Water resources of Russia. What is a reservoir? The largest reservoirs in Russia

Reservoirs - reservoirs created by human hands with the help of dams in the river valley, which serve to collect and retain water masses. More than 1,200 such structures have been built in our country. These data take into account only large reservoirs in Russia.

Characteristics of reservoirs

Buildings are of two types. The first includes lake reservoirs, which differ in the way water is accumulated. The current in them is created exclusively by the wind. Reservoirs on the rivers belong to the second group. They have an elongated shape and a constant flow. The main parameters of reservoirs are volume, surface area and level fluctuation during the year.

The organization of a new reservoir entails a change in the appearance of the river valley and its hydraulic regime in the backwater zone. Biggest Influence the created dam has an impact on the adjacent part of the reservoir. However, it is possible to see changes even at a distance of many kilometers.

All reservoirs in Russia have been prepared for flooding. Forests that fall into the designated flood zone are removed, freeing the banks. Residents of villages within the boundaries of the future reservoir are relocated, and the buildings themselves are dismantled. A lot of work is being done by hydrobiologists and ichthyologists who are preparing to restore fish populations.

The largest reservoirs in the country: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk and Kuibyshev.

The role of reservoirs

The organization of the reservoir entails a number of negative consequences. The decrease in flood leads to the disappearance of spawning grounds for fish. Water meadows do not receive nutrients, which causes vegetation to suffer. The river slows down, which leads to increased formation of silt deposits.

The largest reservoirs in Russia are such on a global scale. The peak of construction fell on the period from 1950 to 2000. They were built for the following purposes.

• Getting electricity. The cheapest way to make.
• Irrigation of fields and creation of recreation areas in areas with water scarcity.
• Fish breeding.
• Water intake for the needs of the city.
• Shipping. With their help, flat rivers become suitable for the movement of ships.
• Rafting has become easier in some areas.
• Flood control in the Far East region.

The territory of the Russian Federation is unevenly strewn with grandiose structures. There are an order of magnitude more of them in the European part than in the Asian. There are 13 of them in the basin of the Volga alone.

Gorky

The Gorky reservoir was chosen by lovers of fishing. Its downstream is located in Nizhny Novgorod region. In the dam area, its width reaches 12 km, and its depth is 22 m. The hydrological regime and composition of the reservoir are ideal for fish populations. In places filled with peat deposits in winter time freeze-ups occur. There is practically no current in the area of ​​the hydroelectric power station. Significant for aquatic fauna are waves and wind currents.

In winter, it drops by 2 m. Shallow waters are drained, causing freezing, freezing of the soil. Coastal plants suffer from this. In the spring, the reservoir is filled with meltwater. The level at this time fluctuates within 40 cm, but this is enough to disrupt the spawning of fish that need aquatic vegetation.

Freezing begins in November. In winter, a crust is formed up to a meter thick. According to the hydro regime, the Gorky reservoir looks like a lake with a weak current. In the mid-1950s, huge areas of fertile lands located in the floodplain went under water. There was an outbreak of growth in the number of many aquatic animals, which received new spawning and feeding places. After a few years, populations of fish and other organisms began to decline.

Argazinskoye

The Argazinskoe reservoir is the largest reservoir in the Chelyabinsk region. Its length is 22 km, and its width exceeds 11 km. The deepest point is at 18 m. The transparency of the water depends on weather conditions and is 3-8 m. The lake reservoir has over 45 skeletons, among which there is a natural monument with broad-leaved groves.

Argazi is located in the spurs of the Ilmensky mountains. The reservoir was created in 1942 by installing a dam on the river. Miass. It holds 980 million m 3 of water at a height of only 1.5 m. Juvenile fish, primarily whitefish and burbot, are released into the reservoir. Trophy specimens of fish weighing over 10 kg are periodically caught.

Water source for Chelyabinsk. Festivals are held on its banks and residents of the city spend their leisure time.

Volkhovskoe

Volkhov reservoir was created in 1926 in Leningrad region. Its width is 400 m, and the surface area is 2 km 2. Built for The catchment area is over 80 thousand km 2 . The reservoir has a lock for the passage of vessels with one chamber. The project was created by Lengydroproekt. The shores of the reservoir are rich in vegetation and are used by the townspeople for recreation.

Boguchanskoe

The Boguchanskoye reservoir began to fill up in the autumn of 1987 after the temporary channels in the dam were closed, through which the river flowed. The design level of 208 m was reached in 2015. The reservoir is located in Irkutsk region on the river Angara. The main purpose of the construction is the generation of electrical energy. The facility regulates the flow depending on the season, trying to keep the level difference within 1 m.

The mouths of many tributaries turned into huge bays. Some of them are over 10 km long. Freeze lasts 7 months, which does not touch the downstream of the hydroelectric power station. In this area, a polynya will remain for tens of kilometers. During the organization of the reservoir, many peat bogs fell under flooding. This fact affected the chemical composition of water. The construction of the reservoir affected the species composition of fish and catches. Rheophilic fish migrated, their catches decreased by 10 times.

Brotherly

The Bratsk reservoir is located in the Irkutsk region on the river. Angara. Its length is 570 km, and its width is 25 km. This reservoir heads the largest reservoirs in Russia. Its outlines are bizarre. Most of the tributaries became deeper, which allowed ships to enter them. In the vicinity of the reservoir, karst processes intensified, sinkholes and landslides began to appear.

Not all reservoirs in Russia have such a strong impact on the coast. Coasts are destroyed due to strong level drops. It reaches 6-10 m. The reservoir is of great fishing, shipping and timber-rafting importance. There are always a lot of tourists and fishermen on its shores.

Krasnoyarsk

For its size, it was called the fresh sea. Its surface area is 2 thousand km 2. The average depth reaches 40 m. Filling with water lasted three years after the construction of the dam. It is one of the largest reservoirs in the world. With it, the water level in the Yenisei is monitored. Vessels sail along this river and timber rafting is carried out.

Not all reservoirs in Russia are as rich in pike as Krasnoyarsk. Quantity small fish it is small here, because there is not enough food supply for it. It suffered as a result of the formation of the reservoir.

