts in river runoff are brought into rivers from the ocean through the atmosphere.
In atmospheric precipitation of sea coasts, the Cl - content can exceed 100 mg/l (in inland areas 2-3 mg/l). However, already at a distance of several tens of kilometers from the coast, the content sea salts in precipitation sharply decreases to 1-3 mg/l.
In precipitation in inland areas, it is not Cl - and Na+ that predominate, but SO42-, Ca2+. In humid inland areas, sediment mineralization is low, about 20-30 mg/l, and HCO3 - and Ca2+ ions of continental origin predominate.
4. Patterns of distribution of atmospheric precipitation
The following patterns of distribution of atmospheric precipitation are noted. Most precipitation occurs over the ocean. Over continents, the degree of mineralization of sediments is determined by climatic factors. Maximum mineralization of sediments is typical for desert landscapes. Technogenic processes increase the mineralization of sediments over large industrial centers and change the properties of atmospheric water. However, it is not always possible to determine the content of salts entering them by the amount of precipitation. In wet tropical forests where there is little dust in the air, precipitation has less mineralization, precipitation in the taiga zone has higher mineralization. However, the total amount of salts arriving with precipitation in the humid tropics will be higher than in the taiga, since the amount of precipitation is 2-3 times greater.
Within the continent natural areas salt precipitation depends on the amount of precipitation, air humidity, and dust levels in the atmosphere.
In each landscape zone, the mineralization of atmospheric precipitation depends on the seasons: winter, spring and humid summer period mineralization of sediments is lower than in dry conditions. The movement of the air mass formed over the ocean deep into the continent leads to its gradual depletion chemical elements as precipitation falls. With precipitation on the sea coasts, 47 mg/l of salts fall; within the continent, at a distance of 200 km from the coast, the amount of salts falling drops to 28 mg/l.
M.A. Glazovskaya proposed two coefficients to characterize atmospheric migration: the coefficient of atmospheric geochemical activity (CA) and the coefficient of hydrogeochemical activity (CI). KA is the ratio of the amount of an element supplied with precipitation per year to its amount consumed by plants per year. CI is the ratio of the amount of elements carried out by ion runoff per year to their amount arriving with precipitation.
5. Distribution of daily and annual precipitation amounts
The daily variation of precipitation coincides with the daily variation of cloudiness. There are two types of daily variation of precipitation - continental and marine (coastal). The continental type has two maximums (in the morning and afternoon) and two minimums (at night and before noon). Marine type - one maximum (at night) and one minimum (daytime).
The annual course of precipitation varies at different latitudes and even within the same zone. It depends on the amount of heat, thermal conditions, air circulation, distance from the coasts, and the nature of the relief. (see appendix 1)
The most abundant precipitation is in equatorial latitudes, where the annual amount (GKO) exceeds 1000-2000 mm. On the equatorial islands of the Pacific Ocean, 4000-5000 mm falls, and on the leeward slopes of tropical islands up to 10,000 mm. Heavy precipitation is caused by powerful upward currents of very humid air. To the north and south of equatorial latitudes, precipitation decreases, reaching a minimum at 25-35º, where the average annual value does not exceed 500 mm and decreases in inland areas to 100 mm or less. In temperate latitudes the amount of precipitation increases slightly (800 mm). At high latitudes the GKO is insignificant.
The maximum annual precipitation was recorded in Cherrapunji (India) - 26461 mm. The minimum recorded annual precipitation is in Aswan (Egypt), Iquique (Chile), where in some years there is no precipitation at all. (see appendix 2)
The annual course of precipitation, i.e. the change in their number by month and in different places on Earth is not the same. Several basic types of annual precipitation patterns can be outlined and expressed as bar graphs.
· Equatorial type - precipitation falls fairly evenly throughout the year, there are no dry months, only after the days of the equinox there are two small maximums - in April and October - and after the days of the solstice two small minimums - in July and January.
· Monsoon type - maximum precipitation in summer, minimum in winter. Characteristic of subequatorial latitudes, as well as the eastern coasts of continents in subtropical and temperate latitudes. The total amount of precipitation gradually decreases from the subequatorial to the temperate zone.
· Mediterranean type - maximum precipitation in winter, minimum in summer. It is observed in subtropical latitudes on the western coasts and inland. Annual precipitation gradually decreases towards the center of the continents.
· Continental type of precipitation in temperate latitudes - in the warm period there is two to three times more precipitation than in the cold period. As the continental climate in the central regions of the continents increases, the total amount of precipitation decreases, and the difference between summer and winter precipitation increases.
· Marine type of temperate latitudes - precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year with a slight maximum in autumn-winter. Their number is greater than observed for this type. (see appendix 3)
Conclusion
Atmospheric precipitation is one of the main factors in the formation of surface and groundwater. Atmospheric waters are the least studied chemically, which is due to the difficulty of selecting a sample volume sufficient for chemical analysis and insufficient attention to atmospheric precipitation as a factor in the formation of the chemical composition of surface and underground waters.
