Physical geography - Western Siberia (West Siberian Plain).

The climate of Western Siberia is quite severe. So if we compare it with the climate of the Russian Plain, then the latter is much milder. If we compare it with the climate of the rest of Siberia, then on the contrary, it can be called more gentle, mild. Continental climate dominates in Western Siberia. With every hundred kilometers that removes us from the cold ice of the Northern Arctic Ocean, the continentality of the climate increases. The vast plain, spreading from north to south, is very different in weather conditions in different areas. High clouds and cyclones are rarely observed here, as a result, solar radiation is more active here.

Western Siberia is located at a great distance from the Atlantic Ocean. Because of this, the Arctic air masses practically do not exert their influence on the climate. But the fact that the plain is open from the north and south and the prevailing flat relief gives a meridional transfer. As a result, temperature fluctuations are significantly leveled. The climate of Western Siberia is affected by such a factor as the presence of a huge number of swamps, lakes and forests. The southern regions of the plain are still under the yoke of the Asian High, which ensures cold, but almost snowless winters.

The Kara Sea and peninsulas are a zone of influence of low pressure. It extends all the way to the Icelandic low. On the territory of the entire plain, winds from the south prevail, while the temperature reaches up to -55 degrees. This is in the north, in the south it is only 5-10 degrees less.

The southwest of Siberia is a warmer region. But cyclones quite often penetrate into the regions of the north, therefore, the further you move east, the lower the January temperature will be.

It's warmer in the west. So in the foothills of the Urals, the temperature reaches -22 degrees, while in the lower reaches of the Yenisei it will be 7 degrees colder.

The Arctic front brings a stormy, for these places, the work of cyclones. So the cyclones of the polar front bring snowstorms, snow storms, which are especially active in the northern regions, as well as in regions of the south devoid of abundant vegetation. Almost five months Western Siberia is covered with snow. So in the north, the snow does not melt for about 270 days, but in the south it is 100 days less. The thickness of the snow cover is also different. The thickest layer of snow is observed in the forest zone, where it reaches up to 60 cm. In the tundra, precipitation is already less - 40 cm, in the steppe it is only about 25 cm. The coldest is on the Yamal Peninsula, in its northern regions. There the temperature in July is only +4 degrees. The Arctic Circle is already 10 degrees warmer. In the southern regions, as a rule, the temperature in July is +22 degrees.

In Western Siberia, the time of precipitation is summer. Most often they fall in July and August. The daily amount of precipitation is quite meager - about 10 mm. Although sometimes there are showers. Western Siberia is the realm of permafrost. It is preserved due to the continental climate prevailing in the territory. In the north of Western Siberia permafrost has the greatest thickness - up to 600 m. As you move towards the Siberian Ridges, the permafrost acquires two layers, melt waters appear, which separate it from the relict layer. The farther to the east, the lower the temperature of frozen soils becomes, the stronger, more powerful, more abundant they become.

Western Siberia and its rivers

The land of Western Siberia is extremely rich in water. This applies to both underground and surface water. In Western Siberia, there are many different water bodies: rivers, lakes, swamps, springs. Groundwater and artesian pools lurk in the bowels of the earth. If you put together the length of all Siberian rivers, you get a quarter of a million kilometers. At the same time, most of the rivers belong to the Ob basin. Only three rivers located in the north flow into the sea. These are the rivers Taz, Pur and Nadym.

There are rivers that belong to the basin of internal flow. They are located on the Ishim, Kulunda and Baraba plains. These rivers exist only during the rainy seasons, and they dry up in the summer. Most of the rivers are observed in the forest-bog zone of the Urals.

The most significant rivers of Western Siberia are the Ob, Irtysh and Yenisei. All of them have a slight longitudinal slope, they are not distinguished by a fast, calm current. Rivers flow along a wide floodplain, they are distinguished by sinuosity, large quantity ducts and sleeves. Rivers are fed from various sources. Their food is melt and rain water, swamp water, as well as groundwater. However, the further you move from north to south, the more snow recharge can be called the basis. Floods occur every year at the beginning of summer. They last several months on all rivers of Western Siberia, excluding the southern rivers. The flow of floods is uneven, so on the Ob it is no more than 12 m, but on the Yenisei it reaches 18 m. A distinctive feature of the floods of the rivers of Western Siberia is the rapid rise and retention of water. This is due to the relief, which slows down the return flow of water. As for freeze-up, its duration ranges from 8 months to northern rivers up to 5 months on the southern rivers. The exception is the lower reaches of the Ob and Yenisei, where its duration is only 1 month. All major rivers of Western Siberia are convenient for the passage of ships.

The Ob is the most important waterway in all of Western Siberia. This is one of the largest rivers in the world. The Ob carries its waters for more than 3,500 thousand kilometers. Its annual flow is 400 cubic meters. km. Only the Yenisei and Lena can boast of water content with it. The Ob flows into the Kara Sea.

The Ob has several large tributaries - Ishim, Irtysh, Chulym, Ket, Vasyugan.

Also in Western Siberia is a part of the Yenisei basin. This river originates in the mountains of Tuva and ends in the Kara Sea. The Yenisei, unlike the Ob, has steep rapids and there are places where its current is fast and stormy. For the most part, this refers to the middle course of the Yenisei, but in the lower reaches the river flows smoothly and calmly. The length of the Yenisei is more than 4,000 thousand km, and the annual flow is 625 cubic meters. km. This allows us to call the Yenisei the most abundant river in our country.

Inland waters of Western Siberia

Among the inland waters of Western Siberia, the dominant place is occupied by lakes, of which there are more than 1 million. They cover an area of ​​100 thousand square meters. km. Such a unique number of lakes is explained by the flat relief of the territory, as well as low drainage. Lakes are located in various places: in river valleys, plains. It is noteworthy that the smallest number of lakes is located in the southern part of Western Siberia. The water in these lakes is characterized by a high salt content. Chany is the largest lake in Western Siberia. It is constantly decreasing in size. So even 100 years ago, its area was 8 thousand square meters. km. Now it is only 2 thousand square meters. km. But, despite this, its depth is quite significant - 10 m.

The entire West Siberian Plain is an artesian basin, which consists of several smaller basins. For example, such as Tobolsk, Irtysh, Chulym, Ob, Barabinsko-Kulundinsky. Distinctive feature These basins can be called the fact that the waters in them are located at different depths and the main massifs are located in the Meso-Cenozoic deposits. In addition, the waters are highly saline, especially in the southern and western regions. This is due to increased evaporation, slow water circulation.

The main feature of Western Siberia is a huge number of swamps. Speaking on average, the swampiness is 30%, but in areas such as Polesie, the Surgut Lowland, the swampiness level reaches 80%. The largest swamp in the world, Vasyuganskoye, is also located here. Its area is 53 thousand square meters. km.

Swamps formed and continue to exist for several reasons:

• The predominance of the flat territory;
• Insignificant drainage;
• Multi-month high water;
• permafrost

The characterization of the Siberian climate is hampered by its extreme diversity in different parts of the region, however, meteorological observational data allow us to recognize the climate of Siberia as rather severe.

At the same time, the long duration and low temperature of winter is compensated by a rapidly developing spring and a relatively hot summer; the average daily temperature in late March and early April rises in Verkhoyansk faster than anywhere else in the world, namely more than half a degree per day, and July there corresponds to the average annual temperature of the 50th parallel. During the short summer in Yakutsk, many vegetables ripen, and the barley sown in May is already harvested in mid-July. Rye and even wheat are sown in Yakutsk, and this is despite the presence of permafrost only at a depth of 1 meter. And the frosts themselves in Siberia, thanks to the usual calmness, are easier to bear than in other places. If we add to this that the average winter cloudiness in Siberia is about 50% and that it is especially small in the Lena basin, due to which (and the negligible amount of water vapor in the atmosphere) even a low rising sun warms so that sometimes even at -25 ° it drips from the roofs, then the widespread opinion about the severity should be considered exaggerated.

Cloudy December day. Calm.

As an unfavorable feature of the climate of Siberia for man and economy, it should be noted its inconstancy both from day to day and in different years. So, for example, the variability of the average daily temperature from day to day is 3.6° in January and 1.7° in July for Irkutsk, 4.5° and 2.0° for Yakutsk, and 4.0° and 3.3 for Verkhoyansk. °, while for most of the year in the European part of Russia it is less than 2°. The number of days in a month when the change per day is more than 6° is 1.0 in winter and 0.3 in summer for Western Europe, while for Western Siberia the corresponding figures are 9.0 and 1.7. In some cases, however, these changes in Siberia reach a significant value. So on February 14, 1894 in Yeniseisk from 7 am to 9 pm the temperature rose from -40.3° to -17.0°, and on January 27, 1877 it fell from -12.8° (at 1 pm) to - 42.4° by 7 a.m. the next day. The temperature in Siberia also undergoes significant changes from year to year. All these circumstances, in connection with the possibility of both very late spring and very early autumn frosts, make it difficult for agriculture and especially gardening in many places in Siberia, despite the sufficiency of the amount of heat received during the summer.

General characteristics of the climate of Siberia

To understand the climate of Siberia as a whole, it is necessary to have a general idea of ​​the geophysical phenomena that determine it. If the surface of the globe were all water or all land, but of the same properties, then at all longitudes of each parallel circle there would be the same climate, depending only on latitude. The presence of both water and land, moreover, land, which differs both in the nature of the surface and its height above sea level, causes differences in climate at different longitudes, determined mainly by the greater heat capacity of water, which heats up more slowly than land, as during daylight hours, and during the transition from winter to summer and cooling more slowly during the night and during the transition from summer to winter. As a result, from the beginning of autumn, the air density over land begins to become greater than over water, as a result of which in the upper layers of the atmosphere an influx of additional air masses towards land is obtained, which, increasing pressure above it, cause in the lower layers the movement of air from the center of the formed in this way the anticyclone to its periphery. The masses of air leaving in these directions are replaced by masses of cold air descending in the central parts of the anticyclone, containing little water vapor, and thereby contribute to a decrease in cloudiness and an even faster cooling of the surface of the central parts of the land. For the same reasons, during the summer a reduced pressure should be established over the land with an influx of moist and warm air from the surrounding seas to the central parts of the mainland in the lower layers of the atmosphere (hence the increase in cloudiness and precipitation atmosphere).

End of September in Western Siberia. October pre-winter is ahead.

The larger the mainland and the closer some area is to its center, the more clearly the continental climate manifests itself, which is expressed in cold, dry and cloudless winters and relatively warm and more abundant precipitation in summer. In the coastal regions, however, a maritime climate is manifested, with much milder winters and less warm summers, and with comparatively abundant autumn and winter precipitation. An anticyclone with a central part over northern Mongolia, which sets up every winter in Siberia, cannot, however, be symmetrical either in the latitudinal or in the longitudinal direction. To the north of it is the Arctic Ocean, much colder than the Indian Ocean, located to the south and separated by the Himalayas. From the east are the relatively warm Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. The Asian anticyclone is separated from the distant Atlantic Ocean by the Ural Range. Due to these reasons, as well as from the presence of the Stanovoy Range directed to the northeast, a relatively slow spreading of cold air in a significant part of Northern Siberia to the east results. At the end of the Stanovoy Ridge, this eastward-rushing air turns south, as if pouring over the ridge and giving almost continuous strong, dry and cold northern and northeastern winds to the northern coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Such air circulation is facilitated by the deep “Aleutian” pressure minimum, which forms in winter in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. On the contrary, in the north-west of Siberia, where the influence of the relatively late freezing Kara Sea and even the distant Gulf Stream, dominate in winter (in particular, along the lower reaches of the Yenisei) strong south winds, also cold, but not so dry. The farther west from the Yenisei valley, the weaker the northwestern spur of the high pressure area and the rarer and shorter the manifestations of the tongues of the Yakut anticyclone approaching at times, bringing a cloudless sky, almost complete calm, and severe frosts. But, when one of the winter cyclones that originated in the north of the Atlantic Ocean along a wide hollow low pressure, stretching from there along the northern coasts of Eurasia, either through the Northern Urals or through the Kara Sea penetrates into Siberia, then clear frosty weather is replaced by less cold weather with cloudy skies, snowfall and sharp western winds. Aerological observations in Siberia clearly indicate the existence of an inversion in winter in the region of the Siberian anticyclone (an increase in temperature as it rises above the earth's surface instead of the usual decrease). In the middle parts of Siberia, the lower layers of air, which are strongly cooled on long and clear nights, cannot mix with the upper ones and only drain from higher places into valleys, hollows and depressions, where almost all the meteorological stations of Yakutia are located, the observations of which give such low temperatures in winter. The latter serve as an indication that the winter inversion there is not a temporary, but a permanent phenomenon. The Siberian anticyclone begins already in September, reaches its maximum development in February, and then, under the influence of a gradually increasing preponderance of the heating of soil and air by the sun's rays over nighttime cooling, gradually resolves, and in May begins to be replaced by an area of ​​slightly reduced pressure (4-6 mm in compared with the northern and eastern outskirts of Siberia, while the winter increase is about 15-20 mm). In the summer months, high pressure areas are located in the southern steppe zone of the European part of Russia, over the Arctic Ocean and in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the summer weather in Siberia, although it has, in general, a typically continental character, is still very often subject to changes caused both by high pressure areas invading from the southwest and by cyclones penetrating the territory of Western Siberia, mainly from the west (usually bypassing the Urals from the north or south), and in Eastern Siberia predominantly from the east, and in Primorye (especially in its southern part) the influence of the Pacific monsoons is distinct.

This general characteristic undergoes noticeable changes in many parts of Siberia due to local orographic features and can therefore only be of general guiding importance for understanding the climate of Siberia, especially the climate of western Siberia, which is one vast plain.