The construction of dams entails many consequences for nature and man. Man benefits from this in the form of cheap electricity, transport arteries and large water supplies. There is a gradual change in the species composition of fish. The ichthyofauna becomes less valuable, but more numerous. Large reservoirs are able to change the surrounding microclimate, making it softer.

Lakes of Russia

There are over 2.5 million lakes in Russia. The largest lakes are the Caspian, Ladoga, Onega, Baikal. The Caspian is the largest lake in the world in terms of area, and the deepest is Baikal. The lakes are very unevenly distributed. There are especially many of them in the Vilyui basin, in the West Siberian Plain and in the northwest. European plain- in Karelia. All these areas are in conditions of excessive moisture. To the south, in the zone of steppes and semi-deserts with their arid climate, the number of lakes decreases sharply, and many lakes have saline or brackish water. Salty are such drainless large lakes as the Caspian Sea, as well as lakes Elton and Baskunchak, where table salt is mined.
Lakes also differ in the origin of the basins. Lakes of tectonic origin are located in troughs and dips of the earth's crust. The largest tectonic lake Baikal is located in a graben and therefore reaches a depth of 1637 m.
Glacial-tectonic lake basins arose as a result of the processing by the glacier of tectonic depressions in the earth's crust: Imandra, Ladoga, Onega. In Kamchatka and the Kuriles, lakes are mainly of volcanic origin. In the northwest of the European Plain, the origin of lake basins is associated with continental glaciations. Many basins are located between moraine hills: Seliger, Valdai.
As a result of landslides, dammed lakes arose in mountain valleys: Sarez in the Pamirs, Ritsa in the Caucasus. Small lakes appear above karst sinkholes. In the south of Western Siberia, there are many saucer-shaped lakes that arose as a result of subsidence of loose rocks. When ice melts in permafrost areas, saucer-shaped shallow lakes also form. The oxbow lakes are located on the floodplains of lowland rivers. On the shores of the Black and Azov Seas there are lakes-estuaries.
All large and largest lakes in Russia are widely used in national economy. They catch and breed fish. Especially a lot of fish, including the most valuable sturgeon, are caught in the Caspian. There is omul fishing in Baikal. The lakes are also used for navigation.

The largest lakes in Russia

Caspian Sea, area in sq. km - 376,000, the greatest depth, in meters - 1,025
Lake Baikal, area in sq. km - 31,500, the greatest depth, in meters - 1,620
Lake Ladoga, area in sq. km - 17,700, the greatest depth, in meters - 230
Lake Onega, area in sq. km - 9 690, the greatest depth, in meters - 127
Lake Taimyr, area in sq. km - 4 560, the greatest depth, in meters - 26
Lake Khanka, area in sq. km - 4 190, the greatest depth, in meters - 11
Lake Chany, area in sq. km - 1 708-2 269, the greatest depth, in meters - up to 10
White Lake, area in sq. km - 1 290, the greatest depth, in meters - 6
Topozero, area in sq. km - 986, the greatest depth, in meters - 56
Lake Ilmen, area in sq. km - 982, the greatest depth, in meters - up to 10
Lake Imandra, area in sq. km - 876, the greatest depth, in meters - 67
Khantayskoye Lake, area in sq. km - 822, the greatest depth, in meters - 420
Segozero, area in sq. km - 815, the greatest depth, in meters - 97
Kulundinskoye Lake, area in sq. km - 728, the greatest depth, in meters - 4
Teletskoye Lake, area in sq. km - 223, the greatest depth, in meters - 325
Chudsko-Pskovskoye Lake, area in sq. km - 3 550, the greatest depth, in meters - 15

Rivers of Russia

Within Russia there are about 3 million rivers with a total length of almost 10 million km.
Most of the Russian rivers belong to the Arctic Ocean basin.
The largest rivers of Siberia originate in the south of the country in the Altai, Sayan and Baikal mountains. The rivers of the Arctic Ocean basin are fed by snow and rain. In the spring, due to the melting of snow on the rivers, the water rises. The flood begins in the south, and in the north the ice for a long time prevents the flow of melt water to the ocean. Therefore, on all rivers of the Arctic Ocean basin in the middle and lower reaches, high water rises occur in spring. In the northern plains, the course of these rivers is calm and smooth. In summer they are used for timber rafting and navigation, connecting the southern and inland regions of the country with the Northern Sea Route and the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The rivers of the European part of the Arctic Ocean basin - Pechora, Mezen, Northern Dvina and Onega are much shorter than the Siberian rivers. They flow completely over the plains and therefore have a calm current.
The Pacific Ocean covers approximately 19% of the country's area. The main river of this basin is the Amur and its tributaries Zeya, Bureya and Ussuri.
Near the rivers of Chukotka and the basin of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, snow is predominantly fed. Therefore, they are full of water in late spring and early summer, which favors the movement salmon fish rising to spawn up the rivers and rivers.
The Caspian basin is called drainless, since the rivers carry their waters not to the World Ocean, but to an internal drainless reservoir - to the Caspian Sea. The basin covers the interior of the East European Plain, Southern Urals, the eastern part of the Caucasus.
The Volga, Ural, Araks, Terek, Emba and other rivers flow into the Caspian. The largest river is the Volga. Its basin occupies 34% of the East European Plain. Now almost the entire Volga has turned into a cascade of dams and reservoirs. On the Upper Volga, not far from Tver, there is the Ivankovskoye Reservoir. From him begins the channel to them. Moscow, through which the Volga water is pumped for the water supply of Moscow. Below, the entire Volga to Volgograd turned into a chain of interconnected reservoirs (Uglich, Rybinsk, Gorky, Cheboksary, Kuibyshev, Saratov and Volgograd). The Atlantic Ocean basin occupies the smallest area - about 5% of the entire territory of Russia. Rivers flow to the west Baltic Sea and to the south - to Black and Sea of ​​Azov. To the west flow the Western Dvina, Neman, Neva, etc. To the south - the Dnieper, Don and Kuban. All rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin are full-flowing all year round, since most of their watersheds are located on the territory of sufficient moisture. The Neva River occupies a special place. This short river (74 km long) carries a huge amount of water - 79.7 km3 per year, four times more than the Dnieper, which has a length of over 2 thousand km. The Neva originates in Lake Ladoga and therefore its flow is constant throughout the year.