The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation and dry fallout is an integral characteristic of the content of pollutants in the cloud and subcloud layers of the atmosphere. The processes of wet deposition of substances can lead to changes in the chemical composition of soils, water in rivers and reservoirs, and this, in turn, affects the life activity of their inhabitants. Chemical substances in precipitation, depending on the composition, have a stimulating or inhibitory effect on plant development. Therefore, knowledge of the quantitative chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation is necessary to assess the state and predict the consequences of environmental pollution. natural environment.
Bibliography
1.Atmospheric precipitation [Electronic resource] - Access mode: #"center"> Application
Annex 1
Rice. 1. Distribution of annual precipitation (mm)
Appendix 2
Table 1. Distribution of precipitation by continent as a percentage (%) of the total
EuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaSouth AmericaNorth AmericaBelow 500 mm476754665216500-1000 mm49181822308Above 1000 mm41528121876
Appendix 3
Rice. 2 Types of annual precipitation:
Equatorial, 2 - monsoon, 3 - Mediterranean, 4 - continental temperate latitudes, 5 - maritime temperate latitudes
Appendix 4
Types of precipitation by origin: - convective, II - frontal, III - orographic; TV - warm air, HV - cold air.
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Precipitation
Precipitation
water in a liquid or solid state that falls from clouds or settles from the air onto the earth's surface. Precipitation brings to the land surface all the water involved in water exchange processes (with the exception of certain areas where water comes from underground sources or through watercourses, but it was also previously brought to land by precipitation). The vast majority of precipitation ( rain, drizzle, snow, snowy and icy cereal, hail, freezing rain etc.) falls out of clouds. Released directly from the air dew, frost, hard coating, frost etc. Precipitation is measured in the thickness of the layer of water (usually expressed in millimeters) that falls per unit time. For various purposes, precipitation data for an hour, day, month, year, etc. is used. Usually the amount of precipitation over a short period of time (s, min, h) is also called precipitation intensity. On Wednesday. approx. falls on Earth per year. 1000 mm, minimum in tropical deserts(Atacama in Chile, some regions of the Sahara, etc.) - no more than 10 mm per year (often there is no precipitation at all for several years in a row) and a maximum of monsoon region in the foothills of the Himalayas (Cherrapunji) - Wed. OK. 11 thousand mm per year (the maximum precipitation per year that fell there is more than 20 thousand mm). The highest recorded amount of precipitation per day (1870 mm) fell in the form of rain on the island. Reunion in Indian Ocean in March 1952 during the passage tropical cyclone. Excess rainfall over several hours or days leads to floods, landslides, mudflows and other disasters, and a deficiency within a few weeks or the first months will lead to drought.
Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .
Synonyms:
See what “precipitation” is in other dictionaries:
PRECIPITATION, in meteorology, all forms of water, liquid or solid, falling from the atmosphere to the ground. Precipitation differs from CLOUDS, FOG, DEW and FROST in that it falls and reaches the ground. Includes rain, drizzle, SNOW and HAIL. Measured by layer thickness... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic Dictionary
Modern encyclopedia
Atmospheric water in a liquid or solid state (rain, snow, cereals, ground hydrometeors, etc.), falling from clouds or deposited from the air on the earth's surface and on objects. Precipitation is measured by the thickness of the layer of fallen water in mm. IN… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Groats, snow, drizzle, hydrometeor, lotions, rain Dictionary of Russian synonyms. precipitation noun, number of synonyms: 8 hydrometeor (6) ... Synonym dictionary
Atmospheric, see Hydrometeors. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main editorial office of Moldavian Soviet encyclopedia. I.I. Dedu. 1989. Precipitation, water coming from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth (in liquid or solid... Ecological dictionary
Precipitation- atmospheric, water in a liquid or solid state falling from clouds (rain, snow, pellets, hail) or deposited on the earth's surface and objects (dew, frost, hoarfrost) as a result of condensation of water vapor in the air. Precipitation is measured... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
In geology, loose formations deposited in a suitable environment as a result of physical, chemical and biological processes... Geological terms
PRECIPITATION, ov. Atmospheric moisture falling to the ground in the form of rain or snow. Abundant, weak o. Today there will be no precipitation (no rain, no snow). | adj. sedimentary, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (meteor.). This name is usually used to denote the moisture that falls on the surface of the earth, being separated from the air or from the soil in dropwise liquid or solid form. This release of moisture occurs every time water vapor constantly... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
1) atmospheric water in a liquid or solid state, falling from clouds or depositing from the air on the surface of the earth and on objects. O. falls from clouds in the form of rain, drizzle, snow, sleet, snow and ice pellets, snow grains,... ... Dictionary of emergency situations
PRECIPITATION- meteorological, liquid and solids, released from the air onto the surface of the soil and solid objects due to the thickening of water vapor contained in the atmosphere. If O. falls from a certain height, then the result is hail and snow; if they… … Great Medical Encyclopedia
Books
- Technological settlements of buildings and structures in the zone of influence of underground construction, R. A. Mangushev, N. S. Nikiforova. The monograph provides basic information about the engineering and geological conditions of the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, which determine the differences in the values of technological settlement of the territory and...