Climate and agriculture of Siberia

The main feature of the climatic conditions of Siberia, which is of great importance in the agriculture of the region, is their extreme variability and diversity. On the one hand, we find here all types of farms - from the reindeer farms of the northern tundra to the sugar beet and tobacco plantations of the south, on the other hand, at a comparatively small distance, the same culture develops perfectly in one place, and in another it is almost not applicable at all. .

more tangible to Agriculture is the variability of climatic elements, in particular temperature and precipitation over time. The presence of an exceptional difference between the temperature of winter and summer and the persistence of winter cold cause a rapid transition from winter to summer temperatures and to a large extent shorten the warm season. Wherein short spring and autumn are often significantly lengthened due to summer by the return of severe cold in spring, which is quite common for Siberia, and the early onset of frost in autumn. Due to this, the absolutely frost-free period is not very long here; and in some years even the warmest month, July, is not free from night frosts in many places.

Due to the low wind speed in the winter months, severe frosts in Siberia are more easily tolerated by animals.

The temperature period of + 5 °, which allows the vegetation of plants, is distinguished, in addition to brevity, by a very noticeable instability from year to year, which is especially felt in the northern regions of Siberia, where summer is the shortest. In particular, in Yakutia, where the vegetation period on average ranges from 130 to 60; in 10 years there are only 2 good crops, 3 medium and 5 bad ones. The duration of the growing season in Siberia increases towards the south and west. So, in the Amur region, this duration already varies from 130 days (54 ° N) to 170 (48 ° N). The norm adopted for the growing season can be considered sufficient, mainly for unpretentious plants, while for most crops the temperature limit should be increased to + 10 °. But even the onset of an average daily air temperature of 10°C does not guarantee the absence of sharp cold spells that are detrimental to agricultural plants. These circumstances not only exclude the possibility of breeding crops that require a longer growing season, but even the crops cultivated here are always under the threat of either underripening or death from frost at the beginning or end of summer.

But if we formally approach the definition of the possibility of growing agricultural crops here, using the climatic signs of their classification established elsewhere, then we can come to the paradoxical conclusion that it is impossible to cultivate a number of even those crops that actually play a significant role in agriculture. Siberia. This contradiction is explained by the fact that in most cases this classification is based on only two climatic signs - air temperature and precipitation - and does not take into account other signs, but among such signs there is a factor of tremendous importance - solar energy directly perceived by the plant; it was found that the abundance of light and the influx of solar energy significantly reduce the growing season. And in this regard, Siberia has a certain advantage over other countries located at the same latitudes, which partially compensates for the negative temperature conditions.

No less important in economic terms for Siberia is the instability of precipitation over time. While in the European part of Russia the average long-term deviations of the annual precipitation amounts are 12-18% and only in the south rise to 25% (Astrakhan), in Siberia the average deviation reaches 36%, reaching even 160% in exceptional years. Even greater variability from year to year differs in the amount of precipitation of individual months. For them, the average deviation in Siberia ranges from 21 to 81%. But it should be noted that these deviations are generally greater for the season with less precipitation, i.e. in Siberia they are larger for the winter months and smaller for the summer months, which decide the fate of the crop. However, relatively smaller fluctuations in the amount of precipitation in the summer months are still quite large in absolute value. During the year, with a total, relatively small, annual amount, precipitation in Siberia is still distributed favorably. They fall mainly in summer in the form of short-term showers, often accompanied by rainfall, with the most abundant precipitation in July and then August. The amount of summer precipitation is from 45 to 70% of the annual amount, and July from 15 to 35%. Also, a greater percentage of precipitation occurs in autumn than in spring. This circumstance, although associated with negative influence for harvesting, nevertheless, it must be considered favorable for Siberian agriculture. With a strong freezing of the soil and a rapid melting of the snow cover, the main supply of soil moisture in the spring is provided by last year's autumn precipitation. In the same way, the soil moistened since autumn is warmed up more easily and faster by the spring rays of the sun, which in turn helps to accelerate the start of the growing season. However, a comparison of the amount of precipitation and harvests gives grounds to believe that the rainfall at the end of June and, to a lesser extent, at the beginning of July, is of decisive importance in Siberia.

Almost everywhere in the 3rd decade of June and 1st July, on average, a slight decrease in precipitation is observed. This gives grounds to assume a slightly higher probability of aridity in these decades compared to the rest. In general, the frequency in June is less than in the spring months and is almost equal in comparison with July and August, and even with September. It should be noted that, with a relatively lower probability of the onset of dry periods in June, they are not much inferior to the next months in terms of stability: the duration of these periods, in general, differs little from the duration of the periods of other months.

Summer everywhere has a greater number of periods of bad weather, with their predominantly longer duration than spring, and predominantly a greater number of such periods than autumn, but the duration of autumn periods turns out to be longer in the western part of Siberia and shorter to the east of Baikal. Finally, bad weather in autumn is more frequent and longer than in spring. From this we have to conclude that the weather in Siberia is more favorable for spring field work than for autumn, i.e. a good crop in the vine is still under threat adverse conditions cleaning.

Precipitation during the winter period, generally very small in Siberia, is insufficient for the formation of a thick snow cover, which is so insignificant here that the Altai, Sayan, Baikal regions and almost the entire east belong to the region of "climates with snowless winters." Due to the weakness of the snow cover, the so-called so-called is widespread in the eastern part of Siberia, and the soil freezes to a considerable depth in the western part. However, permafrost is not an enemy of agriculture: spring crops, including wheat, grow well in these places, since soil water collects above the permafrost, and plants do not suffer from droughts. The strong freezing of the poorly protected soil prevents the spread of winter crops. In general, in Siberia, snow, which usually forms at low temperatures, is extremely fine and dry, and therefore very mobile and easily blown away and carried away by the wind from open fields. In taiga places more protected from the action of the wind, the snow cover is more developed. Therefore, the issue of snow retention measures is of great importance in Siberia.

Speaking about the northern limit of the spread of agriculture in Siberia, one must agree with the thought of A. I. Voeikov that it "can go far to the north, and if it is not there, then it depends only on the small population of the region and the lack of good communications." Indeed, a sufficient amount of precipitation, a very warm summer for the latitudes of Siberia and an abundance sun rays are favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. If we turn to the map of "actual and climatically possible northern and upper (mountain) boundaries of agricultural crops in the USSR", compiled by G. Selyaninov, then one can find full confirmation of Voeikov's opinion in it. The map shows "accidental", according to Selyaninov's terminology, crops along the Ob up to Obdorsk, along the Yenisei - to the confluence of the Lower Tunguska, i.e. near the Arctic Circle itself, and then near Verkhoyansk and Srednekolymsk, i.e. far beyond the Arctic Circle. But more than that: Selyaninov, noting also the “accidental” crops near Verkhnekolymsk, which lies south of the Arctic Circle, characterizes the area along the Kolyma River near the Arctic Circle itself as an area of ​​“actual agriculture”, although he refrains from drawing a possible border of agriculture here. Attention is also drawn to the fact that in all places of intersection water arteries the boundary of actual agriculture makes a sharp bend, stretching for a considerable distance to the side along each river. This clearly confirms the idea that the boundaries of the area of ​​real agriculture in Siberia are currently compressed not by the climatic conditions of the region, but by the vast spaces that have not yet been fully developed.

As for the northern border of the distribution of wheat, a crop that is more demanding in terms of climatic conditions, this border, despite all the complexity and whimsicalness of its meanders, still in general terms reflects the climatic features of the region. Starting at Tobolsk, it gradually descends between Lake Chany and the Ob almost to the latitude of the city of Kamen, then rises again along the Yenisei, above the mouth of the Angara, and then heads southeast to Baikal, crossing the latter already at the latitude of Ulan-Ude. Here, on the one hand, the bend of the isotherms characteristic of this region, which, as a rule, descends to the south between the Irtysh and the Ob and rises to the north along the Yenisei, affects, on the other hand, the microconditions of Eastern Siberia, where there are almost no plains, and in the mountains agriculture is generally hindered and steep slopes and low, due to high altitude above sea level, summer temperature. However, south of 53° northern latitude in the mountains of Transbaikalia, as well as in the Sayan Mountains, as well as in the foothills and mountain valleys, there are very favorable conditions for vegetation, despite the short summer: bright sun, sufficient rain, moderate wet air. There are especially many such places in Altai. The indicated coincidence of the characteristic bends of the line of wheat distribution to the north and the isotherms gives reason to think that in this case we have here a significant approximation to the really limiting climatic boundaries. This is not contradicted by the fact that in Yakutia, in separate islands, wheat has spread even to the latitudes of Yakutsk; significantly smaller temperature fluctuations in the region of the middle reaches of the Lena and its tributaries, the Olekma and Aldan, make the climatic conditions of the region more favorable for agriculture than anywhere else in the same latitudes in Western Siberia. However, the presence of islands along the extreme upper reaches of the Lena, as well as along the Angara and its tributaries, and, in particular, the excessive sinuosity of the line between the Yenisei and the Ob, indicate that all the spaces really accessible to it are far from being covered by wheat.

Climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is arctic and subarctic. Climate formation is strongly influenced by the location of the district, a small amount of solar radiation, a large distance from warm air and water flows, a gently sloping flat relief, bays, permafrost, cold waters of the Kara Sea, a large number of rivers and many swamps. The Asian continent has no less influence, this is manifested in the well-defined winter-summer features of the transformation of air masses and the increase in the continentality of the climate from the northwest to the east. Long winters, short cool summers, strong winds, low snow cover - all this contributes to the freezing of the soil to a great depth. In general, the district is characterized by long cold winters and short cool summers. Frequent magnetic storms accompanied by polar lights. The average annual air temperature is negative, and in the Far North it is below -10 degrees.

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The territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug occupies a vast territory, in comparison, it is approximately one and a half territories of France. Most of the territory lies on the West Siberian Plain, with its powerful rivers and impenetrable swamps, a smaller part is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. Almost 90% of the low-lying-flat part lies within heights of up to 100 meters above sea level, which is why it is the land of many lakes and swamps. The mountainous part of the district occupies a narrow strip along the Polar Urals and is a large mountain range with a total length of over 200 kilometers. Large navigable rivers Ob, Nadym, Pur, Taz flow through the territory of the Okrug. There are no bridges across the Ob, ferries run in summer, and in winter people get on the ice.In addition to the four seasons in the district, there is a clearer division of time into periods - polar day and polar night.

Winter in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the longest climatic season, it lasts about 7 months. Winter is characterized as extremely frosty and with little snow. Winter begins in early October, and ends in the middle of the third decade of May, that is, it lasts about 230 days. In the southern part of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, within the forest-tundra zone (Salekhard), winter is shorter by about 40 days, mainly due to its earlier end. The duration of the period with stable frosts in Salekhard reaches 200 days. A feature of the Yamalo-Nenets winter is quite frequent magnetic storms, which, in winter, are often accompanied by aurora. In winter, strong storms and snowstorms are very common. Hail and ice is rare.

In winter, the polar night is on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. There is an intense cooling of the surface layer of air due to the presence of the polar night, and the high reflectivity of the snow cover. As a result of frequent cyclones, the day-to-day variability of air temperature and other climatic indicators is high.

October, in most parts of the territory, is the first winter month. A stable snow cover forms between 1 and 10 October. At this time, the average daily air temperature passes through -5 ° C, and the real winter. The snow cover lasts for about 240 - 270 days and is usually destroyed in the middle or end of May. Relative humidity in winter is very high, its highest value falls on October and November. A characteristic feature for the territory of the district is also the predominance of cyclonic weather, and this is especially noticeable at the beginning of winter. In this regard, from December to February, fogs can be observed very often.

The coldest month is January, and the lowest temperatures are observed in the southeast of the district, with distance from the sea and an increase in the continentality of the climate. The average daily air temperature in January near the New Port is -24°C, on the Tazovsky and Gydan Peninsulas - -27°C. The absolute minimum temperature often reaches -61°C. The severity of the weather is determined more by wind speed than by temperature. In winter, southerly winds prevail; blizzards are not uncommon on the coast of the Kara Sea, with wind speeds up to 30 m/s and more. The equivalent effective temperature, which characterizes the thermal sensation of a person that occurs under the combined effect of temperature, humidity and wind speed, is very low (below -45°C).

The thickness of the snow cover reaches its maximum value at the end of March, and is 60-70 cm on the eastern slopes of the Urals, and 80-85 cm in the basin of the middle reaches of the Taz River.

In most parts of the district, the last winter month is April. He does not indulge in either better weather or warmer temperature regimes. The same snowstorms, winds, and storms, active cyclonic activity - in a word, no hints of weather at the beginning of spring. At this time, especially sharply, it seems that winter will never end here ...

Spring in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug begins in the northern taiga on May 11-20, and in the tundra no later than June 1. The beginning of spring is taken as the date of transition of average daily temperatures through 0°C. The Yamalo-Nenets spring is characterized by the return of cold weather, and even snowfalls in early June. In May, the northern part of the district is pierced by arctic cold.

The average daily temperature in May in Salekhard is -2.1°С, in Tambey -7.4°С. In the southern part of the district, the average dates of frost cessation practically coincide with the dates when the average daily air temperature passes the mark of +5°C, and in the northern half, frosts stop at a lower positive temperature of +2 - +3°C. In spring, the direction of air flows changes dramatically compared to winter. Northeast and north winds prevail. The radiation balance becomes positive due to the influx of a large amount of solar radiation. During this period, the most intensive rise in air temperature is observed - from negative values ​​to positive ones. As a result of melting and melting of the snow cover, the underlying surface becomes inhomogeneous, and the albedo decreases sharply. The duration of the spring period decreases from 45 days in the south to 35 days in the north.