The rivers of the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean basin receive water in their branched upper reaches. In the lower sections, they are of a transit nature, since here the rivers cross the steppe zone with an arid climate. The food of the Dnieper and Don is mainly snow, so they have high spring floods. On the southern rivers a cascade of hydroelectric facilities and reservoirs was built. Reservoirs are used both to generate electricity and to irrigate arid lands in the south of the East European Plain. Rice and other agricultural crops are grown in the Sea of ​​Azov and the North Caucasus thanks to the waters of the Don and Kuban.

The largest rivers of Russia

Lena, length, km - 4320, basin area, thousand sq. km - 2418
Yenisei (with Biy-Khem), length, km - 4012, basin area, thousand sq. km - 2707
Ob (with Katun), length, km - 4070, basin area, thousand sq. km - 2425
Volga, length, km - 3690, basin area, thousand square meters km - 1380
Amur (with Shilka and Onon), length, km, basin area, thousand square meters km - 2824
Ural, length, km - 2530, basin area, thousand square meters km - 220
Kolyma, length, km - 2150, basin area, thousand square meters km - 644
Don, length, km - 1950, basin area, thousand sq. km - 422
Indigirka, length, km - 1790, basin area, thousand square meters km - 360
Pechora, length, km - 1790, basin area, thousand square meters km - 327
Northern Dvina (with Sukhona), length, km - 1300, basin area, thousand sq. km - 411
Yana (with Dulgalakh), length, km - 1070, basin area, thousand sq. km - 318
Selenga (with Ider), length, km - 1020, basin area, thousand sq. km - 445
Mezen, length, km - 966, basin area, thousand square meters km - 76
Kuban, length, km - 906, basin area, thousand square meters km - 51
Terek, length, km - 626, basin area, thousand sq. km - 44
Onega, length, km - 416, basin area, thousand square meters. km - 58
Neva, length, km - 74, basin area, thousand sq. km - 282

Reservoirs of Russia

Every year more and more artificial lakes-reservoirs are being created. Currently, according to incomplete data, there are more than 1,200 reservoirs in Russia.
The creation of reservoirs in the most developed part of the country (southern, central, northwestern regions of the European part of Russia, the Urals, the North Caucasus) is due to the fact that these areas account for an insignificant part of the water resources, as well as the unevenness of the river flow over the seasons of the year and between individual years .
The maximum length of large plain and plateau reservoirs reaches 400 - 565 km, mountain 100 - 110 km, and the width - up to several tens of kilometers. The deepest reservoirs from 200 - 300 m are located in the valleys of large mountain rivers(Ingurskoye, Chirkeyskoye, Sayanskoye) up to 70 - 105 m - in the plateau and foothill areas (Bratskoye, Ust-Ilimskoye, Krasnoyarskoye, Boguchanskoye, Bukhtarminskoye, etc.). In large flat reservoirs, the depths do not exceed 20 - 30 m. A special category is formed by reservoir lakes, which are most in the north-west (Karelia, Murmansk, Vologda, Novgorod regions).

The most grandiose man-made reservoirs are reservoirs. In Russia, there are more than two thousand such reservoirs (from the largest to the smallest). Many of them were built with great enthusiasm, volunteers went to construction sites from all regions of the country. The largest reservoir in Russia is no exception.

Enthusiast building

The Bratsk Reservoir is the largest in Russia and the second in the world. Its volume is 169 cubic kilometers, and the area of ​​​​the water surface ranges from 5426 km² to 5470 km². This is indeed a gigantic structure and a great achievement in the field of Soviet hydropower. Yes, what is there Soviet, world.

The Bratsk HPP is also called a construction site for real enthusiasts. The construction of the hydroelectric power station began in honor of the 10th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic war, and planned to be completed just in time for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. Just the very period when even the atmosphere in the country inspired feats. The construction site was declared Komsomol, and young people who did not have time to go to war, as well as yesterday's front-line soldiers, went here. There was so much inspiration that it made it possible to endure inhuman conditions: frosts were down to -58°С, and in summer the heat was about +35°С.

At first, the builders lived in tents, and in the summer of 1955, about three thousand people took part in the construction. And this was far from the limit, everyone who wanted to came and arrived. Of course, someone left, unable to withstand the working conditions, but as a result, the tent city turned into a working settlement, and that, in turn, into the city of Bratsk, which today is home to 240,000 people.

Massive operation to block the river

At the end of March 1957, a grandiose operation was carried out: the right-bank part of the Angara was blocked directly from the ice. 220 dump trucks and 8 excavators worked on the operation.

And four years later, the Bratsk reservoir was filled with water, at the dam the water level rose by more than 100 meters. From that moment on, the reservoir became the largest artificial reservoir in Russia. About 300 thousand hectares of forests, coniferous and deciduous, about 250 thousand hectares of agricultural land were flooded with water.

The lands were flooded, and the nature around was suffocated

Of course, the construction of such a grandiose scale could not do without tragedies. We are not talking about accidents, but about the tragedies of ordinary people. When the Bratsk reservoir was being filled, about a hundred villages and about seventy inhabited islands went under water. This process even got the name "Angara Atlantis". Of course, no one left the local residents to the mercy of fate, about 75 thousand people were resettled. But they were resettled en masse, gathering people from 10-15 villages in one place. For them, it was a real grief - the loss of their native land, the loss of contact with their ancestors - because here were the graves of their ancestors.

All this tragedy is captured in the story of Valentin Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". They say that there is more truth in this work than in all historical references and reports on the grandiose construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station.

The Bratsk HPP is one of the ten most ambitious hydroelectric power plants on the planet. By the way, the first place is occupied by the Three Gorges HPP, which is located on the Yangtze River. During its construction, one and a half million people were resettled, but in Chinese literature there was no "Farewell to Matera" of its own.

Despite all the contradictions, the construction of a hydroelectric power station and the creation of the Bratsk reservoir is one of the brightest pages in the development of Soviet hydropower and an indicator of fortitude and cohesion. Soviet people. After all, the work was carried out even in the harsh conditions of the Siberian winter, and volunteers came here from all regions of the USSR. There was no less enthusiasm than during the first flight into space and the launch of an artificial satellite of the Earth.

Water resources of reservoirs

About 30,000 reservoirs and ponds regulating river flow with a total volume of more than 800 cubic meters are in operation on the territory of Russia. km. Their total usable volume is 342 cubic meters. km, with more than 90% accounted for by reservoirs with a capacity of over 10 million cubic meters. m, and more than 200 million cubic meters. m of water is concentrated in only a hundred reservoirs. Capacity above 1 million cubic meters m have 2650 reservoirs. The length of the coastline of reservoirs is 75.4 thousand km.

Of the total number of reservoirs, about 230 are used in a complex, and the rest - only by individual sectors of the economy: for energy needs - 30, Agriculture- 1761, water supply - 297, other needs - 586 reservoirs.

The top ten largest reservoirs in the world in terms of water surface area include the Kuibyshevskoye (6.5 thousand cubic km), Bratskoye (5.5), Rybinskoye (4.5), Volgograd (3.1), Krasnoyarskoye (2.0 ) reservoirs. The largest reservoirs are located in Eastern Siberia. The average volume of one reservoir here reaches 26.4 cubic meters. km, on Far East- 7.4 cu. km. In table. 1.14 shows the characteristics of the largest reservoirs in Russia.

Table 1.14. General characteristics of the largest reservoirs in Russia

Reservoir		Water surface area, sq. km at NPU	Volume, kcub. m		Usage*
				useful
Brotherly					GE,SU,LS,RH,VS,RK
Krasnoyarsk					GE,SU,LS,VS,BN,RH,RK
Ust-Ilimskoye					GE, SU, VS, BOS
Kuibyshevskoe					GE,SU,IR,VS,RH,BN,RK
Vilyuiskoye
Volgograd					GE,SU,IR,VS,RH,RK,VS
Sayano-Shushenskoye					GE,IR,SU,RH,VS,RK,BK
Rybinsk					GE,SU,VS,RH,RK
Tsimlyanskoe					IR,SU,GE,RH,VS,RK
Bureyskoe					GE,BN,VS,RH,RK
Kolyma					GE, SU, VS
Saratov					GE,SU,RH,VS,RK,IR
					GE, SU, BOS, VS
Votkinskoe					GE, SU, BOS, VS
Gorky					GE, SU, RH, VS, RK
Novosibirsk					GE, SU, IR, VS, LS, RH, BN, RK
Sheksninskoye
Cheboksary					GE, SU, VS, RH
Iriklinskoe
Krasnodar					OR, RH, SU, BN
Nizhne-Kamskoe					GE, SU, VS, RH, BN
Chirkey
Irkutsk					GE,SU,LS,RH,BN,RK

*HP - hydropower, SU - shipping, LS - timber rafting, OP - irrigation, RH - fisheries, VS - water supply, RK - recreation, IR - irrigation, FN - flood control (under the project).

The main hydraulic parameters of the largest reservoirs in Russia are presented in Table. 1.15.

Table 1.15. Main hydrotechnical parameters of the largest reservoirs

Reservoir	Standard retaining level, m	Maximum capacity, cu. m / s, hydroelectric complex at the FSL
Ivankovskoe
Uglich
Sheksninskoye
Rybinsk
Gorky
Cheboksary
Pavlovskoe
Votkinskoe
Nizhne-Kamskoe
Kuibyshevskoe
Saratov
Volgograd
Brotherly
Bureyskoe
Vilyuiskoye
Irkutsk
Krasnoyarsk
Iriklinskoe
Sayano-Shushenskoye
Ust-Ilimskoye
Chirkey
Tsimlyanskoe
Kolyma

Rivers of the European territory are distinguished by a high degree of flow regulation, where water consumers and water users experience a shortage of water resources in certain periods and years. For example, the runoff The Volga is regulated by 40%, the Don - 50%, the Urals - 68%. In general, on the rivers of the European part of Russia, the total useful volume of regulated flow reaches 161 cubic meters. km, including on the rivers of the northern slope - 35, southern - 126 cubic meters. km.

Flow regulation northern rivers It was produced mainly for the purposes of energy, water transport and timber rafting. More than 90% of the regulated flow falls on the Murmansk region (14.5 cubic km) and the Republic of Karelia (17.5 cubic km). The largest reservoirs are located here on the medium and small rivers of the White and Barents Seas: Kumskoye on Topozero (useful capacity 8.63 cubic km), Vygozerskoye on the river. Lower Vyg (1.1 cubic km), Segozerskoye on the Segozero (4 cubic km), Verkhnetulomskoye on the river. Tulome (3.86 cubic km).

In the North-West region, the main water sources of which are the rivers and lakes of the river basin. Neva, flow regulation is carried out by 32 reservoirs with a total useful volume of 1.1 km3. The largest reservoir of long-term regulation is Verkhnesvirskoe (0.54 km3), located on the river. Svir and used for energy, water supply, fisheries and shipping purposes.

More than 60% of the volume of the regulated flow of the rivers of the Southern slope is concentrated in the reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade, which are used for energy, industrial and municipal water supply, water transport, irrigation, fisheries, and recreation. Eleven hydroelectric power plants have been built on the Volga and its main tributary, the Kama. The total installed capacity of the Volga-Kama cascade is 11,409 MW. The construction of dams, reservoirs and hydroelectric power plants has reduced the speed of the river, affected water quality, fish productivity and biodiversity.

In total, there are about 800 reservoirs in the Volga basin with a total useful volume of 101 cubic meters. km and a mirror area of ​​30.4 thousand square meters. km. They accumulate almost 70% of the average annual runoff of the Volga basin. Of the eight large hydroelectric facilities with reservoirs on the river. On the Volga, four (Ivankovskoye, Uglichskoye, Rybinskoye and Gorky) form a continuous cascade on the Upper Volga (the fifth - the Upper Volga reservoir, located in the upper reaches of the river, is isolated from the cascade).