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Summer in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug begins on June 10-20 in the northern taiga, June 21-30 in the forest-tundra, and on the peninsulas summer comes at all, only in July. The beginning of summer is taken as the period of transition of the average monthly air temperature through +10°C. The Yamal-Nenets summer is characterized as cool and very short. The duration of the summer period in the south of the peninsula is about 90 days, and in the north - about 50 days. Such a large difference is mainly due to the later start of summer in the north of the peninsula. The duration of the period with an average daily air temperature above 0°C in the extreme northern regions of the district is only 105-110 days. The approximate date of the transition of the average daily air temperature through +5°C on the Mammoth Peninsula is July 11, on the Javai Peninsula - July 21, on Shokalsky Island - in August. The duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +15°C is less than 10 days, and in the north there is no such period at all.

On the plains, air masses freely penetrate from north to south. The Ural Mountains transform atmospheric heat and moisture flows from the west. In June and July there are a lot of midges and mosquitoes, but after the first frosts they disappear. Thunderstorms are common in early summer, but generally quite dry and sunny. With a small amount of heat and excessive moisture on the vast plains, with an aquiclude from frozen rocks, a relatively dense network of rivers and lakes is formed. In some areas (laids, river valleys) lakes occupy up to 40% of the area.

The warmest summer month in the south of the district is July, in the north - August. Average daily air temperatures in July often reach +5°С on the coast of the Kara Sea, and up to +10°С in the south of the Yenisei Bay; on some summer days, daytime air temperature can rise to +20°С and higher. Despite the fact that in the summer, the entire territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is dominated by a polar day, the region receives little sunlight and heat. This is mainly due to the presence of long snow cover and strong reflectivity of the region, as well as due to predominantly cyclonic cloudy summer weather.

August is often very rainy. This is the time when there are mushrooms, berries, a lot of fish in the lakes. During the summer time, the soil thaws by about 50 cm. This is quite enough for nature to dress up the territory of the district in a meager summer outfit. Throughout the summer period, on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there is a wide variety of weather.

Autumn in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug begins in the north of the peninsula - in the last decade of August, and in the south - in the first decade of September, and ends in the first or second decade of October. The duration of the autumn period, in contrast to the spring, increases from 35 to 50 days when moving from south to north. For the beginning of autumn, the transition of daily temperatures through + 10 ° C, downwards, is taken. In the 20th of August, in the mountainous regions and in the tundra, frosts on the soil are noted. In September, cyclonic activity increases sharply, and southwestern winds become dominant. In this regard, cloudiness and wind speed increase, the air temperature drops sharply, and the weather is predominantly weakly and moderately frosty, with wind. In the second half of September, the daily air temperature, in most of the region, as a rule, stays below 0°С.

The end of autumn, throughout the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, comes at approximately the same time, with a difference of less than 10 days, but it only begins in the south of the region, more than 20 days later than in the northern regions. A short cold autumn, a long frosty winter "steps on its heels" ...

On the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, during the year, only 400-500 mm of precipitation falls, but this amount is quite enough for the entire region to be saturated with moisture. 50-55% of precipitation falls during the warm season. Share of summer precipitation for July August, of the annual amount, is in Salekhard - 44%, in Tambey - 40%. In the tundra, the maximum precipitation occurs in August.

In winter, on average, there are 15-18 days with precipitation, in summer - 12-15. The duration of sunshine in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is, on average, 1050 hours per year.

When to go to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is amazing harsh land! Organized tourism has appeared here relatively recently. This region is visited in order to get acquainted with the unique nature of the North, to hunt and fish on rivers and lakes.

Due to the harsh climate of this region, it is better to go here during the short summer time - in June, July and August. The best time for hiking, water and other sports will be the end of July and August. It should be borne in mind that at the end of June, after the snow melts and the earth warms up sufficiently, mosquitoes and midges appear in huge numbers! At night, and in cold and windy weather, there are fewer insects. Be sure to take a mosquito net, anti-midges and mosquitoes with you on a trip! Also, warm clothes, a rain cape and waders will come in handy, since the tundra is a large and damp swamp.

For lovers of skiing, and those who want to ride a reindeer, ride in a team and see the northern lights, it is worth going on a trip in the second half of winter - in March, April. In March, a holiday of reindeer breeders is held in Nadym, and, during national wrestling competitions, people come to the district to see the multi-colored embroidered fur clothes, folklore performances. Keep in mind that the climate is extremely difficult to bear, in winter a strong wind often blows, snowstorms and blizzards occur. Or frosts go off scale for -50 ° С. For all this, you need to be prepared, both mentally and physically.

It is also worth noting that moving around the region is extremely difficult, and sometimes simply impossible. There are practically no roads here. All the movement of local residents takes place in reindeer and dog sleds, and in summer, in view of the fact that the large territory of the region is a swamp, movement is possible only in groups, by helicopters, which in itself is also not a cheap pleasure. In this regard, one must be prepared for the fact that the necessary medical assistance will not arrive soon, if it can arrive at all, the necessary medicines are not available, and the doctor often talks to patients by radio. All these arguments must be carefully considered and weighed before the trip.

Climate of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

The climate of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is sharply continental. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra occupies the central part of the West Siberian Lowland, stretching from west to east for almost 1400 km - from the Ural Range to the Osko-Yenisei watershed. The territory of the district is a vast, slightly dissected plain, with absolute elevations rarely reaching 200 m above sea level. The formation of the climate is significantly influenced by the protection of the territory from the west by the Ural Range, and the openness of the territory from the north, which contributes to the penetration of cold Arctic masses, as well as the flat nature of the terrain, with a large number of rivers, lakes and swamps. The climate is characterized by a rapid change in weather conditions, especially during transitional periods - from autumn to winter, and from spring to summer, as well as during the day.

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The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is located within one natural zone - the forest. The main part of the territory of the district is occupied by heavily swamped taiga. More than 25 thousand lakes are located among swamps and forests. Water regime rivers is characterized by extended spring-summer floods. In winter, in the district, Atmosphere pressure much lower than within the Asian anticyclone. Average atmospheric pressure in July is lower than in the Arctic, but higher than in Central Asia. The climate of the region is characterized by severe and long winters with stable snow cover, and short and relatively warm summers.

Winter in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins in the third decade of October. Winter is severe and long, with stable snow cover. The period with negative air temperature in the district lasts about 7 months, from October to April. Winter begins with the establishment of stable frosts, which, in most of the territory, begin in the third decade of October. The beginning of winter is characterized by a further decrease in temperature. Its most intense decrease is noted at the end October - early November, after the appearance of snow cover, as a result, the difference in average temperatures in October and November is 10-12°C. The radiation balance in November reaches the lowest negative values ​​in the year, due to the least heat influx for the year and the high reflectivity of the snow cover, its average daily air temperature is -7- -10°С. But, sometimes, November can be very cold, with frosts down to -40°C in the southwest, and down to -50°C in the northeast of the district.

November and December are characterized by strong winds and snowstorms. Every third or fourth day can be with a snowstorm. The average daily temperature in December is -10°С, sometimes it drops to -40°С. The weather in December is the most unstable, many cloudy days, very strong wind. The most intensive increase in the depth of snow cover occurs from the second half of November to the beginning of January, when the amount of precipitation increases due to the greatest frequency of cyclonic weather.

January is the coldest winter month. The average daily air temperature in January in the district ranges from -18 to -24°C, depending on the region. Low air temperatures (up to -60 - -62 ºC) were registered in the valley of the Vakh River, in the Nizhnevartovsk region.

The lowest temperatures are observed in the east of the district, and most often, in relief depressions, where cold air flows down from the slopes. The interdiurnal variability during the winter months averages 5ºC. February temperatures are 1-2°C higher than January ones.

March, due to the condition of the snow cover, low temperatures and their distribution, is still a typical winter month. The height of snow reaches its maximum at the end of March and is 50-60 cm, and in the east it increases to 80 cm. The absence of strong thaws and the duration of occurrence (190-210 days) contribute to the large accumulation of snow cover. Since April, under the influence of an increase in the arrival of solar radiation, the snow begins to settle, but due to its high power and high reflectivity, it melts slowly and the air temperature also slowly rises.

Spring in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins only in the second half of April. The spring period lasts about 40 days. Spring is the shortest, windiest, clearest and driest season of the year. In April, the temperature difference between the western and eastern regions, characteristic of winter, is still preserved. But at the end of the month, spring phenomena are rapidly unfolding, so that, in terms of temperature, its last decade differs significantly from the first. By the end of the month, there is a strong and rather sharp increase in air temperature - about +10 ºC.

Such high temperatures are associated with the removal of warm air from the south (advection), and with the processes of transformation of air masses, since most of the territory, only from mid-April, begins to be freed from snow. The snow melts during the day, and at night it freezes again, and does not give any more significant runoff. Snow melting is much faster than its accumulation. Melting occurs unevenly; open places are exposed earlier, later forests are freed from snow. The snow cover is completely destroyed within 11-15 days. With the snow melting, the amount of reflected radiation decreases, since the sun's rays no longer fall on the snow, but on the soil. Also, in April, severe frosts down to -25ºC - -30 ºC are possible due to breakthroughs of arctic air from the north, but such sharp drops in temperature occur only in years with a long winter.

In May, the air temperature becomes even higher. May is an unpredictable month, it is characterized by alternating cold intrusions and heat removals. A rapid increase in temperature can be replaced by a sharp cooling and even snowfalls. At the end of May, the sun is usually set. warm weather.

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Summer in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins in early June. Summer is warm, but short, lasting up to 80 days. At this time, set summer mode, a feature of which are large reserves of solar heat and light, and in June, the number of hours of sunshine reaches 309. Due to the maximum influx of solar radiation, with clear skies or cumulus clouds, favorable conditions are formed in June for the formation of the largest values ​​​​of radiation balance. Despite the largest annual heat consumption for evaporation, for heating the soil and air, a significant amount of heat remains. However, almost until the middle of the month, night and morning frosts can be observed on the soil. With the cessation of frosts, in the second decade of June, there is an intensive increase in air temperature, its average daily rate, at this time, reaches +15°C.

The warmest summer month is July. This is the only month of the year when there are no frosts. Its average daily air temperature is +20°C, and the maximums can reach +30°C, which happens, however, rarely. In July, the temperature rise continues, despite a decrease in the height of the sun and the amount of incoming heat, which is explained by the heating of the underlying surface and the removal of warmer air masses from the south. July and August do not differ much in average daytime temperatures, however, nighttime temperatures in August drop noticeably. By the end of August, the average daily air temperature drops through +10°С, frosts begin on the soil, and only in the regions of Khanty-Mansiysk - Laryak and to the south, the onset of these phenomena is shifted to early September.

Autumn in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins in late August - early September. By the end of August, frosts begin on the soil, which is an indispensable attribute of the onset of autumn, and in early September, the average daily temperature passes through + 10 ° C, downward. In September, the arrival of solar radiation decreases three times, compared with July, and the frost-free period ends. By the end of the month, severe cooling down to -7 - -15°C is possible, associated with intrusions of continental arctic air from the northwest, and snowfalls occur quite regularly.

In October, there is a further decrease in temperature, a negative temperature is established and a stable snow cover is formed, freezing is observed on the rivers. The wind takes a southerly and southwesterly direction, speeds increase. Cooling in October is very fast. In the third decade of the month, the formation of a stable snow cover is completed and the transition of the average daily temperature through -5 ° C is noted, after which a period of stable frosts is established for a long time. At this time, cloudiness and the frequency of fogs increase, favorable conditions are created for ice-frost phenomena. By the end of the third decade of October, the snow depth reaches 8-10 cm.

The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra belongs to the zone of excessive moisture. The annual rainfall in the region ranges from only 400 to 620 mm. The maximum precipitation occurs during the warm season. But, even with such a relatively small amount of precipitation, the evaporation values ​​​​are very insignificant, as a result of which the entire territory of the region is located in the zone of excessive moisture. Waterlogging, low temperatures, late spring, summer and early autumn frosts - all this hinders the cultivation of most crops. Therefore, the development of agriculture in the region is very risky. However, the region receives a large number of hours of sunshine, with an annual duration of 1600-1900 hours, which is more than in many other areas located to the south (for example, in St. Petersburg - 1563 hours, in Kursk - 1775 hours, in Kiev - 1843 hours).

When to goin the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. The best time to visit the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is the warm summer months - from June to September. There is amazing nature here. The region may well compete with Karelia in terms of the abundance of rivers and lakes, such mighty rivers as the Ob and Irtysh will be especially interesting for tourists. Taiga with all its Siberian treasures, from cedars and larches to a great variety of birds and animals, and extraordinary clean air, simply attracts the eyes of travelers and ecologists. There are two reserves and a dozen sanctuaries on the territory of the region, the most famous are the ecological parks Numto, Shapshinskiye cedar forests and Samarovsky chugas, which is a natural island right in the middle of the district capital. It is worth noting that the region is quite “wild” in terms of tourism, and there may be problems with free movement through forests and fields, the roads here are bad, and in many places they are completely absent, while the region is replete with all kinds of lakes, rivers and swamps. You should be careful not to break away from the planned route when traveling independently.

In addition to the unusual harsh beauty of northern nature, industrial tourism is very popular here. Few people know how oil is extracted, what it is all about. Here you can not only see what oil looks like, but also smell it, as well as observe oil production. Production looks very impressive - rocking chairs, drilling rigs, factories in an open field - all this is a kind of romance of our time. Tourists are taken here to some oil facilities, they are shown, told and given a taste of what “black gold” smells like.

If you are planning a more exotic vacation in the bosom of northern nature, you should think about a trip to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra in winter, the months of February-March will be more preferable. For tourists, the “Yugorsk safari” is held here: deer, snowmobiles, sleighs, even dog teams, hunting and all winter Siberian fun, it will be very interesting and fun, and most importantly, unforgettable! It is worth noting that the winter here is quite severe, so you need to take the warmest clothes, good practical warm shoes and try not to overcool.