Kuibyshev reservoir, stretching up to the confluence of the Volga River with the Kama River from the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex - 309 km; from the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex to the Cheboksary hydroelectric complex along the river. Volga - 508 km; from the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex to the Nizhne-Kama hydroelectric complex along the Volga River and the river. Kame - 578 km. The total volume of the reservoir is 58 cubic meters. km, useful - 34.6 cubic meters. km. This is the largest reservoir of the Volga-Kama cascade (it controls 97% of the water resources of the Volga), which makes it possible, under modern conditions, to carry out the intra-annual distribution of the Volga runoff in the alignment of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex. The main tributaries to the Kuibyshev reservoir are: Kama, Bolshoy Cheremshan, Sviyaga, Sok, Bolshoi Kinel, Usa. From the Kuibyshev reservoir to the Lower Volga comes 242 cubic meters. km of average annual runoff.

Saratov reservoir, length - 350 km. The total volume of the reservoir is 12.87 cubic meters. km, useful - 1.75 cubic meters. km. The Saratov hydroelectric complex is located 1129 km from the mouth of the Volga. The Saratov reservoir is a reservoir of weekly regulation of river flow with a large water exchange. The main tributaries to the Saratov reservoir: Samara, Chapaevka, Syzran, Chagra, Small Irgiz.

Volgograd reservoir, length - 540 km. The total volume of the reservoir is 31.45 cubic meters. km, useful - 8.25 cubic meters. km. The Volgograd hydroelectric complex is located 606 km from the mouth of the Volga. The hydrological regime of the Volgograd reservoir is determined by the operation of the HPP and economic water releases. The main tributaries to the Volgograd reservoir are: Tereshka, Kurdyum, Bolshoy Irgiz, Bolshoi Karaman, Eruslan. Through the Volgograd hydroelectric complex, 249 cubic meters of gas are supplied to the Lower Volga. km of average annual runoff.

In accordance with the standard capital class, the Kuibyshev, Saratov and Volgograd hydroelectric facilities are designed for spring flood probability of exceeding 0.1% (this is a flow rate of 60 thousand cubic meters / s) in normal conditions operation and tested for skipping a catastrophic flood with a probability of exceeding 0.01% (this is a flow rate of 70 thousand cubic meters per second).

The Pallasovskaya irrigation and watering system supplies water from the Volgograd reservoir to the Dzhanybek irrigation and watering system of the Republican State Enterprise "Zapadvodkhoz" of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the needs of watering.

In modern conditions, the reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade of hydroelectric complexes are actively used to cut off the natural maximum flow rates.

The Tsimlyansk reservoir has a total length of 281 km and most of it is located within the Volgograd region - 197 km. The reservoir extends from the hydroelectric dam along the Tsimlyansk-Volgodonsk alignment to the village of Trekhostrovskaya. Backwater from the Tsimlyansk reservoir extends to the river. Ilovlya. The length of the lake-like part from the city of Kalach-on-Don to the site of the Tsimlyanskaya HPP is 179 km.

The Tsimlyansk reservoir has a different width and depth, so it is divided into four reaches:

- near the dam - from the dam to the village of Krivskaya in Rostov region; its length is 44 km, maximum width is 38 km, average depth is 9.7 m, maximum depth is 35 m; this section has a lacustrine regime, its flow is low, the flow velocity is 0.1-0.2 m/s;

- Potemkinsky - from the village of Krivskaya to the village of Suvorovskaya in the Volgograd region; the length of this stretch is 68 km, with an average width of 8.5 km and a maximum width of 22 km;

the average depth is 9.7 m, the greatest is 15-20 m; 60% of the area is occupied by depths up to 10 m;

this section is also characterized by a small flow and has a flow rate of only 0.2-0.3 m / s;

- Chirskaya - from Suvorovskaya to st. spoons; this stretch is characterized by a large indentation of the banks; average depth - up to 10 m; the width of the reach is up to 22 km, its length is greater than the previous ones;

- upper - from st. Spoons and above; this is the longest stretch - its length is from 60 to 100 km; the regime resembles a river; here during the year both depth and area are changeable; depths - less than 10 m; in spring, the flow increases, and the flow velocity increases to 0.5 m/sec.

The filling of the Tsimlyansk reservoir occurs mainly due to the flow of meltwater from the spring flood from the territory of the basin located above the city of Kalach, as well as due to the inflow along the rivers: Karpovka, Donskaya Tsaritsa, Myshkovka, Chir, Aksai Esaulovsky, Aksai Kurmoyarsky and Tsimla. The total average annual runoff of the lateral tributaries of the reservoir (1.1 cubic km) does not exceed 5% of the total inflow and decreases in dry years to 0.2 cubic km. km. The intra-annual distribution of runoff is characterized by extreme unevenness. The share of spring flood runoff (3-5 months) is from 70 to 90%, the runoff of summer-autumn and winter low water fluctuates from 10 to 30%.

The period of summer-autumn and winter low water is characterized by more or less uniform water content: the share of summer-autumn low water is about 13% of the annual runoff.

In the North Caucasus region, where there is an acute shortage of water resources, especially in the spring-summer period, the regulation of river flow is of paramount importance.

The main waterways are the rivers Don, Kuban, Terek, Sulak. There are about 408 reservoirs in the region, mostly seasonal or daily regulation, with a total useful capacity of 19.2 cubic meters. km. The regulated flow is mainly used for irrigation of agricultural land and fish farming. The greatest development of runoff regulation has received in the Rostov region, Stavropol and Krasnodar regions. The share of Tsimlyansky, the only large reservoir that regulates the flow of the Don in the long term, accounts for 11.5 cubic meters. km. The main purpose of the Tsimlyansk reservoir is irrigation and watering of the Lower Don in the interests of navigation, as well as fish farming and water supply.

The Manych cascade, which includes the Proletarskoye (0.87 cubic km), Veselovskoye (0.19 cubic km) and Ust-Manychskoye (0.07 cubic km) reservoirs, was built in the 1930s and is intended for navigation, energy, fisheries and land irrigation. In addition to the local runoff to Manych in the amount of about 0.5 cubic meters. km per year, Kuban (along the river B. Egorlyk) and Don (along the Don main canal) water is supplied.

The Veselovskoye reservoir serves as an accumulator of fresh Don water used for irrigation, as well as a water receiver for drainage and waste water coming from irrigated lands of the Stavropol Territory, the salinity of which reaches 3-4 g/l.