The rest of the months of the year are the best time to visit the region. Cold spring, dank autumn, and severe frosts in the first half of winter - this is the time when you don’t want to see anything, and sometimes it’s simply impossible to get anywhere.

The climate of the Tyumen region

The climate of the Tyumen region is continental. The region is characterized by severe long winters, warm summers, short transitional seasons (spring-autumn, 6-7 weeks each), with late spring and early autumn frosts. The flat nature of the region's relief, its openness from the north and south, contribute to the deep penetration of cold arctic air masses and the free removal of temperate continental and even tropical air masses from south to north. The amplitude of fluctuations in the average temperatures of summer and winter is, on average, about 35 ° C, which is quite a lot at this latitude. For comparison, in the Baltic countries located at the same latitude, the amplitude of fluctuations in average temperatures is only 22 -23°C. Tyumen is not protected by mountains either from the north, from the sudden intrusion of cold Arctic air, or from the south, from the hot breath of the dry Kazakh steppes and deserts of Central Asia. From the west, warm, humid winds from the Atlantic Ocean often break through the low Ural Mountains. As a result, the weather in Tyumen is unstable in any season of the year.

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The Tyumen region is the "oil barrel" of Russia. In addition, the region has great recreational opportunities, there are mighty forests, huge rivers flow, numerous lakes sparkle in the sun, even hot springs have been discovered in the region. In a word, the Tyumen region is a fertile region. Four seasons of the year are clearly distinguished on the territory of the Tyumen region: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Tyumen region long time of the year. Winter begins at the beginning of November, and ends only at the beginning of April. The Tyumen winter is characterized as very frosty and snowy, which is typical for the continental climate. As a rule, the temperature in winter decreases in the direction from west to east, or from southwest to northeast. In early November, in the region, a stable snow cover forms everywhere, and average negative temperatures are observed.

January is the coldest winter month. The average daily air temperature in January is -20°C. On some days, almost every year, the night temperature drops to -36°--44°C. Along with low temperatures, high temperatures can also be observed. So, in January, thaws are often observed, with daily air temperatures up to +2 - +6 ° С, but thaws in winter are a short-term phenomenon, and they usually last no more than three days.

In all winter months, on the territory of the Tyumen region, there are strong winds with snowstorms (up to 15 - 20 m/s). Most blizzards are observed in the month of February. March, the last winter month, also surprises with persistent frosts and heavy snowfalls. In the middle of the month, the snow cover reaches its maximum, on average, it is 70 - 80 cm, and in some places up to 1 m and more.

Real spring in the Tyumen region comes only in April. There are more sunny days, the air temperature is rapidly increasing, and the snow begins to melt. Spring is rather short and passes very quickly. As a rule, from the third decade of April, spring rains begin, which wash away the last snow cover, saturating the earth with life-giving moisture.

May begins with good sunny weather, the temperature during the day is, on average, around +18°C. The grass is turning green, the leaves are blooming, the first flowers are blooming, birds are singing everywhere. It's wonderful daylight hours, nature comes alive these days. The air temperature is still rising, but, as a rule, in the third decade of May, a return of frosts is observed, this is especially noticeable in morning time. From the fourth decade of May, hot sunny weather sets in in the Tyumen region - a real Siberian summer!

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Summer in the Tyumen region begins at the end of May and lasts until September. Tyumen summer is sunny and hot. The hottest summer month is July, its average daily air temperature is +25°С. Several times, during the summer season, real heat comes to the Tyumen region, when the daytime air temperature rises to +35 - +40°С. And with the intrusions of cold arctic air masses, very sharp drops in temperature are possible, even in July and August, down to -1--4°C. Precipitation in summer is predominantly in the form of rain showers. August is a cooler and rainier month, compared to July, at the end of the month, frosts on the soil are possible at night.

Autumn in the Tyumen region begins in early September. It is at this time that a steady decrease in the average daily air temperature is observed. September is characterized as a moderately cold month, nature dresses the forests in colorful motley outfits, and all the trees stand sparkling with different colors. At the beginning of the month, autumn rains often fall, although the second half of September is more favorable in terms of weather conditions - this is a warm sunny time, popularly referred to as "Indian summer". Latest warm days per year, are accompanied by an increase in daytime air temperature to +20 - +23°C, and at night they decrease to slightly negative temperatures.

October is perhaps the most unpleasant month. It is characterized by heavy prolonged rains, strong winds and a sharp decrease in air temperature. Gray sky, incessant rain, and a strong gusty wind tearing the last leaves from the trees - this is what it is, Tyumen October. In the second half of the month it becomes even "more fun", the average daily air temperature is often negative, and snow comes to replace the rain. However, stable snow cover is formed only in November.

The Tyumen region belongs to the territory of sufficient moisture. Precipitation is 400 - 500 mm per year, mainly in the warm season - from May to October. The duration of sunshine in the Tyumen region is quite high, and averages about 2017 hours per year. It should be noted that this figure is much higher than in the same latitudes of the European part of the country, or cities located much to the south (for example, Kiev).

When to goin the Tyumen region. The summer months, June, July and August, are the best for holiday lovers. Throughout the Tyumen region there are a large number of various boarding houses, rest houses and sanatoriums where you can spend a weekend or even a vacation. In addition to banal swimming in clean rivers and lakes, hiking for mushrooms and berries, and various ecological routes, the region is happy to surprise travelers with an abundance of thermal springs where you can treat your health, or just relax with maximum benefit.

For city trips and sightseeing, it is better to choose a short period of "Indian summer" in September - at this time, the surrounding landscapes are especially beautiful, and the flat, flat relief is full of autumn colors. Also, the month of May is also perfect for outdoor activities - when everything around blooms and smells fragrant, and the sun does not bake as much as in summer. It is worth remembering that in early autumn and late spring, the peak of tick activity is observed annually in the region, one must be careful and take the necessary measures.

Winter months - from December to April are suitable for both lovers of winter sports and for lovers of hunting tourism, when hunting for ungulates is open. In winter, snowmobile hunting safaris are possible here. If you want to go to the Tyumen region in winter, you should take a lot of warm clothes with you, as the winters here are very frosty, often the temperature on the thermometer shows -35°C.

You should not visit the Tyumen region in October - November, as well as in April. All 3 months are transitional and are characterized by unstable changeable weather, in addition, during these months it can be very dirty, and some roads will be impossible to drive.

The climate of the Omsk region

The climate of the Omsk region is continental, and its continentality is much more pronounced than in other cities located at the same latitude, for example, in Minsk, Moscow or even Chelyabinsk. The Omsk region is located on a vast lowland plain, in the center of the Asian continent, far from the seas, and is open both from the north and from the south, so the climate here is formed under the strong influence of the physical properties of the land, which warms up quickly and strongly in summer, and in winter, also cools down quickly. On the this territory not only arctic cold air masses penetrate freely, but also warm dry winds from Kazakhstan. Because of this, a characteristic feature of the climate of the Omsk region is hot summers and cold winters.

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Western and northwestern cyclones have the highest frequency in the Omsk region. With western flows from the Atlantic, deep and active cyclones are often displaced, causing rains and thunderstorms in summer, and snowfalls and snowstorms in winter. In winter, the anticyclone causes cloudy frosty weather, often with fogs, frost, and in summer - dry and hot weather.

During the year, the air temperature experiences large fluctuations - the annual amplitude of average air temperatures exceeds 37°C. The lowest air temperature usually occurs in the morning, before sunrise, and the highest - 2 - 3 hours after noon. The temperature changes dramatically from month to month, especially during transitional periods. The rise in temperature in spring is very intense. In the climate of the Omsk region, there are clearly defined seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn.

Winter in the Omsk region begins in early November and lasts until early April. Omsk winter is characterized as severe, long, with stable snow cover. In any winter month, invasions of cold waves are possible, or, conversely, the temperature can rise sharply on some days, or even during the day, although thaws in winter are rare. The appearance of the first snow in the Omsk region usually occurs in mid-October, but it also happens earlier. Usually, the first snow does not stay for the whole winter, but melts as a result of thaws and liquid precipitation. A stable snow cover is formed 20 days after the appearance of the first snow, the average date is November 8. The coldest winter month is January. Its average daily air temperature is -19°C. On some days, the minimum air temperature can drop to -49 °C.

In February and March, blizzards form more often than in other months on the territory of the Omsk region. Blizzards usually occur when a front passes. The strongest of them are associated with deep cyclones, which cause a significant increase in wind. The strongest blizzards covering large areas, occur during a breakthrough southern cyclones, and their merger with depressions of Western origin. The occurrence of snowstorms is possible at any time of the day, but they are most frequent in the afternoon. Blizzards lasting 12 hours or more are especially dangerous. Most often, blizzards are observed at a temperature of -5 - -15°C. At low temperatures (-25°С) blizzards are rare (3% of cases), but they are the most dangerous, because at low temperatures, the snow becomes fine-grained, loose and easily carried, even by a weak wind with a steady direction.

However, the winter months are characterized by relatively little cloudiness, low rainfall, light winds, frosty, clear sunny weather. In March, the snow cover reaches its maximum height. On average, in the Omsk region, during the winter there are 159 days with snow cover, its stable occurrence usually lasts for 149 days, which is almost 5 months. Snow cover protects the soil from freezing, contributes to the normal overwintering of winter crops, and is a source of moisture in the soil.

Despite the long harsh winter, intense snowfalls in the Omsk region are not observed annually, approximately once every 6-7 years. Snowfalls with more than 5 cm of snow increase occur, on average, a little more than once per winter, which is about 3% of the total number of days with solid precipitation. The duration of heavy snowfalls is usually at least 4 hours, in more than half of the cases, their duration is more than 12 hours.

Spring in the Omsk region begins only in early April. Spring is short, passes quickly, the air temperature rises rapidly. If during the transition from January to February, the temperature rises by 1.4°C, then the change in the average monthly temperature from March to April is already 13°C, from April to May - 9°C. The average daily air temperature passes the mark of 0°C, on average, on April 5, and the mark of +10°C on May 8. In spring, days with precipitation are much less than in winter, and relative humidity is also lower (66% in April and 53% in May).

Omsk spring is distinguished by clear sunny weather. At the same time, spring weather is characterized by instability and strong winds, especially in May. May winds often raise dust storms, which are most often observed in dry years.

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Summer in the Omsk region begins in late May - early June. Omsk summer is characterized by warm or hot weather, with many sunny days. On clear, sunny days, the air temperature during the day often rises to +30 - +35°C. In the first half of summer, dry winds are not uncommon (strong sultry winds that scorch plants and cause severe drying of the soil). The temperature rise continues until July, but not so intensively, from June to July - only by 1.7°C.

The hottest summer month is July, its average daily air temperature is at least +25°C. Thunderstorms are often observed in summer. The maximum thunderstorms per year is observed in July, when the average number of days with a thunderstorm is eight, but in some years, it varies from two to sixteen days. Most often, thunderstorms occur in the afternoon, less often at night and, especially rarely, in the morning. The formation of thunderstorms is associated with the presence of an unstable moist and warm air mass, and the processes of distribution of cold air over a layer of warm air, the rise of air along the frontal surface.

Often, in the summer season, dust storms are observed in the Omsk region. Dust storms are the transfer of a large amount of thick dust, particles of dry earth or sand, by a strong wind, as a result of which the atmosphere becomes cloudy and visibility is significantly reduced. On average, there are 10 days with a dust storm per season. From August, a slow decrease in air temperature begins, with a gradual increase in the intensity of the decrease towards autumn, when the thermal regime is restructured for winter.

Autumn in the Omsk region comes in early September. The autumn period in the Omsk region lasts two months (September and October), it is characterized by warm, dry weather, but it is often cloudy and rainy. At the beginning of September, the daily air temperature drops below +15 °C. The autumn decrease in temperature is somewhat less intense than its spring increase, and in mid-September the daily air temperature drops below +10 °C. At the end of the month, the first frosts are observed in the air.

October is a rainy, gloomy month. In October, there is a significant cooling, and a sharp temperature drop. If at the beginning of the month, the average daily air temperature is +5°C, then in the second half of October, the temperature can drop to -30°C, snowfalls are observed. The greatest decrease in temperature is observed from October to November - by 10 - 11°C. November is already a month with daily average persistently negative values, and it belongs to the winter period.

The Atlantic air reaches the territory of the Omsk region significantly dried up, it loses most of the moisture, passing over Western Europe, and when crossing the Ural Mountains. And precipitation associated with arctic air masses coming from the north, and with tropical air masses coming from the south, is negligible, since arctic air contains little moisture. In this regard, the total amount of precipitation in the Omsk region is less than at those latitudes in the European part: for example, 1.5 times less precipitation compared to Ufa, 1.7 times less compared to Moscow, almost 2 times less than in Minsk. The steppe lands suffer greatly from a lack of moisture: on average, 250 - 300 mm of precipitation falls here annually, which is 1.5 - 2 times less than in central regions Russia. The Tara north, on the contrary, is a zone of abundant moisture; 400 - 450 mm of precipitation falls here per year, that is, twice as much as in the south of the region. In the Omsk region, over 80% of the annual precipitation falls during the warm period, and only about 20% during the cold period.

When to goin the Omsk region. The best time to relax in the Omsk region, the hot summer months are from June to September. In the summer there are quite a lot of entertainment: hiking, horseback riding, rafting or kayaking, and much more. Pleasant coolness, in the summer heat, will be given by numerous rivers and lakes, on the picturesque banks of which there are comfortable and cozy Omsk recreation centers. Here you can walk through the forest, which abounds with mushrooms and berries. And inveterate fishermen can go to the taiga river Artyn, lakes Shaitan or Lenevo, and sit with a fishing rod in specially equipped places.