In recent years, the reservoir has been losing its importance as a reliable source for irrigation, since the salinity of its waters has increased to 2.5 g/l. Currently, there is a problem of water desalinization in the reservoir.

Main water basin Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea is r. Kuban. The total useful volume regulated by 148 reservoirs is 2.7 cubic meters. km, a significant proportion of which (2.2 cubic km) falls on the Krasnodar reservoir, located in the middle reaches of the river. Kuban. The main purpose of the reservoir is to irrigate more than 200 thousand hectares of agricultural land, protect about 600 thousand hectares of agricultural land in the lower reaches of the Kuban from floods, and provide fish spawning and transport releases to the mouth sections of the Kuban and Protoka.

Kryukovskoe (0.1 cubic km), Varnavinskoe (0.02 cubic km) and Shapsugskoe (0.13 cubic km) reservoirs that regulate the flow of the Trans-Kuban rivers are used to irrigate land and protect agricultural land from floods. The purpose of other smaller reservoirs is irrigation and fish farming.

In the Stavropol Territory, about 100 reservoirs are operated with a total useful capacity of 2.15 cubic meters. km. Many reservoirs are bulk, located on the channels of redistribution of runoff. These are, for example, the Sengileevskoye reservoir (0.36 cubic km), operating on the Kuban water supplied through the Nevinnomyssky Canal, and the Kubanskoye (0.5 cubic km), located on the Great Stavropol Canal, which redistributes Kuban water to the waterless areas of the Caspian basin. seas. The Egorlyk reservoir (0.1 cubic km) partially works on the Kuban water and regulates the flow of the river. Egorlyk (Don basin). The rest of the reservoirs are smaller. The main purpose of the reservoirs of the region is irrigation, the largest ones are also used for water supply, fish farming and energy.

Chogray reservoir, put into operation in 1970, with an area of ​​200 sq. km, with a volume of 720 million cubic meters. m, located on the border of the Republic of Kalmykia and the Stavropol Territory in the valley of the river. East Manych. It is designed to accumulate water for the purpose of irrigating the Chernozemelskaya irrigation system, watering 113 thousand hectares of pastures, supplying drinking water to six rural areas and the capital of Kalmykia - the city of Elista, as well as fish farming. The reservoir is partially filled with local runoff from the Eastern Manych catchment area, as well as Terek and Kuma water supplied through the Terek-Manych waterway.

The Nizhnekamsk reservoir was created in 1978 in the valley of the river. Kama, by blocking the river (November 1, 1978) and filling in 1979 to a time mark of 62.0 m BS. The reservoir provides daily and weekly redistribution of inflow to the hydroelectric complex in the interests of energy. Inlet charges are passed all year round in transit to the downstream. The total volume of the reservoir at a time mark of 62.0 m is 2.9 cubic meters. km, at a mark of 68.0 m - 2570 cubic meters. km. The area of ​​the water mirror is 1.084 thousand square meters. km. At the reservoir, water levels for three recent years continued to be maintained at elevations of 63.1-63.5 m. White - 26.1 cu. km. Shallow waters with depths up to 2 m occupy about 50% of the reservoir area. The maximum width of the reservoir is 15 km, the average is 4 km. The length is 185 km along the river. Kama and 157 km along the river. White. The average depth is 3.3 m, the greatest is 20 m.

The total catchment area of ​​the river. Kama in the alignment of the Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric complex is 370 thousand km2, private catchment - 186 thousand cubic meters. km. Under the operating conditions of the Nizhnekamsk reservoir at a time mark of 62.0 m, the coastline and hydraulic structures and buildings along it are exposed to wave action. It is necessary to carry out a major overhaul of 7.5 km of the protective dam of the Staro-Tatyshevskaya agricultural woman, located in the Aktanyshsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan.

A significant proportion of the regulated flow falls on the rivers of the Asian part of Russia - 180.9 cubic meters. km, or 53% of the total useful volume of all reservoirs in the country. The potential water resources of this region are enormous.

The main volume of regulated flow falls on large energy reservoirs located in the basins of the Yenisei, Lena and Amur. Most of them carry out seasonal or daily regulation.

More than 60% of the flow regulated in the Asian part of the country falls on Eastern Siberia- 114.9 cubic meters. km, of which 114.8 cubic meters. km - to the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. In total, there are 68 reservoirs in the region, located mainly in the Yenisei basin.

In the territory Krasnoyarsk Territory there are 38 reservoirs with a total useful capacity of 63.3 cubic meters. km, of which three are very large - Sayano-Shushenskoye, Krasnoyarsk and Khantayskoye. All three reservoirs are of complex purpose and are used for the purposes of energy, navigation, irrigation and water supply.

The reservoirs of the Angarsk HPP cascade accumulate in total one and a half of the average annual flow of the river.

In the Irkutsk region, 6 reservoirs are operated with a total useful capacity of 51.5 cubic meters. km. The main share of the regulated flow falls on the reservoir of the Bratskaya HPP (useful volume 48.2 cubic km) and Ust-Ilimskoye (2.7 cubic km). The remaining 4 reservoirs are used for energy or agriculture. The Irkutsk reservoir regulates the flow of the lake. Baikal.

There are 121 reservoirs in Western Siberia with a total useful capacity of 6.1 cubic meters. km. Basically, these are small reservoirs intended for the purposes of agriculture (irrigation), water supply and energy. There is only one large complex-purpose reservoir in the region - Novosibirsk, created in the upper reaches of the Ob. Its total useful capacity is 4.4 km3, or 98% of the total regulated flow of the Novosibirsk Region.

There are potential water resources in the region, the need for additional flow regulation to meet the needs of the economy and the population is great. This is especially true of the southern and central regions - the Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk regions, the south of the Tyumen region, the north of the Altai Territory, which also includes the closed zone of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve, which is in dire need of additional water resources.

River flow in the Ob basin is regulated mainly by small and small reservoirs, their total volume is 1876 million cubic meters. m In addition, there are 13 medium reservoirs (total volume of 5523.1 million cubic meters).

In the Far East, runoff regulation is carried out in significant volumes. The main water sources here are the Amur, Lena, Kolyma rivers with their numerous tributaries, as well as Lake Khanka. The potential water resources of the region are large. The total useful volume of regulated flow (79 reservoirs) is 57.1 cubic meters. km.

The highest level of regulation is observed in the Amur region. It operates 19 reservoirs with a total useful capacity of 32.2 cubic meters. km. The largest is the reservoir of the Zeya hydroelectric power station (32.1 cubic km), which is used for energy purposes, flow regulation and navigation. Other reservoirs have a capacity of up to 10 million cubic meters. m, their purpose is water supply, irrigation and fish farming.

V Magadan region the total volume of regulated flow is 6.6 km3. The only large reservoir is intended for energy needs. This is the reservoir of the Kolyma hydroelectric power station with a useful capacity of 6.5 cubic meters. km. The remaining 9 reservoirs (with a capacity of less than 10 million cubic meters) are used for water supply purposes.

In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where the main water source is the river. Lena with tributaries Vilyui, Aldan, etc., 10 reservoirs are operated with a total useful capacity of 17.92 cubic meters. km. The largest of them are the reservoirs of the Vilyui HPPs I and II with a total useful volume of 17.82 cubic meters. km, having a complex purpose. The remaining reservoirs are used for water supply and irrigation purposes.

Regulation of operation modes of the largest reservoirs

The operating modes of reservoirs are established by the Federal Agency for Water Resources in accordance with the Regulation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 16, 2004 No. 282.

Optimization of the regimes for the use of water resources of reservoirs is one of the most important elements in solving the problems of meeting the socio-economic needs for water resources, preventing and reducing the consequences of floods and other negative impact waters and ensuring the safety of the hydraulic structures that form these reservoirs.

In the most important water basins In the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Water Resources has created 12 Interdepartmental Operational (Working) Groups (hereinafter referred to as IOG, IWG) to regulate the operating modes of reservoirs and water management systems:

– for the reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade under the Federal Agency for Water Resources (Moscow);

– for the Kolyma reservoir at the Department of Water Resources of the Lensky BVU for the Magadan Region (Magadan);

– along the Tsimlyansk reservoir at the Donskoy BVU (Rostov-on-Don);

– for the Zeya and Bureya reservoirs at the Amur BVU (Khabarovsk);

– on the Novosibirsk reservoir at the Verkhne-Obsky BVU (Novosibirsk);

– on the reservoirs of the Vilyuisky cascade at the Lensky BVU (Yakutsk);

- for the reservoirs of the Vygsky, Kemsky and Kovdinsky cascades under the Department of Water Resources of the Neva-Ladoga BVU in the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk);

- on the reservoirs of the Northern HPPs, the Angara-Yenisei cascade and Lake Baikal at the Yenisei BVU (Krasnoyarsk);

- for the water management complex of the basin of the river. Kuban at the Kuban BVU (Krasnodar);

- for the reservoirs of the Moskvoretskaya water system, the Vazuzskaya hydrotechnical system and the watershed pool of the Moscow Canal at the Moscow-Oksky BVU (Moscow);

Along the Iriklinskoye reservoir (Orenburg);

– along the reservoirs of the northern slope of the Volga-Baltic waterway at the Neva-Ladoga BVU (St. Petersburg).

Volga-Kama cascade. For the fourth year in a row, the volume of inflow into the reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade during the flood period was significantly below the norm. Under these conditions, measures were taken to carry out a special spring release to the lower reaches of the Volga in the interests of agriculture and fisheries in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions(Fig. 1.13).

Rice. 1.13. Scheme of the Volga-Kama cascade of reservoirs

The operating modes of the Angara-Yenisei cascade were in 2009 under special control of the Federal Water Resources in connection with the accident that occurred on August 17 at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Immediately after the accident, Rosvodresurs began work on the calculation justification and establishment of safe operating modes in autumn-winter period 2009-2010 and preparation of reservoirs for the passage of the spring-summer flood of 2010, both the Sayano-Shushensky hydroelectric complex operating in the non-project mode, and other hydroelectric complexes of the Angara-Yenisei cascade (Fig. 1.14).

At the same time, a complex of mathematical models of the Angara-Yenisei cascade of reservoirs, the Angara and Yenisei river basins, made by order of the agency in 2007-2009, was used, based on multi-variant calculations, dispatcher schedules for the operation of the Sayano-Shushensky hydropower complex in the non-project mode were developed, taking into account the following restrictions and requirements for the regime of the Sayano-Shushensky hydroelectric complex:

- ensuring the operation of the operational spillway with the widest possible front with the constant opening of the gates (or under the condition of minimal maneuvering of the gates);

– prevention of drawdown of the reservoir below the limit mark, the value of which is due to the possible ingress of ice into the outlet of the spillway;

- ensuring water flow in the downstream of the Mainsky hydroelectric complex is not less than the sanitary 700 cubic meters. m/s;

- ensuring water flow in the downstream of the Mainsky hydroelectric complex during the freeze-up period of no more than 1200 cubic meters. m/s;

– accurate accounting bandwidth and permissible schemes for maneuvering gates of the operational spillway;

– the ability to work part of the hydraulic units both at idle and under load.

Rice. 1.14. Scheme of the Angara-Yenisei cascade of reservoirs

The analysis of operational information on the hydrological and water management situation in the basins of the reservoirs of the Angara-Yenisei cascade received from the Yenisei Basin Water Administration of the Federal Water Resources Agency was carried out daily.

As a result of the implemented modes of operation of hydroelectric facilities, the following are provided:

1) the maximum possible drawdown of the Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir in conditions of high autumn and winter water content (in the 4th quarter of 2009 - the maximum for the observation period);

2) the operation of the operational spillway at the opening of half of the first stage, which minimized the scale of icing of the structures of the Sayano-Shushensky hydroelectric complex in winter conditions and damage to the water well;

3) stable conditions of ice formation in the downstream waters of the cascade hydroelectric facilities, as a result of which it was possible to avoid the formation of ice dams and winter floods and floods;

4) uninterrupted supply of water to the population and economic facilities, primarily in the downstream pools of the Sayano-Shushensky and Mainsky waterworks;

5) partial compensation of retired hydropower capacities of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP due to the increased load of other HPPs of the cascade, primarily the Krasnoyarsk HPP, as well as the operation of the units of the Mainskaya HPP.