If you want to improve your health, you can go to Lake Uldzhay. Lake Uldzhai is famous for its therapeutic mud, and located, not far from it, mineral thermal springs. The waters of these springs help in the treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, and also have a positive effect on the peripheral nervous system, which is why thousands of tourists come here every year.

Winter time - December - March - is also a good time to relax in the Omsk region. Numerous boarding houses and sanatoriums offer visitors a wide range of health programs, diagnostic opportunities and various types of outdoor activities, such as swimming pools, gyms, winter skating rinks, billiards, ski slopes, roller coasters, saunas, baths and much more.

Lovers of romance and thirsty naturalists should go to the Omsk region in May. At this time, right before our eyes, nature comes to life, flowers bloom, butterflies and insects begin to storm. Everything around is full of bright spring colors, there are steady warm days, however, sometimes there are May thunderstorms. This is the most wonderful time for outdoor recreation. True, a piquant situation at this time is created by the rather abundant presence of ticks that spread tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis dangerous for humans and animals. The end of April - the beginning of May is the peak of tick activity. If you intend to visit the Omsk region at this time of the year, you should think about methods of protection against ticks. It is recommended to wear overalls or simple, but plain and light-colored clothing, which will allow you to quickly detect a tick on your body. Trousers must be tucked into boots, sleeve cuffs must fit snugly around the arm. It is necessary to put on a hood on the head or tuck the hair under a scarf or hat. It is also worth thinking about vaccination.

Fans of sightseeing tours can be advised to come to the Omsk region in September. A cool, slightly cool month will meet you with iridescent autumn colors, colorful vegetation, and sightseeing at this time of the year will not be so difficult, since most of the tourists have already left.

The most rainy months - October, November and April, are not suitable for a pleasant serene holiday. All three months are extremely unstable in weather conditions, and are characterized by a sharp fluctuation in temperatures, which, for example, is difficult for a European resident to endure.

The climate of the Tomsk region

The climate of the Tomsk region is sharply continental. The surface and openness of the territory of the Tomsk region, from all sides, except for the southeast, facilitates the penetration of air masses of the Arctic, Atlantic and Central Asia here. Therefore, in the circulation processes over Western Siberia, at all times of the year, arctic and temperate air masses participate, and in summer, also tropical ones. In general, the climate of the region is characterized by long cold winters, short warm summers, uniform moisture, and quite drastic changes weather elements, relatively short periods(in a few hours).

Cheap flights to Tomsk

The climatic conditions of the southern and northern regions of the Tomsk region differ markedly due to the fact that the distance between the northern and southern borders of the region, along the meridian, reaches 600 kilometers. The climatic characteristics of the northern regions of the region are more severe and the duration of the winter season. Almost the entire territory of the Tomsk region is located within the taiga zone.

The terrain is represented mainly by flat marshy plains. The Ob River, in its middle course, divides the Tomsk region into two equal parts, crossing it from the southeast to the northwest, and the river valleys account for, in general, 1/5 of the territory of the Tomsk region. All four seasons of the year are well expressed in the Tomsk region: winter, summer, spring, autumn.

Winter in the Tomsk region begins in early November. It was at this time that a stable snow cover was formed everywhere in the region, with a height of 10 centimeters or more. The average daily air temperature in November in the Tomsk region is -10°C. In the northern part of the region, the average daytime air temperature in November is 4 degrees lower and is -14°C (in Aleksandrovsky). By the end of the month, lakes freeze, ice cover is established on the Tom, and birds that do not winter here go for wintering.

In December, the average air temperature during the day is noticeably colder, and is already -15 - -17 ° С. In early December, rhythmic fluctuations of heat and cold are often observed, when several days of cold are replaced by days of comparatively warmer weather. December is also characterized by a large number of snowstorms - there are up to 11 snowstorms per month. In December, the shortest days, the day begins at ten in the morning, and lasts only until four in the afternoon. In all winter months, there is a high probability of arrivals of anticyclones, which “lower” air temperatures in the Tomsk region to -35 - -40 ° C, and this is more a regularity than an exception to the rule in this region.

January is the coldest month of the year. Its average air temperatures are 2 degrees lower than in December, and average -19°C for the region. Snow depth in January already reaches 60 cm or more. Most of nature is in deep sleep. Trees, shrubs and grasses sleep, insects sleep, and some mammals. But nature, at this time of the year, is not lifeless, even in 30-degree frosts summer physiological processes take place in plants, for example, photosynthesis continues in lichens, the formation of organic matter. The grass continues to grow green under the snow.

January is followed by February - no less cold winter month. The average daily temperature in February is -16°C, it is the third frostiest after December and January. The month is also characterized by heavy snowfalls, especially in its second half. At this time, the snow cover reaches its maximum value, which, on average, is 1 m or more.

March is the last winter month in the Tomsk region. Perhaps March is the most unpredictable, as the weather often changes, then there are blizzards and heavy snowfalls, then a thaw begins and puddles appear. Then, suddenly, a strong anticyclone comes, and there are bitter frosts in the region. Do not guess and do not predict the weather in March. According to the phenological calendar, the first thaws come to the region on March 7, and then the Radical Winter ends, and the third period of cold and frost ends in winter, and this period is called the Pre-Spring. But winter will still show its character in March.

Spring in the Tomsk region begins in late March - early April. At this time, in the region, the end of stable frosts is observed and increased snowmelt begins. The transition of the average daily air temperature through -5°C, occurring in the south at the end of March, and in the north at the beginning of April, serves as a characteristic boundary between winter and spring. With the beginning of spring, the frequency of southerly winds decreases and northerly winds slightly increase. In April, snowfalls are replaced by liquid ones, and at the end of April, the stable snow cover is completely destroyed. In mid-April, ice breaks on the rivers.

In the first ten days of May, the arable layer of soil thaws. The beginning of May often coincides with the appearance of the first thunderstorms in the area, and spring heavy rain showers. It is they who nourish the earth with life-giving moisture, and after these showers, the nature around turns green and blooms even faster. In mid-May, there is a steady transition of the average daily air temperature through +5°C, which coincides with the beginning of the vegetation of plants. But spring is never equal either in the weather, or in the phenomena of organic life, or in time and space. Spring is characterized by the return of cold weather. In May, and even at the beginning of June, frosts are observed that are dangerous for cultivated plants. Spring returns of cold weather are common for the climate of the Tomsk region. They are sometimes even tied to some noticeable and coinciding, in time, phenological phenomena, for example, with the flowering of bird cherry. And then such a cooling is called cherry. And sometimes the temperature in May jumps up to + 30 ° C, and there is a real sunny summer. But spring cooling and warming, as a rule, take short periods of time.

Cheap hotels in Tomsk

Summer in the Tomsk region begins in early June and ends in early September. In the southern regions of the region, summer is lengthening, as it sometimes includes the last ten days of May and the first ten days of September. Summer begins with the transition of the average daily air temperature through +15°C, which determines the unfolding of the vegetation of plants. At this time, the vegetation cover reaches its full development: the leaves reach their optimal size, most trees and shrubs bloom or are preparing for this, grass cover layers are formed, tall grass blooms. This is the most fertile time: everything is full of life, in the forest, in the meadows, near the water. The average daily air temperature in June in the Tomsk region is +22°С.

July is the peak of summer, it is the warmest month of the year. Its average daily air temperature is +24°С. Sometimes real heat comes to the region, and then the thermometer reaches +30 - +35°С. Berries ripen in July, chicory and tansy bloom. Summer has the most rainfall of the year. In the north of the region, in summer, there is a significant recurrence of northern winds, in the south, the winds of northern and southern directions have approximately the same frequency.

August is the last summer month, good, kind, calm, peaceful, and besides, rich - there is plenty of everything. The surrounding landscape in August begins to gradually change. As a rule, until August 12, the summer is hot, as in July, and after this date, the third period begins, which is called the "Summer Decline". In the second half of the month, swifts fly away, the number of flying insects is noticeably reduced: butterflies, beetles, dragonflies and bees. The day is cut in half from what it was in June. An indicator of the transition from summer to autumn is the date of the transition of the average daily temperature through + 10 ° C, downward. The end of summer, as a rule, also coincides with the average date of the first autumn frost, which occurs in early September.

Autumn in the Tomsk region begins in early September. Autumn is characterized by a decrease in air and soil temperature, an increase in relative air humidity, and a sharp decrease in evaporation. Cloudy weather is more often repeated, the soil dries up slowly after rains .. Frosts come. But, even after the first autumn frosts, often in September there is good warm weather, popularly called "Indian summer", when the thermometer rises to + 25 ° С. In the second half of the month, everywhere, in the Tomsk region, the most colorful season of the year begins - golden autumn. The first birches painted in autumn colors appear. September is the period of harvesting agricultural crops, the responsible season, when “the day feeds the year”.

October is the second autumn month, or rather, it is autumn only at the very beginning, and the end of the month is already winter. This month is very wet, there is a lot of rainfall. The average daily air temperature in the first half of October is only +6°C. Deciduous trees and shrubs, completing the evil– otyu autumn, in October they shed their leaves. Migratory birds fly to warmer climes. In the middle of the month, as a rule, the first snow falls, but it does not last long. By the end of the month, as a rule, the average daily air temperature is already negative, it is increasingly snowing instead of raining. In late October - early November, a steady snow cover indicates the beginning of a long cold winter ...

In count precipitation most of the territory of the Tomsk region belongs to the zone of excessive and sufficient moisture. 450-700 mm of precipitation falls annually. The most precipitation occurs in June, July or August. The least precipitation falls in February.

When to goin the Tomsk region. The best time to travel to the Tomsk region is summer, from June to September. Tomsk region in summer is a green sea of ​​taiga with extensive yellowish bald patches of swamps, along which necklaces of lakes are scattered. 33 species of fish live in the rivers and lakes of the region, of which 15 are of commercial importance, these are nelma, muksun, sturgeon, sterlet, peled. Therefore, we can safely say that the Tomsk region is a paradise for fishermen. The fauna of the Tomsk region is also rich: 28 species of commercial wild animals live on its territory - elk, deer, roe deer, brown bears, lynxes, wolverines, sables, foxes, squirrels, wolves and more than 40 species of birds, all this allows developing hunting tourism here . In addition, there are a large number of tourist bases and rest houses in the region, here you can have a great rest on the magnificent sandy beaches of the Ob River, visit several national reserves of the region.

May and September are a great time for sightseeing tours of cities and sightseeing. At this time, it is not so hot, but the weather is quite comfortable for staying both in nature and in large cities.

Winter, from November to mid-March, is also a great time to relax in the Tomsk region. Almost all available winter activities are available here: skiing, skating, snowmobiling, ice fishing, hunting. In addition, a mandatory attribute in numerous holiday homes is a bath or sauna, where you can also spend time with benefit. winter nature is fascinating, and sometimes an ordinary walk through the winter forest brings a lot of pleasure and positive. It is only worth remembering that the Tomsk region is, after all, Siberia, and winters in Siberia are cold. It is worth taking the warmest things with you on vacation.

April and October - perhaps not the best time to travel to the Tomsk region. These are unstable transitional months with large fluctuations in temperature during the day. The weather during these months is extremely difficult to predict, so there is a chance that the weather will still take you by surprise. In addition, nature at this time does not appear in its best appearance, damp, cold, dirty and slushy, so it is recommended to avoid these months to visit the Tomsk region.

The climate of the Novosibirsk region

The climate of the Novosibirsk region is sharply continental, with long cold winters and short but warm summers. Geographical position region determines its continental climate, more severe than in areas of Europe and America, located at the same geographical latitude. This is due to the location of the Novosibirsk region in the center huge continent away from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Cheap flights to Novosibirsk

The geographical position also determines the features of the circulation of the atmosphere over Western Siberia. Due to the fact that the plain is open to the north, it is easily accessible to the influence of arctic air masses, which are characterized by great dryness and low temperatures in all seasons. In the cold season, the territory of the Novosibirsk region is occupied by the Asian anticyclone, which is a vast center of cold, dry air. In the warm half of the year, the center of cold continental air is destroyed and cyclonic activity prevails throughout the region. The Atlantic air comes here already strongly transformed and often completely regenerates here into dry continental air, which affects a rather small amount of precipitation.

Another characteristic consequence of the remoteness from the Atlantic can be considered a significant, for these latitudes, the number of hours of sunshine. The city of Novosibirsk is located at the latitude of such cities as Moscow, Copenhagen, Hamburg, but the number of sunny days here is about 20% more than at the corresponding latitude of Europe. For comparison, the duration of sunshine hours in Moscow is 1582 hours, in Kiev - 1843 hours, in Krasnodar - 2146 hours.

On the territory of the Novosibirsk region, 4 seasons of the year are pronounced: winter, spring, summer and autumn. The transitional seasons (spring and autumn) are short and are characterized by unstable weather, cold returns and frosts.

Winter in the Novosibirsk region is the longest season of the year, it lasts 5 months - from the beginning of November to the end of March. Novosibirsk winter is severe and long, with stable snow cover from 20 cm in the southwest to 50-70 cm in the north. November is the first winter month. In early November, everywhere in the region, you can observe a stable snow cover. The thickness of the snow cover, by mid-November, reaches 10 cm. Snowfall is often accompanied by strong winds, which leads to its uneven distribution. The snow cover lasts from 150 days in the south to 180 in the north. Thaws are possible, but they are short-term and are not observed annually. Already in November, winter unfolds "to its fullest" and the first month of winter meets everyone with frosts down to -20 ° С. December is the darkest month of the year with only 7 hours of daylight.