6) pre-flood drawdown of the reservoirs of the Angara-Yenisei cascade.

For other major reservoirs in Russia, the mode of their drawdown was carried out in accordance with the calculated schedules compiled by specialists from the basin water departments Rosvodresursy, taking into account the actual water management situation and forecasts of Roshydromet on the inflow of water into reservoirs.

Types and characteristics of lakes. closed slide earth's surface, filled with water and not having a direct connection with the sea or ocean, is called a lake. A characteristic feature of the lake is a slow water exchange, which causes the heterogeneity of water and the constant accumulation of alluvial deposits due to their inflow from the slopes during wind removal, the destruction of the banks and the death of vegetation. Over time, the lake decreases, turns into a swamp and dies.

By origin, lakes are divided into basin, dam, floodplain and mixed.

General information about reservoirs. A reservoir is an artificially created reservoir in a river valley (or interfluve) by blocking it with a dam. The dimensions of the reservoir depend on the relief of the valley, the pressure of the water and the type of regulation of the river flow. Reservoirs are of lacustrine, valley (channel), off-stream and mixed types.

If the dam is located at the source of the river flowing out of the lake, then the created reservoir is called a lake reservoir. A reservoir created as a result of flooding of a river valley is called a valley reservoir. On watersheds, off-stream reservoirs are sometimes created to feed canals with water supplied by pumps. reservoirs mixed type varied in location and food sources.

The reservoir consists of three main parts: lake, lake-river and river.

The lake part is a reservoir zone adjacent to the dam and extending upstream for a considerable distance (70-150 km) from the site. It is the deepest at any water level, the current speed is insignificant, the excitement is greatest compared to other parts of the reservoir.

The lake-river part is the middle zone of the reservoir. When triggered below normal level it is characterized by insignificant depths on the floodplain, navigation is carried out only along shipping lanes. There is strong excitement, as well as the flow of water in the direction of the main channel of the river.

The river part, even at high levels, is a shallow body of water. The excitement is weak, the speed of the current is significant. At low levels, the water enters the low water channel of the river.

On rivers that are not completely regulated, a characteristic part of the reservoirs is the backwater wedging zone (variable backwater zone) - the area where the free river mates with the reservoir. The length of the section, depending on the water levels in the river and the reservoir, can be quite significant (up to 100 km). The water and channel regimes of the zone are very complex. At different times of the year, the sty zone can be regarded as a free river, a river mouth, or a reservoir.

The reservoir differs significantly from the lake in age, bed shape, increased flow and features of water, channel and ice regimes. Due to the small age of the reservoir, intensive processing by the shore, which is steep steep slopes, and deformation of the deep part of the bed occur. Due to the small capacity of the reservoir (compared to the volume of liquid and solid runoff of the river), sedimentation is essential.

In some reservoirs, after 15-20 years of operation, the thickness of the sediment layer is 1-1.5 m, and the volume is 20-30% of the total reservoir capacity.

According to the deformation regime, the valley reservoirs are divided into three zones. The upper zone is characterized by significant erosional removals from tributaries. In the middle zone, at a low water level, under the action of waves, the bottom is intensively deformed, the role of erosion removals is significant; at a high level, the interaction of waves with the bottom weakens, and the processing of the coast increases. In the lower zone, the waves do not have a significant effect on the state of the bottom, but the re-formation of the banks occurs most intensively.

In reservoirs, two types of currents are usually observed: waste (gradually weakening from the upper section to the dam) and coastal (wind-wave origin).

In lakes and reservoirs, constant and temporary water flows are observed. A constant flow is due to inflowing, flowing or flowing rivers. The speed of such a flow depends on the ratio of the volume of the reservoir to the flow rate of the river runoff. If the ratio is large, then constant currents in the reservoir are insignificant and are observed only in the areas of the mouths and sources of the rhea. Of the temporary currents, the most important are coastal currents, which occur with the prevailing wind direction at a certain angle to the coast line, and convection currents in the vertical plane, caused by uneven heating and cooling of water.

Features of the regime of rivers with regulated flow. The creation of large reservoirs on the rivers radically changes the regime of the rivers and the conditions of navigation. The regulation of the flow is an oboe repetitive (cyclic) process: the filling of the reservoir alternates with its drawdown. Depending on the duration of the cycle, regulation can be multi-year, annual, weekly and daily.

Multi-year regulation consists in the redistribution of current between years. In high-water years, the reservoir is filled, and in low-water years it is depleted. With annual regulation, water is retained during floods and used in dry seasons. Weekly and daily regulation is caused by uneven consumption of electricity on the days of the week and during the day,

As a result of flow regulation on the river, the levels and flow of water decrease during high water and increase during low water. Changes introduced into the runoff regime by long-term and annual regulation apply to long stretches of the river. Fluctuations caused by daily and weekly regulation are superimposed on the section of the river located in the downstream of the hydroelectric complex. As the distance from the dam site, these oscillations fade.

The length of the section, which is affected by the influence of daily regulation, is 50 - 70 km, weekly regulation - up to 150 - 200 km.

Flow regulation introduces significant changes in the channel processes and the state of the depth in the downstream of the hydroelectric complex. Within the areas of daily regulation, the river bed is significantly affected by release waves. The water clarified in the reservoir, entering the downstream, deforms the channel, being saturated with sediments to a state corresponding to its transporting capacity. The lowering of the downstream bottom contributes to an increase in the average depths, a decrease in the channel resistance to the movement of the flow, and leads to a decrease in the levels of the free surface.

The increase and stability of low-water levels in rivers with regulated flow contribute to the maintenance of stable bottom forms and their intensive movement. High low water levels limit the erosion of riffles. The decrease in lead costs causes an almost complete cessation of floodplain deformations associated with the formation and development of branches.

Low short-term floods reduce the volume of spring sedimentation on the riffles. At the same time, the difference in the depths of the reaches and rifts is erased, the river takes the form of a channel.

In connection with the exit from the reservoir, relatively warm water the winter regime of the tailwaters is characterized by the presence of a non-freezing lane for several tens of kilometers, which contributes to the organization of winter navigation.