January is the coldest month of winter. Its average daily air temperature is -20°C. The minimum temperature recorded during long-term observations in the territory of the region is -55°C (!), but such a low temperature is extremely rare. Usually the thermometer does not fall below -35°C. It is worth noting here that in a continental climate, the air is drier, and low temperatures are easier for a person to tolerate. For example, if we compare the temperatures, for example, in St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk, then the feeling of cold -10°C in St. Petersburg is almost the same as -20°C in Novosibirsk. Therefore, do not be afraid of such low air temperatures. February is also a very cold winter month, it is only 3 degrees warmer than January.

After a frosty January and February comes a sunny March. March is the last winter month. The month is characterized by large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations during one day. In March, it is usually warm during the day, and at night the mercury column drops to -30 ° C. In March, in the central regions of the region, 50-70 cm of snow accumulates; in the steppe Kulunda zone - much less (20-30 cm). The soil in the Novosibirsk region freezes deeply, in some years up to 200-230 cm, and in forest areas - less, and in the steppe - deeper.

Spring in the Novosibirsk region begins only at the beginning of April and lasts for two months. Spring is characterized by a sharp increase in air temperature during the transition from March to April (by about 10°C), and from April to May (also by 10°C). There are many sunny days in spring, and less precipitation than in other seasons. In early April, snow begins to melt intensively, streams run. In mid-April, the average daily temperature is above 0°С, and by the end of April it reaches more than +5°С. At the end of the third decade of April, the daily air temperature reaches +15 - +20°С. In spring, all nature awakens, many species of migratory birds arrive from the south. This is also the time of active vegetation of fruit and berry plants.

In early May, grass begins to grow and young leaves bloom on the trees. The Siberian forest-steppe is characterized by a phenomenon called “naked spring”. It consists in the fact that after the snow has completely melted, the grass does not begin to grow immediately, but after about two weeks. There is no snow, it is warm, but the grass does not grow. This is due to the fact that in winter the soil freezes up to 2 meters deep, and it takes time to thaw the roots of plants. In general, May is a dry, warm, sunny month, the daily air temperature often rises to +20 - +25°C, but warm periods are abruptly replaced by cold ones. Often daily temperature fluctuations reach up to 20 ° C, and after hot, dry days, cold days come and snow falls. This is because cold arctic air penetrates these latitudes. Cold snaps are usually accompanied by frosts, which often occur in the second half of May and even in early June. Frosts occur on clear cold nights, when heat is intensely radiated from the surface of the earth and the soil cools down greatly. Dry soil cools especially quickly, and in wet areas, the effect of frost is weakened.

Cheap hotels in Novosibirsk

Summer in the Novosibirsk region begins in early June and lasts about three months. Summer is hot, but relatively short - from 90 to 100 days in the north, and up to 120-130 days in the south. The first decade of June is the beginning of summer, when the average daily air temperature is above +15°C, and the soil warms up well. June is the brightest month of the year - daylight hours reach 17 hours. In summer, a powerful and diverse grass cover forms in the Siberian forest-steppe, and all animals are very active. Insects thrive in the meadows, birds chirp in the forests, and the rivers and lakes are full of fish. By the end of June, the temperature rises significantly.

The hottest month of the year is July, and this is the only month of the year when there is no frost. The average daily air temperature in June is +25°С. Usually, in June or July there are 1-2 weeks when the temperature is around +30°C. The maximum temperature recorded in the region is +40°С. In June and July, western cyclones bring rain, often showers. In summer, the largest amount of precipitation falls - up to 70% of the annual norm. The largest amount of precipitation occurs in July (sometimes in June).

In early August, as a rule, there are cold snaps, the temperature of air and water in reservoirs drops. Frosts are possible on the soil surface in the second half of the month. In late August - early September, the influx of solar radiation decreases, and the average daily temperature drops to + 15°C. That's it, summer is waning, ahead of a cold autumn, and then a long winter ...

Autumn in the Novosibirsk region begins in early September. In September it is still quite warm - up to +20 - +25 ° С, at this time the autumn attire of the forests is very beautiful. Warming periods in September are long - sometimes up to two weeks, which favorably affects the preparation of fruit and berry plants for winter. Migratory birds fly south, other animals prepare for a harsh and long winter.

In early October, the average daily air temperature drops sharply to +5°C, which indicates the end of the growing season. It gets cold, the leaves completely fall off the trees, it often rains, at the end of October the first snow usually falls, which quickly melts. The air humidity in October is high, which prevents precipitation from evaporating, so the soil accumulates a lot of moisture by winter. Snow finally falls in late October - early November, and from that moment the winter period begins.

The Novosibirsk region belongs to the zone of unstable moisture. In the central regions, on average, 400 - 440 mm of precipitation falls annually, in the Kulunda steppe - only 300 mm. 20% of precipitation falls in May-June, in particular, in the period from April to October, an average of 330 mm of precipitation falls, in the period from November to March - 95 mm. Up to 70% of precipitation falls in the form of rain, mostly showers with thunderstorms.

When to go in the Novosibirsk region. The best time to travel to the Novosibirsk region is, of course, summer, the months from June to September. The climatic conditions of the Novosibirsk region, due to the large number of sunny days and relatively low air humidity, are quite favorable for human health. In general, there are excellent opportunities for treatment and recreation. There are many deposits of thermal radon and iodine-bromine waters in the region, there are unique salt and mud lakes, which gave impetus to the development of sanatorium tourism, because the waters and mud of some lakes are not inferior in their healing properties to the Dead Sea.

Extremely popular in summer and active tourism. There are mountains and hills, caves and rocks, there are many large and small rivers and lakes, and even its own sea - the Novosibirsk reservoir. Steppes, birch groves, ribbon forests and taiga, where nuts, berries and mushrooms of various kinds grow in abundance, beckon to collect full baskets of these forest riches. In the Novosibirsk region, tourists are offered a variety of hiking and horseback riding routes, river walks and rafting. Fans of extreme sports can be advised skydiving, kiting, hot air ballooning, walking on glass and burning coals.

September and May are the months that are the best suited for sightseeing tours around the cities of the region, and visiting local attractions and museums. The cities of Novosibirsk, Kolyvan, Kuibyshev and Suzun were included in the list of historical places in Russia. But, besides these cities, there are many settlements in the Novosibirsk region where there are interesting architectural monuments, for example, the Church of the Intercession on Karakan in Zavyalovo, the Church of Seraphim of Sarov in Turnaev and others.

Winter holidays, from November to mid-March, also have their own zest. It is worth going here to all lovers of skiing, skiing, as well as those who want to ride enough on skates, sleds and snowboards. At the service of vacationers are comfortable recreation centers in Novosibirsk, modern ski resorts, ski resorts, skating rinks, roller coasters, baths and saunas and much more. But remember, the Novosibirsk frost bites, be sure to dress warmly!

You should not go to the Novosibirsk region in April and October. These are transitional months when there is extremely unstable and unpredictable weather, with large temperature fluctuations. It is unlikely that at this time you will be able to appreciate the beauty of these places.

The climate of the Kemerovo region

The climate of the Kemerovo region is sharply continental. The Kemerovo region is located far from the seas and oceans, at the junction of major climatic regions(West Siberian, East Siberian, Central Asian and Central Asian), causing the circulation of these air masses. From the winds blowing from the east and south, it is fenced off by mountains, but open to all winds from the north and west. Westerly winds that form over the North Atlantic Ocean bring cool, rainy weather in summer and snow and blizzards in winter. The northern winds blowing from the Arctic Ocean throughout the year bring cooling. Southwesterly winds that form over the central Atlantic Ocean bring thaws in winter and hot weather in summer. But the southeast winds formed over the steppes and deserts of China and Mongolia bring severe frosts in winter. It has cold and long winters and warm but short summers.

Cheap flights to Kemerovo

A common characteristic feature of the climate of the Kemerovo region is its continentality, that is, sharp fluctuations in air temperature during the seasons, during the month and even the day. Such fluctuations are most typical for the forest-steppe and taiga, they are somewhat less in the mountains. Located in temperate zone northern hemisphere, the territory of the Kemerovo region receives a relatively large amount of solar heat per year. The seasons in the Kemerovo region are clearly defined.

Winter in the Kemerovo region begins in early November. Winter is the longest season of the year, it lasts about 5.5 months, and is divided into three periods according to weather conditions. The beginning of winter (November and the first half of December) is characterized by unstable weather with snowfalls, winds, and short-term warming. At this time, more than half of the winter rainfall falls. The amount of snow cover on the territory of the Kemerovo region is very different, both in height and structure, and in the time of its formation. Steady snow cover in Kuznetsk Alatau and Gornaya Shoria falls in the twentieth of October, and in their highest places a little earlier - in mid-October. In the Kuznetsk Basin, permanent snow cover forms in early November.

In the second period (from mid-December to mid-February), cold, slightly cloudy weather sets in with southwestern winds. The coldest winter month is January. The average daily air temperature in January is -20°C. January is the middle of winter, therefore, it is a real winter month with frosts and snowstorms. The main process that determines the weather in January is the preservation of the Siberian anticyclone, and cyclonic activity develops most often in the north of Western Siberia, where cloudy weather prevails, with frequent snowfalls and snowstorms, sometimes spreading to the territory of the region. Features of winter circulation, combined with a negative radiation balance, lead to a significant cooling of the region, in which the minimum air temperatures can reach -46 - -57°C. Such low temperatures can appear in any winter month, but they are more typical for the middle of winter. The height of the snow cover, by the end of the month, reaches 20-47 cm, in some places up to 50-89 cm.

February is practically the same cold winter month as January. The main process that determines the weather in February is the persistence of the Siberian anticyclone. In February, more often than in January, the destruction of the anticyclone occurs when deep cyclones enter Western Siberia, and the displacement of "diving" cyclones from the regions Barents Sea. With the arrival of warm air masses to Western Siberia from the regions of the middle Volga and Kazakhstan, and an increase in the influx of solar radiation (especially in the second half of the month), in extremely warm years, daytime temperatures may rise to +8 - +13 ° С. Blizzards for February are more typical than for January. The average number of days with a blizzard is 3-10 days. The average monthly wind speed is 1-6 m/s. Wind intensification up to 15 m/s and more is observed annually, in some years 22-25 m/s. The height of the snow cover, by the end of the month, reaches 20-40 cm, in the foothills up to 60-100 cm.

The third period of winter lasts from mid-February to early April, at which time there are much more sunny days. March is the first spring month according to the calendar, but in the Kemerovo region it is a winter month, with frosts and snowstorms. Snow cover cools the air and slows down the onset of spring. The instability of the weather in March is expressed in the fact that cold windy weather is quickly replaced by warm sunny days, and vice versa. In protected areas of the northern forest-steppe, the thickness of the snow cover, in mid-March (before the start of thawing), reaches 50 cm, in the southern forest-steppe - about 40 cm, in the flat taiga - 80-120 cm, and in the mountain taiga - 200-250 cm. mountain and river valleys, in ravines and gullies, the height of the snow cover reaches 300 cm. In the forest-steppe in open places, the thickness of the snow is set at the height of the grass cover. In open places, without vegetation, the snow cover is unstable: during the winter it is repeatedly blown away by strong winds. In such areas, dense dunes of snow and earth dust are formed. The height of the snow cover here does not exceed 10-15 cm, it melts with the onset of the first March thaws. Relatively even and stable snow cover in the open forest-steppe is formed in the zone of shelterbelts. From March to April, the largest annual increase in the average monthly air temperature is observed: by 8-10°С.

Spring in the Kemerovo region begins in early April. At this time, there is a large influx of warm air masses from the south, and an intensive increase in solar radiation, clear, dry, but windy weather prevails. In the third decade of April, the average daily air temperature passes through +5°C upwards, and the growing season begins.

In May, there is a restructuring in atmospheric processes for the summer regime. The Asian anticyclone is weakening. But, at this time, there are often returns of cold weather and late frosts, sharp fluctuations in weather conditions. Cold waves are most likely in the second half of May, just as air temperatures of up to +30°C and above, dry winds and dust storms are most likely at this time. During periods of cooling, the absolute minimum air temperature can reach -16 - -20°C. Precipitation in May falls in the form of rain, but intrusions of arctic air are likely to turn into snow in places.

Cheap hotels in Kemerovo

Summer in the Kemerovo region begins in early June. The summer is short, but the weather is stable and deviates little from the long-term averages. Already in early June, warm summer weather sets in, the sky is clear and slightly cloudy, and a slight wind is observed. It does not rain too often, sometimes, at this time, a drought may even come in the region.

July is the hottest summer month. The average daily temperature in July is +23°С. Sometimes, on some days, the thermometer goes over 35°C. The July heat is characterized by a large amount of precipitation, in the form of heavy rains and thunderstorms. Prolonged bad weather is not typical for this area. Rains can be every day, but quickly pass and are replaced by sunny, calm weather. Dew falls at night, and frost at the end of August. In August, at night, especially in low places, frosts are possible, although daytime temperatures can be quite high.

Autumn in the Kemerovo region begins in early September. Autumn, like spring, is short-lived. In late August - early September, there is a rather sharp drop in temperature, but in September it is still relatively warm, and the weather is clear and sunny, although there are constant night frosts. In the second, and often in the third decade of September, heat returns are observed, popularly called "Indian summer". This is the best time of autumn: for several days the weather is dry, clear and warm. Then, "Indian summer" is quickly replaced by cloudy, rainy and windy days.

In October, the restructuring of atmospheric processes for the winter weather regime continues. The Asian anticyclone continues to form. The air temperature drops even more, the number of cloudy days increases (on average 14-17 days with precipitation). In the second half of the month, precipitation begins to fall in the form of grains and snow, and in early November, a stable snow cover is already formed, winter begins.

In the Kemerovo region, there is a large unevenness in the amount of precipitation. On the main ridge and the western slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau, more than 1,000 mm of atmospheric precipitation falls annually, and even up to 1,800 mm on the high parts of the mountains. This is one of the most humid regions of Siberia. In the southern forest-steppe, about 350 mm of precipitation falls, and even less on the eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau. The average annual rainfall in the Kuznetsk Basin is 400-500 mm. The total number of days with precipitation is quite large, over the past 50 years in the city of Taiga, on average, for one year, there were 185 days, in the city of Mariinsk - 171, and in the city of Novokuznetsk - 162 days.

During a significant part of the year (from September to April), Western Siberia is under the influence of a high pressure area, or rather, under the influence of the western spur of the Asian pressure maximum, passing, on average, at 50 ° N. sh. The Kemerovo region, by location, is closest to the center of this anticyclone, which affects the direction of the prevailing winds of the southern and southwestern directions, which carry cold and dryness. The anticyclone fences off the territory of the region from the Atlantic Ocean, as a result, only in summer, sea air masses penetrate here from the Atlantic.

When to goin the Kemerovo region. The best time to travel to the Kemerovo region is, of course, the summer period. The Kemerovo region is a beautiful taiga, mountain rapids, cascades of crystal waterfalls with the purest water, snow peaks, numerous historical and cultural monuments. Coastal mountain spurs will certainly be of interest to lovers of outdoor activities. And the main river of this region - the Tom - has become a popular route for water tourists. Tourist centers of the Kemerovo region invite outdoor enthusiasts to rafting on the rivers. Fans of ecological tourism can visit the reserve zone " Kuznetsk Alatau". It includes huge taiga massifs, alpine systems, raised bogs, dozens of alpine lakes, sources of large and small rivers.

Popular in summer and hunting. Kemerovo camp sites offer vacationers exciting tours with participation in gambling and interesting hunting. Hunting in the Kemerovo region is mainly for upland, waterfowl and marsh game, as well as for bear, fox, roe deer, white hare. For fishermen, this is also a paradise - the region has a huge water potential, in the rivers and lakes of which the most diverse fish are found. The largest lake among the many available in the area is Lake Bolshoy Berchikul.

Winter time from December to mid-March is the best time for winter sports. The greatest wealth of the tourism industry of the Kemerovo region is Gornaya Shoria, where one of the largest ski resorts in Siberia is located on Mount Zelyonaya. The nature of Mountain Shoria fascinates with the grandeur of the mountains covered with taiga, bewitches with transparent mountain rivers, enchants with mysterious caves with amazingly beautiful halls, winding passages and spacious galleries. Just keep in mind that sometimes it gets very cold here in winter.

May and September are good times for sightseeing tours and sightseeing. At this time, the weather is sunny, as a rule, not too hot, not too cold, travel will not be so tiring.

October and November, as well as April, are not the best time to travel to the Kemerovo region. These are rather cloudy months, with a lot of rainfall, unstable weather conditions that can spoil your entire holiday and disrupt all plans.

The climate of the Altai Territory

The climate of the Altai Territory is sharply continental. Altai region It is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, thousands of kilometers away from the oceans, therefore, in the warm season, the land is very hot, the temperatures are high, and the summer is hot. In winter, on the contrary, there is a rapid cooling of the entire mainland; an area of ​​high pressure is formed here - the Siberian anticyclone. From it goes to the west, through the territory of the region, a high-pressure band, in connection with it, clear frosty weather with low temperatures is established in winter. The region has cold winters and hot summers, which causes significant temperature fluctuations, typical for a sharply continental climate.

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Over the mountains, local air masses are formed, which differ from the air masses of the plains. Complicated location ridges, highly dissected relief, significant fluctuations in altitude create conditions for the formation of several types of climate and diverse micro-climatic conditions. Pressure and temperature decrease with height, cloudiness and precipitation increase. Throughout the year, the air of the plains and mountains collides in the foothill zone, where a cyclonic region arises, with very unstable weather, with heavy rainfall. Four seasons are clearly distinguished in the Altai Territory: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Altai Territory begins in late October - early November. Winter is the longest season, on average, lasting from 5 (on the plains) to 7 months (in the mountains). Altai winter is characterized by clear frosty weather. In early November, on the territory of the Altai Territory, snow cover forms everywhere. The increase in the flow of Arctic air at the beginning of winter leads to a sharp drop in temperature, frequent snowstorms and snowfalls. Often, already in the second half of November, the daily air temperature drops below -10 - -14°C.

The coldest month of winter is January. Its average daily air temperature on the plain increases from north to south, to the foothills of Altai, and fluctuates from -18 to -25°C and above. At this time, there is usually a clear, slightly cloudy frosty weather. Sometimes real frosts come to the Altai Territory, and the air temperature drops sharply to -40 - -45 ° C, and sometimes even lower. Such sharp drops in temperature are usually short-lived and possible in any of the winter months, but most often in January and February.

The height of the snow cover reaches its maximum in early March and averages 40-60 cm on the plains. On the border of the plains and mountains there is a zone of advance, where local cyclones dominate and there are years when the snow cover there reaches more than one and a half meters. On quiet, windless days, heavy snow flakes accumulate on trees, branches break under its weight, wires break. On the steep slopes of the mountains, the accumulated snow rushes down in an all-destroying snow avalanche, uproots trees, smoothes the rocks. The depth of soil freezing is 50-80 cm, on bare, from snow, steppe areas, freezing to a depth of 2-2.5 m is possible.

March in the Altai Territory is considered a full-fledged winter month, with rather low air temperatures, sometimes blizzards and heavy snowfalls. But, nevertheless, March is noticeably different from the two previous winter months. The fact is that in March the daylight hours noticeably increase, and, accordingly, the number of hours of sunshine increases, due to which, already in early March, in the Altai Territory, in daytime, active snowmelt begins. Thanks to the bright sun, the snow melts, even at negative daytime air temperatures, and at night, during frosts, it becomes covered with an ice crust.

Spring in the Altai Territory, on the plains, comes in early April, and in May, spring comes in the mountainous part of the region. With clear weather and an abundance of solar heat, the snow quickly melts, the soil thaws and warms up, and on the flat part of the Altai Territory, as a rule, by mid-April, the snow cover completely disappears. Such transience of spring is characteristic only of the flat part of the region. Daytime temperatures are quite high, while at night it is still cold, slight frosts are possible.

But still, the spring weather is characterized by great variability, this is especially noticeable in April. Rain replaces snow, warming often turns into cold snaps, in a word, spring is the most unpredictable time of the year. Unstable spring weather complicates the first field work. It takes great skill and a good understanding of nature to start sowing in time, planting, and other field work that is important to do in a short time. At the end of spring, southwest winds usually dominate, they bring dry weather.

In the mountainous part of the Altai Territory, a full-fledged spring begins only in early May. Depending on the height of the mountains, the snow cover is completely destroyed at different times - in the foothills, as a rule, in the first half of May, in the mountains - at the end of May, in June. Spring in the mountains is cold, frosts often occur at night, winds and rains are frequent. In addition, from the point of view of safety, this is a rather dangerous time of the year, when avalanches are most likely to come down from the mountains.

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Summer in the Altai Territory begins in early - mid-June. As the terrain rises and the mountains rise, the duration of summer shortens. The average annual temperature rises to the south-west of the region. Due to the presence of a mountain barrier in the south-east of the region, the prevailing west-east transfer of air masses acquires a south-west direction. North winds are frequent during the summer months. In 20 - 45% of cases, the wind speed of the southwestern and western directions exceeds 6 m/s. In the steppe regions of the region, the occurrence of dry winds is associated with an increase in wind.

The influx of solar energy in the summer is maximum, the days are getting longer, and on June 22, when the Earth reaches the climax in Earth orbit, the longitude of the day exceeds 17 hours.

The warmest summer month is July. The average daily air temperature in July is +23°С. In the direction to the south, in the mountains, the temperature drops. In the intermountain basins, the temperature in summer is +30 - +35°C, while on the ridges surrounding the valley, there can be negative temperatures. Often in summer there are very hot days when the daytime air temperature is +38°C and above. In summer, due to the warming of the continent, the pressure drops, and warm air often comes from the Antarctic. Cloudy, rainy weather is associated with this. In the second half of summer, the amount of precipitation increases. Heavy showers with thunderstorms and winds are frequent. July accounts for up to 70% of the annual precipitation. Summer rains give way to clear sunny weather.

August - the last month of summer, is decisive for the ripening of grain and vegetables. At this time, winter and spring crops are being harvested in the region. With the invasion of the Arctic air, cold snaps come with rains, in the mountains - with snowfalls. By the end of August, frosts occur, and a new climatic cycle begins.

Autumn in the Altai Territory begins in early September, and in the mountains already in mid-August. September is the time of the change of southern warm northern air currents, which makes the weather sometimes rainy and rainy, sometimes warm, sometimes dry. The invasion of arctic air brings cold snaps and frosts, the influx of solar heat decreases. The average September temperature is positive, almost throughout the entire territory of the region, with the exception of the highlands. In the second half of September there are heat returns, popularly called "Indian Summer".

October - completely autumn month. Persistent gray skies, bad weather, and incessant drizzle early in the month herald mid-autumn. During the day, the air temperature reaches only + 5 - + 7 ° С, but night frosts begin to grow stronger. Frosts are observed when the arctic air comes from Eastern Siberia. The average daily temperature passes through 0 degrees. In the middle of the month, the first snow cover appears, often short-lived and unstable. In the mountains, October is a real winter month with blizzards and snowfalls. On the flat part of the Altai Territory, the winter period begins in early November.

Altai Krai belongs to the zone of uneven moistening. Sea temperate air, coming to Altai from the Atlantic Ocean, brings the main atmospheric precipitation to the region. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the mountainous regions - up to 1,500 mm, as well as in the steppe regions with ribbon forests. In some areas on the flat territory of the region (Kulunda steppe), no more than 300 mm falls per year. In the steppe part, the most precipitation is observed in July, and the minimum amount is observed in February and March. In winter, there is a lot of precipitation in the foothills, this is due to the extended forests.

The territory of the Altai Territory is simply spoiled by sunlight. The annual duration of sunshine in the region varies within 1800-2100 hours. In this respect, the Altai Territory is equated with the Crimea and the North Caucasus.

When to go in the Altai Territory. The best time to travel to the Altai Territory, the warm summer months are from June to September. The Altai Territory is deservedly called the pearl and pride of Siberia. In summer, you can spend an unforgettable vacation on the magnificent lakes - Kulundinsky, Mikhailovsky and Kuchuksky. Kolyvan Lake is amazingly beautiful, on the banks of which there are bizarre granite rocks. In the forests of the Altai Territory, deer, bears, elks, foxes, capercaillie, wild boars are found in abundance - these are excellent hunting grounds. Rest in the Altai Territory in the summer is also an opportunity to get medical treatment at the local resorts, famous for their healing springs with mud and radon waters. For lovers of extreme sports, the Altai Territory is simply a paradise. Rafting and motor rafting, rock climbing, jeeping, paragliding and much more are waiting for extreme people in this corner of the planet.

There are more than 5 thousand monuments of archeology, architecture, history and culture on the territory of Altaisky. Some of them are recognized as objects of world importance. Of great interest to tourists are the Denisova Cave, the valley of the Sentelek River with the burial of the Scythian time "Royal Kurgan", the archaeological park "Crossroads of the Worlds", as well as mining facilities in Altai associated with the activities of Akinfiy Demidov.

May and September are perhaps the best months for sightseeing trips around the cities and villages of the Altai Territory: the city of Biysk is the oldest city in Altai, built by the personal decree of Peter I; the place of formation of the Ob - one of the greatest rivers of the planet; the village of Srostki, where the actor Vasily Makarovich Shukshin was born and raised; arboretum "Blossoming Valley" in the village of Altai, with exotic plants and medicinal herbs; the resort city of federal significance Belokurikha is the only center of restorative medicine beyond the Urals, a recognized innovator in balneology, and much, much more.

The winter months from December to mid-March are great times for winter sports. Skiing, skating, snowboarding, and snowmobiling, and much more - in winter you can have a great time here. Numerous rest houses and tourist bases will provide the most comfortable conditions. But, it is worth remembering that this is still Siberia, the winter is fierce here, so you should take care of warm clothes in advance.

The spring months - the second half of March and April - are not the best time to travel to the Altai Territory. This transitional time of the year, with large daily temperature fluctuations, and extremely unpredictable weather, can give you a lot of trouble. In the mountains, at this time of the year, climbing is highly discouraged, as there is a high risk of avalanches.

October and November are also bad months for traveling to this unique region. October is a cold autumn rainy month, with cold rains and frosts at night. November is a winter month, but at this time the weather is also still unstable - this month is not suitable for winter sports due to the rather small snow cover.

The climate of the Altai Republic

The climate of the Altai Republic is sharply continental. Located at a considerable distance from the oceans, the region has many climate-forming factors: continental Arctic air freely reaching the interior throughout the year, warm and humid western air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean, warm southwestern and southern winds, and formed by the relief mountain country local cyclones and foehn-like air currents.

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A significant influence on the climate of the Altai Republic is exerted by the relief, which forms a vertical climatic zonality - a low-mountain climate zone (up to 500-600 m), a mid-mountain climate zone (from 500 to 1500 m, and more), a high-mountain climate zone (over 2,000-2,500 m ). The most severe natural and climatic conditions are in the southeastern regions of the region (Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky regions), the climate of the northern and northeastern parts (Choysky, Maiminsky, Turachaksky regions) is milder. Four seasons of the year are clearly distinguished on the territory of the Altai Republic: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Altai Republic begins in early November, this is the longest time of the year. In winter, the territory of the Altai Republic is dominated by continental arctic masses, which bring cold air with low temperatures, northwestern and western low-pressure air masses are a source of heavy snowfalls, southwestern and western winds bring cloudy and dry weather.

The beginning of winter is a time of rather unstable weather. Thaws with snowfalls and blizzards are replaced by cloudy frosty weather. In late September - early November, a stable snow cover forms in the region, the date and timing depend on the height of the mountain peaks (the higher, the earlier the snow cover forms). The distribution of snow cover is determined by the relief, the strength of the wind and its direction.

January and February - the central months of winter - are very different from the previous two. These are the coldest months of winter, especially January. The average daily air temperature in January ranges from -19 to -25°C. At this time, the weather is usually clear and frosty.

In winter, in the Altai mountains it is slightly warmer than in the flat part. In places, warm winters in the Altai Mountains are explained by the high frequency of foehns, that is, relatively warm and dry winds that blow from the slopes of the valley. They arise when different pressures are established over the opposite slopes of the ridge. Descending from the slopes, the air as a result of compression becomes very hot and becomes dry. In Altai, these winds are observed in the area of ​​Lake Teletskoye and on the northern slopes of the Terektinsky Range. For example, on the shores of Lake Teletskoye, the temperature in winter is 2 times higher than, at the same heights, in the valley of the Katun River. Particularly severe winters occur in intermountain basins, where cold air stagnates. This is because cold, heavier air rolls down the slopes and fills the lower part of the valley, forming a "lake of cold". In different valleys, night cooling varies widely, depending on local conditions. In humid closed valleys, on the slopes it is 10-15°C warmer than below. In the morning, as the sun rises, the air warms up, begins to rise, and temperature inversions break down.

Snow cover reaches its maximum in early March. The highest snow cover height is observed in the northeast (up to 1 m), the lowest in the Chui steppe (8 cm - Kosh-Agach). At the end of winter, under the influence of the removal of warmer air masses and sunlight, the snow settles, compacts and becomes granular. During the day it melts strongly, and at night it freezes and becomes covered with a crust. The air becomes warmer compared to January, the sun shines longer, and the dense snow does not fall underfoot, which makes it easier to cross.

The Republic of Altai is located at 50-52 degrees north latitude. This determines, first of all, the amount of radiant energy from the sun reaching the surface of the earth. Already in February - March, there is so much of it that snow begins to melt and evaporate on the tops of the trees, although the air temperature is still very low. Melting patches can be found around sun-warmed trees and other dark objects.

Spring in the Altai Republic begins in early April. Spring is the shortest and driest season. Clear, windy weather, an abundance of sun are accompanied by rapid melting of snow, drying and warming of the soil and air. It is in the spring that an intensive rise in temperature occurs from month to month. In the mountains, at an altitude below 1,000 meters, the air temperature rises by 10-11°C by April, and even above 2,000 meters, although it continues to remain below zero, it rises by 5-7°C. Steady snow cover in the river valleys, at an altitude of up to 1,000 meters, and on the shores of Lake Teletskoye melts by mid-April. But, at night, the air temperature can still drop to -20°C or even -30°C, but during the day the air heats up to +5 - +7°C.

In May, the weather, on the territory of the Altai Republic, gradually begins to deteriorate, more often it is gloomy and cool. May is a transitional month, cold air masses come from the northwest and north. Then, to replace them, from the south, as a harbinger of summer, warm air from low latitudes penetrates. As a result of the change in air masses, sunny, warm summer and dry weather is replaced by cloudy, cold, drizzling rain, or even snow. This continues until early June.

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Summer in the Altai Republic begins in early - mid-June. In the mountains below 2,000 meters, the average June temperature does not exceed +10°C. In the steppe valleys of Altai, located at an altitude of up to 1,200 meters, the average air temperature in June is already + 15°C. It should be noted here that June is a fairly warm sunny and dry month. The abundance of the sun is generally a visiting card of the Altai Republic. There is more sunshine in the Altai Mountains than in Yalta, Sochi, the Swiss resort of Davos and Bairam Ali in the south of Turkmenistan. The influx of total solar radiation per year reaches enormous values, comparable to the total radiation received by the resorts of the Caucasus, Crimea, and Switzerland.

The Katanda steppe, located at an altitude of 900 m above sea level, receives 112 kcal / cm² per year, the Chui steppe - 142 kcal / cm² of total solar radiation, while the Caucasian resort of Abastumani (Southern Georgia) receives 93 kcal / cm², Sochi - 111 kcal / cm², Yalta - 117 kcal / cm², Davos - 130 kcal / cm². 20% of solar radiation entering the Earth is reflected by the atmosphere. The rest reaches the surface - this is direct solar radiation. The maximum monthly amounts of direct solar radiation on a horizontal surface falls on June, which is explained by the increase in the height of the Sun and the increase in day length (June 22 - 17 hours), as well as a decrease in cloudiness.

The warmest month of summer is July, which is also the rainiest month. In the foothills, the average air temperature this month is +20°С, at an altitude of 1,000-1,200 meters it drops to + 15°С, and above 2,000 meters it is generally 5-8°С. But, on some summer days, daytime air can warm up to + 25 ° С, even in those places that are located above 2,000 meters, and at lower altitudes it can be hot up to + 35 ° С or more. In such heat, it seems incredible that eternal snow lies very close by, and a strong wind blows snow overhead from overhanging cornices. But, the next day it may rain heavily, leaden clouds will hang in the sky.

In August, the amount of rain decreases sharply. But the amount of heat also decreases. Increasing, by the end of August, frosts serve as the first sign of the approach of autumn, moreover, their onset is somewhat ahead of the average daily temperature drop below +10°C. Snowfalls are already possible on the passes above 2000 meters.

Autumn in the Altai Republic begins in early September. Already in September it gets noticeably colder, especially in the mountains. So, in the Katun valley, the average temperature in September is +4 - +5 ° С, above 3,000 meters it drops below zero and snow falls. The second half of September can please with a warm anticyclone, when sunny dry weather sets in for several days, popularly called " Indian Summer". But that doesn't happen every year.

October is a real autumn month, characterized by strong winds, often snowstorms. Every third day can be with a snowstorm. strong winds, in combination with low temperatures create a feeling of intense cold. The air temperature drops sharply compared to September. High in the mountains - October is already a winter month, there has been a snow cover for a long time, and the air temperature is negative. At the end of October - beginning of November, the winter period is established everywhere in the region.

The Altai mountain system is a powerful moisture condenser throughout the year. In the middle mountains, 500-600 mm of precipitation falls annually. Most of the precipitation falls on the southwestern ridges. In the upper reaches of the Malaya Ulba and the Katunsky squirrels, more than 1,500 mm of precipitation falls annually. Moreover, Altai mountains are an area of ​​intense glaciation. At present, the total area of ​​glaciation reaches 800 km². The annual change in the relative humidity of the air is opposite to the course of temperature. The lowest relative humidity (35-40%) is observed in April-May, and the highest (up to 70-80%) in December-January.

When to goto the Altai Republic. The Republic of Altai is an amazing and mystical region, the fame of whose beauty has long since spread far beyond the borders of Russia. The best time to travel to this wonderful region is during the warm summer months. Here the semi-deserts of Mongolia, the Kazakh steppes, the Siberian taiga and the Altai mountains organically united into one whole, excellent conditions were created for all types of tourism of various categories of complexity.

For those who want to plunge into the wonderful world untouched nature, we can recommend going on a multi-day horseback trip, to the very heart of Gorny Altai. Such tours pass along the most beautiful trails of the mountain ranges of this region. The routes are built in such a way as to cover as many natural attractions of the local fabulous places as possible.

Fans of extreme sports are waiting for the stunning Argut Gorge. Here, a lover of thrills and natural beauties will be fully satisfied: passes in sky-high heights, gloomy deep gorges, which are nowhere else in Altai, mountain paths, either winding in zigzags at a dizzying height, or diving into the chaos of stone heaps, crossings over roaring streams, sparkling glaciers. In addition, the unique Altai Mountains can offer rafting on wayward mountain rivers, overcoming rapids, rifts and waterfalls, climbing impregnable mountain peaks and rock climbing, caving and off-road jeeping, paragliding and hang-gliding, parachuting and much more.

The time from December to mid-March is a great time for winter sports lovers. Tourist bases, ski bases and modern ski resorts located in the most picturesque places in the foothills of Altai are equipped with everything necessary for a good winter holiday. There are trails of any difficulty category, including those illuminated for skiing at night, modern lifts, and equipment rental. Those who wish can go not only on skis, but also on sleds, snowboards, and also on snowmobiles.

Perhaps the most unfortunate time to travel to the Altai Republic is the autumn months - September, October and November. Autumn in these places is an extremely cold and uncomfortable season, the weather is unstable, mostly gloomy days prevail.

Spring time - from mid-March to the end of May - is also not the best time to travel to this amazing region. The weather also fluctuates from heat to frost, in addition to this, it is extremely dangerous to be in the mountains in the spring, snow avalanches are often observed here at this time of the year.

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The article tells about the climatic features characteristic of the territory of the West Siberian Plain. Contains information about the temperature diversity inherent in annual seasonality. Reveals the causes and factors that determine the climatic specificity of this piece of land.

Climate of the West Siberian Plain

This is an area with a fairly severe, continental climate. The length of the plain in the direction from north to south explains the zonality of the climate and the significant difference between the climatic conditions of the northern and southern plain regions. Important role variability in the amount of solar radiation also plays a role. This also includes the specifics of the circulation of air masses. natural conditions even at the same latitude here it is not significant, but they differ. The climate of the plain is determined by the presence of a natural barrier - the Urals, which "protects" the territory from warm western winds.

Rice. 1. Ural mountains.

The region lies in an area that is considered a kind of transitional area between the following climatic zones:

• temperate continental;
• sharply continental.

Winter is accompanied by low temperatures, there are almost no thaws here. The minimum temperatures in the flat area are almost similar.

Even near the southern border, quite severe frosts from minus 50-52 ° occur. Almost like on far north, but the distance between these points is over 2000 km.

Temperature of the West Siberian Plain

The spring season here is short, it is rather dry and cool.

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In April, even in the forest-marsh region, the territory is far from the usual spring.

The summer temperature in the southern region is explained by the presence of heated continental air from the south.

Due to the vast swampy areas, the blood-sucking midge plagues people and animals. It was found that in places where the midges accumulate, more than 1,000 mosquitoes and 2,000 midges attack a person in 3 minutes.

Rice. 2. Siberian midge.

Lots of rainfall in July and August. This is due to activity on the Arctic and Polar fronts.

In the period from May to October, the plain gets up to 70-80% of the annual rainfall.

Autumn comes here rather late.

The difference between the temperatures prevailing in summer and winter in the regions that belong to the Urals is not expressed strongly enough.

The left bank of the Yenisei is a site where a sharply continental climate prevails. There are no significant high-altitude jumps here, but there are small hills, lowlands and swamps.

Rice. 3. Yenisei.

It is not difficult to determine the type of climate in the West Siberian Plain. It is predominantly continental.

Siberia is a huge territory located to the east of the Ural Mountains and stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Siberian expanses occupy a large territory of the Russian Federation. Of course, such a vast region has a great natural and climatic diversity, because in the north lies the Arctic, and in the south - hot Asian steppes and deserts. However, Siberia has some common climate features, which will be described.

Siberia is one of the coldest regions of the globe. This is due to the remoteness from the seas and the fact that from the west and south the territory is surrounded by mountain ranges that do not allow warm air. Only in the western and southern regions is the average annual temperature positive, in the rest of the territory it is below zero. The climate is continental and sharply continental with significant (sometimes extremely high) differences in annual and daily temperatures. Winters in Siberia are long and frosty, summers are hot and dry, transitional seasons - autumn and spring - are short and poorly expressed.

Climate of Siberia (Novosibirsk) by months:

Spring

Spring is short throughout almost the entire territory of Siberia, and swift in the north. In March, snow is everywhere, the climatic spring, even in areas with a relatively mild climate, begins only after March 20, and the snow cover disappears after mid-April. In the northern regions, where permafrost, spring comes only in June.

There are many clear days, but the weather is unstable, with sharp cold snaps and even frosts. There is not much rainfall, although there may be short showers.

Summer

Depending on the region, the Siberian summer is very different. In the southern regions it is hot and dry, in the north it is short and cool, although in Yakutia, for example, it is very warm and even hot.

Humidity throughout Siberia is much lower than in other regions of Russia, there is less rain and fog. Most of the precipitation occurs in July and August.

Average daily temperatures are around 20-25 degrees, often rising to 30 degrees and above.

The continental nature of the climate is reflected in the fact that night frosts last longer (until mid-June) and return earlier (already in August).

In the West of Siberia, the climatic summer ends in accordance with the calendar, that is, in the last days of August, and in the tundra and in the east even earlier.

Autumn

The transition from summer to winter occurs much faster in Siberia than in the European part of Russia. In September, the air cools quickly, the atmospheric pressure rises sharply. Even in the eastern regions, snowfalls can begin at the end of September, and in mid-October the snow cover is already established. In areas with a more severe climate, this happens earlier.

But in September, the weather is still pleasing: there are many sunny days, the temperature can rise to 20 degrees and above. It gets cold quickly, rains are replaced by mixed precipitation, and then snowfalls. Winter comes to Siberia already in the first decade of November.

Winter

Siberian winter is a real test for man and nature. But there are also advantages here: due to the low humidity of the air, frosts are more easily tolerated, there are many sunny days, blizzards and heavy snowfalls are not as annoying as in the European part.

The greatest frosts occur in January. In the eastern regions with the mildest climate, the average monthly temperatures in January are minus 18 degrees, but in Yakutsk this figure is minus 40 degrees, and this is not the limit for the north of Siberia.

The thickness of the snow in Siberia is generally small. Even in the snowiest areas, it does not exceed 70 cm, there are areas where there is almost no snow, but it is very frosty.